海藻中EPA,DHA萃取技术的比较研究

在优化条件下比较了溶剂法（SE）、超声强化溶剂法（USE）、超临界CO2法（SFE）及超声强化超临界CO2法（USFE）从海藻中提取EPA和DHA。研究表明，超声对溶剂提取和超临界流体萃取过科都具有强化作用。超声强化溶剂提取过程，使提取时间缩短1h，提取温度低10℃，EPA，DHA提取率分别提高16．61％，16．41％，而且溶剂用量少。超声强化超临界萃取过程，萃取系统的压力降低了5MPa、萃取温度和萃取时间分别由45℃，210min降至35℃，180min，EPA和DHA萃取率分别提高15．09％和15．96％。UV与GC-MS分析结果表明，实验条件下，超声场的加入没有改变EPA，DHA的结构。     

海洋微藻中EPA和DHA的超临界CO2提取方法研究

用超临界CO_2萃取海洋微藻中的EPA和DHA,选用乙酸乙酯为改性剂,通过正交试验确定了工作压力、温度、CO_2消耗量和改性剂添加量等工艺条件的最优化组合,对日本小球藻Chlorellahiralaii、钝顶螺旋藻Spirulinaplatensis和亚心形扁藻Platymonassubcordiformis进行提取试验,并与直接酯化法、Bligh－Dyer法、索氏抽提法和乙醇－乙烷法等溶剂法作对比。以提取效率最高的直接酯化法为基础,超临界萃取法对日本小球藻中ω－3脂肪酸二十碳五烯酸（EPA）的提取率为92．1％,二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）为89．4％,对钝顶螺旋藻和亚心形扁藻的提取率也达到90％左右,高于其他溶剂法,产物中EPA和DHA的纯度亦优于溶剂法。     

利用海洋微藻培养生产ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸

传统上工业鱼油是EPA及DHA等多元不饱和脂肪酸的主要来源,尤其以深海鱼种中的含量较高,但是从鱼油中提取的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)存在腥臭味,加工过程中的氢化处理工艺,降低了鱼油中PUFA的产量,且后处理过程要经油水分离、浓缩、蒸馏、精制、脱臭等步骤,工艺复杂,导致99%DHA每克售价达144美元,而99%EPA则高达2000美元[3],因此,鱼油资源已无法适应商品市场不断增大的需要。1　海洋微藻培养生产PUFA1.1　海洋微藻培养生产PUFA的现状微藻是海洋中的初级生产力,具有合成EPA和DHA的能力。鱼通过吞食藻类(海洋微藻→浮游动物→鱼),其…     

饲用鱼油脂肪酸营养成分分析

本文应用气相色谱对鱼油的脂肪酸组成进行分析,结果表明:①鱼油中主要脂肪酸含量SFA为C16∶0和C14∶0,MUFA为C16∶1和C18∶1,PUFA为EPA和DHA.②由于产地及加工工艺等原因,鱼油脂肪酸成分含量有较大的差异,但总体上EPA和DHA含量较高,在15.6%~28.3%之间,而C18∶2和C18∶3含量较低,只有0.4%~3.1%.③饲用鱼油的配制应针对不同鱼用饲料中必需脂肪酸的组成进行适当调制,以期达到理想的养殖效果.     

富集DHA、EPA的保健蛋和肉

以添加质量浓度为 5 0 kg/m3 的粉末化鱼油的饲料及一般饲料喂养小鹌鹑。 2个月后 ,对所产的鹌鹑蛋和鹌鹑肉进行 EPA和 DHA测试。结果表明 :全蛋黄中的 EPA和 DHA平均值 ,喂添加鱼油饲料的鹌鹑蛋远高于喂一般饲料的鹌鹑蛋 ;喂 5 d添加鱼油饲料的鹌鹑蛋其 EPA和 DHA平均值可达 49.0 6 mg;且该值将随着喂添加鱼油饲料天数的增加而增大。喂 6 0 d添加鱼油饲料时 ,每只鹌鹑肉含 EPA和 DHA的平均值为喂 6 0 d一般饲料的 5 2倍。这种富含 DHA的蛋和肉没有鱼油的特殊腥味 ,特别适合孕妇、婴儿食用 ,也适合于中、老年人作为保健品食用     

