青川鹰咀山花岗岩体侵位与山脉隆升

运用磷灰石裂变径迹法对鹰咀山花岗岩进行了分析,所取样品的裂变径迹年龄位于50.6⁶9.6Ma之间,小于其地层时代或侵入年龄,表明摩天岭推覆构造带的隆升开始于晚白垩世,用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄来计算可知:研究区内花岗岩50.6Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为2.08℃/Ma和0.063mm/a,50.669.6Ma之间,小于其地层时代或侵入年龄,表明摩天岭推覆构造带的隆升开始于晚白垩世,用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄来计算可知:研究区内花岗岩50.6Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为2.08℃/Ma和0.063mm/a,50.6⁶9.6Ma之间的相对抬升与剥蚀速率为0.013mm/a,因此说明摩天岭推覆构造带从晚白垩世以来一直处于持续隆升冷却的过程。     

喜马拉雅造山带晚新生代构造隆升的裂变径迹证据

喜马拉雅造山带的隆升,在地质学研究中是一个非常让人感兴趣的问题,为了对其进行定量研究,揭示隆升历史及幅度等相关问题,运用磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹法对研究区淡色花岗岩进行了分析,所取样品的裂变径迹年龄位于17.0~5.7 Ma之间,小于其地层时代或侵入年龄(40~17 Ma),表明研究区喜马拉雅造山带的强烈隆升开始于晚新生代.用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄来计算可知,研究区内花岗岩5.7 Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为18.421 ℃/Ma和0.526 mm/a.5.7~9.2 Ma间的相对抬升与剥蚀速率为0.229 mm/a,9.2~17.0 Ma间的相对抬升与剥蚀速率为0.032 mm/a.用锆石裂变径迹年龄来计算知,研究区内花岗岩16.2 Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为12.963 ℃/Ma和0.370 mm/a,冷却速率和剥蚀速率均小于用磷灰石计算的结果.因此说喜马拉雅造山带从9.2 Ma到现在隆升和剥蚀的速率是处于加快的状态.      

藏北改则康托盆地逆冲推覆构造磷灰石裂变径迹年代学制约

对采自羌塘地块南部改则地区康托盆地的碎屑岩及火山岩进行磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试及AFT热历史模拟,获得77±6Ma、62±5Ma、44±3Ma、35±2Ma四组磷灰石裂变径迹年龄,平均径迹长度介于11.6±2.0~13.3±1.9μm之间。AFT热历史模拟结果指示,研究区自晚白垩世至现今主要历经了3次构造抬升冷却过程:晚白垩世(100~65Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,其降温速率和隆升速率分别为1.46~4.26℃/Ma、0.05~0.14mm/a,该事件为新特提斯洋洋壳沿雅鲁藏布江俯冲作用的响应;始新世中期(50~35Ma)快速隆升剥蚀阶段,该阶段降温幅度相对以第一次较小,该构造事件与印度大陆的向北俯冲具有成因联系;20Ma至现今的快速抬升冷却阶段为青藏高原整体拉张走滑构造环境所影响,其隆升速率和降温速率分别为3.25~6.0℃/Ma、0.03~0.2mm/a。     

秭归盆地中新生代构造-热演化的裂变径迹约束

通过磷灰石裂变径迹年龄的测定以及时间-温度热历史的反演,揭示了秭归盆地中新生代构造-热演化过程。结果表明:秭归盆地自120 Ma左右开始缓慢隆升,主要经历了3个强烈的隆升阶段:(1)晚白垩世100~80 Ma开始强烈隆升,是燕山期造山运动在该地区作用的结果,也可能是黄陵背斜晚白垩世强烈抬升向西延伸的响应;(2)晚始新世40 Ma的强烈隆升,可能是印度板块和亚欧板块碰撞初期作用的远程响应;(3)中新世中期到末期10~5 Ma的强烈隆升,是青藏高原东部边界向东扩展及亚洲季风气候变化的响应。秭归盆地内部自白垩纪以来一直隆升剥蚀,展现出与盆地边缘构造-热演化的差异。通过与黄陵背斜东部的当阳盆地构造-热事件的对比,暗示了黄陵背斜在晚白垩世已隆升剥露至地表,分割了两个盆地。晚侏罗世—早白垩世,秦岭大规模挤压变形逆冲推覆构造作用使得米仓山—汉南隆起和黄陵背斜地区成为中上扬子地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄相对最大的区域,江南—雪峰陆内造山作用向西北方向的扩展使得湘鄂西地区向川东地区磷灰石裂变径迹年龄具有整体变年轻的趋势。晚白垩世以来太平洋板块俯冲挤压效应使得川东褶皱带周缘及川东北磷灰石裂变径迹年龄自南东向北西方向减小,江汉盆地、当阳盆地及龙泉山以西记录的年轻的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄则与青藏高原隆升及其向南东方向构造逃逸的挤压作用和亚洲季风等气候变化的影响有关。     

嘉黎断裂带两侧晚新生代差异隆升的磷灰石裂变径迹纪录

对嘉黎断裂带两侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试表明,断裂带北侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在5.6~11.7Ma之间,属中新世晚期;断裂带南侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄明显较小,6个样品中有5个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在4.0~5.9Ma之间,属上新世早期.嘉黎断裂带北侧5.6~11.7Ma期间的隆升速率为0.07~0.09mm/a.5.8Ma以来平均剥露速率为0.50mm/a,平均隆升速率1.33mm/a.断裂带南侧4.7Ma以来平均剥露速率为0.62mm/a,平均隆升速率1.68mm/a.两侧样品都反映上新世以来有较强烈的隆升作用,并且南侧比北侧隆升作用更强烈.     

阿尔泰山南缘白垩纪以来的剥露历史和古地形恢复

应用裂变径迹技术研究阿尔泰山南缘中新生代以来的隆升剥露历史,并对古地形进行恢复。对所获得的11个磷灰石样品的裂变径迹年龄分析表明,裂变径迹年龄变化分布于99.1~43.7 Ma之间。该地区晚白垩世以来平均视剥露速率为0.050 mm/a。热史模拟结果表明,阿尔泰山南缘自白垩纪以来经历了多期冷却剥露历史:早白垩世至晚白垩世晚期(约120~75 Ma),剥露速率为0.044 mm/a;晚白垩世晚期至始新世(约75-70~50 Ma),剥露速率为0.070 mm/a;中新世以来(约20-15 Ma~现今),剥露速率为0.081 mm/a。对研究区进行古地形恢复显示,自白垩纪(120 Ma)至今,平均剥露幅度达约5 km,古地形海拔降低约0.8 km。阿尔泰山南缘白垩纪以来古地形海拔仅在17.5~50 Ma期间保持基本稳定,其他阶段均有降低的趋势。早白垩世的构造抬升与蒙古-鄂霍茨克海最后阶段的闭合以及西伯利亚板块和中朝-蒙古板块的最终收敛和碰撞有关;晚白垩世晚期至始新世的构造活动则是受拉萨地块、Kohistan-Dras岛弧增生的远距离影响;中新世以来快速隆升可能与印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应有关。     

阿齐山—雅满苏地区中-新生代构造隆升裂变径迹 证据:兼论构造活动对核废选址场的意义

构造活动性是核废处置场评价的一项基本判别要素。文中通过对东天山阿齐山—雅满苏地区磷灰石裂变径迹测年及 构造隆升剥蚀过程的模拟来评价核废处置场的构造活动性。结果表明阿齐山—雅满苏地区样品磷灰石裂变径迹年龄集中分 布在81.7~51.4 Ma之间,反映出东天山地区晚白垩世—始新世存在一次明显的构造冷却事件,这与天山地区晚白垩世的抬 升剥露事件相一致。磷灰石裂变径迹长度介于13.60±0.11~14.36±0.10 μm之间,其长度标准差为0.98~1.22 μm,显示该区 磷灰石径迹形成后没有发生过明显的退火作用。根据地温梯度计算得到晚白垩世—始新世东天山阿齐山—雅满苏地区隆升 剥蚀速率为270~580 m/Ma。现有地质资料及热史模拟结果表明,东天山阿齐山—雅满苏地区在晚白垩世—始新世(84~49 Ma)期间经历了强烈的构造隆升—剥露事件,自始新世以后50 Ma以来,地壳处于稳定状态,新生代构造活动不明显,其 活动强度明显有别于天山其他地段。东天山阿齐山—雅满苏地区现在的构造地貌基本继承了晚白垩世的特征,处于构造活 动平稳期,符合核废处置场选址的构造要求。     