卤虫无节幼体的营养强化对黑斑口虾蛄(Oratosquilla kempi)幼体发育的影响

用扁藻、酵母、“鱼油 酵母”强化和“不强化”4种方式处理的卤虫无节幼体投喂黑斑口虾蛄各期幼体,比较不同强化方法对黑斑口虾蛄幼体成活率、变态率、生长速度及总脂与脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,3种方式强化12h后的卤虫无节幼体与对照组相比,总脂含量都有不同程度的增加。卤虫无节幼体的脂肪酸组成与强化方式密切相关,其中“鱼油 酵母”强化的卤虫无节幼体20∶5n-3(EPA)和22∶6n-3(DHA)占总脂肪酸的比例最高,分别为5·74%和4·84%。投喂强化后富含EPA和DHA的卤虫无节幼体,可增加黑斑口虾蛄幼体体内脂肪酸尤其是EPA和DHA等不饱和脂肪酸的含量,从而提高其幼体的成活率、变态率与发育速度。     

大西洋庸鲽(Hippoglossus hipoglossus L.)精液脂肪酸分析及激素GnRHa诱导对其组成的影响

采用气相色谱检测的方法,进行大西洋庸鲽精液脂肪酸组成分析及激素GnRHa诱导对其组成影响的研究。结果表明,大西洋庸鲽精液中含量最高的脂肪酸种类为22:6n-3(DHA,二十二碳六烯酸),占总脂肪酸比例25.67%±0.94%;其次为16:0(PA,棕榈酸)、20:5n-3(EPA,二十碳五烯酸);重要必需不饱和脂肪酸20:4n-6(AA,花生四烯酸)含量较低,为1.76%±0.01%。精液中高不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量较高,为44.25%±0.30%;饱和脂肪酸(SAT)含量为27.72%±0.22%。重要脂肪酸比例DHA/EPA为2.33±0.26;EPA/AA为6.30±0.51;n-3/n-6为9.22±0.60。激素诱导未对精液中脂肪酸组成产生显著影响。重要必需脂肪酸DHA、EPA、AA,以及n-3、n-6等重要种类的脂肪酸总量在激素诱导组与非诱导对照组样品间无显著差异;在激素诱导后的三个取样时间的样品间也无显著差异(P0.05)。     

市场常见的大众鱼

正鱼鳀是一种小鱼,我国各沿海均有,地方名也很多,如福建称乌、乌江;浙江、江苏称幼鱼为海蜒;山东、辽宁称为离水烂、青条烂、鲅鱼食等。体细长,头尖突。背部黑蓝色,两侧上部微绿,腹部银白;侧上方有一条青黑色纵带。鳞片大而易脱落。该鱼个体长一般在10厘米左右。肉味一般,肉中细刺较多,一般居民不喜欢吃。但该鱼油脂含量较高,鱼中含DHA和EPA量较高。     

超临界CO2提取海鞘脂肪酸的研究

用超临界CO2从柄海鞘(Styela clava)干粉中提取多不饱和脂肪酸。通过正交实验对提取工艺进行研究,得其最佳提取条件为:萃取温度50℃,萃取压力20 MPa,萃取时间2 h,夹带剂乙酸乙酯体积(mL):柄海鞘干粉质量(g)为1∶2。按此工艺,脂肪酸得率为19.5%。利用气相色谱进行分析,其多不饱和脂肪酸含量为75.77%,二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量之和为19.47%。     

Ti鱼油脂肪酸组成及其含量分析

分析测定了Ｔｉ鱼鱼油的脂肪酸组成、含量及分布范围。脂肪酸组成从１４碳到２２碳。其中具有生理功能活性物质的二十碳五烯酸（ＥＰＡ）、二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）占总量的２１％左右。比较了东海１４种鱼的鱼油中ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ含量的高低,得出Ｔｉ鱼鱼油中的ＥＰＡ、ＤＨＡ含量降低于鲣鱼外,均高于乌贼、小黄鱼、白姑鱼、银鲳鱼、鳓鱼和黄姑鱼等名贵海鱼。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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