天山北缘侏罗系地层热历史演化及其地质意义：磷灰石裂变径迹和镜质体反射率证据

对天山北缘石场-玛纳斯、安集海河和四棵树河地区18个样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹年龄测定,同时测定了中生界地层10件裂变径迹样品相应煤层的镜质体反射率。结果表明地层由老到新镜质体反射率逐渐增加,磷灰石裂变径迹中值年龄逐渐降低。石场-玛纳斯地区,下部三叠系煤层镜质体反射率 R_o 值较低,为O.56%,磷灰石裂变径迹中值年龄较大,为125.3±9.1Ma;八道湾组煤层 R_o 为0.53%～0.64%,磷灰石裂变径迹中值年龄介于81.3±4.7～87.8±5.9Ma;上部西山窑组煤层 R_o 最高,达到0.81%,磷灰石裂变径迹中年龄较低,为44.0±5.4～11.8±1.8Ma;相同层位,东部石场-玛纳斯一带 R_o比西部四棵树地区高,磷灰石裂变径迹年龄刚好相反。磷灰石裂变径迹模拟结果表明中生界三叠系、下侏罗统地层的埋藏深度相对较浅,上覆沉积持续的时间到晚侏罗世到早白垩世基本上已经结束,然后保持在基本不变的深度,直至中新世,不整合在三叠系之下的花岗岩的模拟结果也支持这样的认识。晚侏罗世—早白垩世的冷却降温事件可能是地温梯度变化和隆升作用的共同结果;中侏罗统地层埋藏增温过程持续时间较长,在玛纳斯地区直至渐新世末期。所有样品中磷灰石裂变径迹模拟都记录了10Ma 左右的快速冷却过程,近4～5km 的地壳表层物质被剥蚀,平均剥蚀速率400～500m/Ma。这一剥蚀过程应该与天山地区的快速隆升,以及向北的冲断推覆作用相对应。天山地区山前带的变形应不早于10Ma,这一认识与野外地质证据一致。     

东天山地区中—新生代隆升-剥露过程:来自磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

前人已经对西天山及邻区以及阿尔金断裂带进行了大量中—新生代隆升-剥露的研究工作,但对东天山地区的研究工作很少。天山造山带中—新生代期间的隆升-剥露过程是否具有均一性,目前仍没有确切的认识。为了获得东天山地区中生代以来的隆升-剥露信息,对吐哈盆地东南缘雅满苏地区磷灰石裂变径迹进行了研究。研究表明,在不同构造位置采集的花岗岩、砂岩、火山岩样品年龄集中分布在81~53Ma,样品年龄记录了东天山地区晚白垩世—古新世发生的冷却事件。磷灰石裂变径迹平均长度为13.60~14.36μm,接近于磷灰石初始径迹长度约14.5μm,表明径迹形成后没有发生过明显的退火作用。根据地温梯度计算得到东天山晚白垩世以来的平均隆升速率约为4.31×10-2 mm/a。进一步的热史模拟表明,晚白垩世—古新世(80~50Ma)期间东天山地区经历了一次隆升-剥露事件;始新世以后(50 Ma),东天山地区地壳处于稳定状态,东天山隆起带现在的构造面貌基本继承了中生代的特征。     

滇西北独龙江岩体晚中新世以来的热史和剥蚀历史的磷灰石裂变径迹记录

位于藏东-滇西高原构造急剧转折地段的独龙江地区,其花岗岩体内系统垂向取样的9个花岗闪长岩样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄数据在4～6.8Ma之间.裂变径迹分析显示样品应处于剥露的部分退火带,其表观年龄主体表现为冷却年龄,部分具混合年龄特征.热史分析揭示出岩体至少记录了自晚中新世以来的3个显著冷却阶段.早期的时限可推至约13～8Ma,中、晚期的时限分别在约5.5Ma和2.8Ma,基本可以与区域上的不整合相对应.依据冷却史推导的各阶段剥蚀速率分别为0.10～0.12mm/a,0.26～0.3mm/a和0.85～1.02mm/a,可以与藏东-滇西高原周缘及邻区的盆地沉积记录相对应.研究结果为探讨藏东-滇西高原晚中新世以来的构造抬升-伸展变形提供了定量的参照时限.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.