GPM近实时反演数据对河南省2021年“7·20”极端暴雨的比较分析

近实时卫星降水反演数据具有覆盖范围广、空间连续性和时效性较强以及开放获取等优势, 是重要的全球性降水资料。针对2021年河南省“7·20”极端暴雨, 基于116个地面气象站观测资料及其空间插值数据, 综合解析了4种GPM近实时卫星降水数据(IMERG early、IMERG late、GSMaP NOW和GSMaP Gauge NOW)对极端强降水事件的表征能力。结果发现:①IMERG early、IMERG late对站网累积雨量的低估程度在20%左右, GSMaP NOW和GSMaP Gauge NOW的高估程度分别达到了约35%和70%, 但2种GSMaP数据更易探测到500 mm以上的累积雨量。②在雨量过程方面, 4种GPM数据对小时降水事件均具有较强的分类辨识能力, 但未捕捉到主要雨峰过程, 定量误差较突出, 与地面降水量之间表现出显著的负相关关系。GPM降水数据对小时雨量低于10 mm的降水事件以高估为主;对于小时雨量超过30mm的降水事件以低估为主, 甚至存在普遍低估。③在空间格局方面, 4种GPM数据的精度指标均具有较强的时间波动性, IMERG数据的空间相关系数和体积临界成功指数等指标总体上优于GSMaP数据, 但后者对较高量级的降水事件更敏感。④2种IMERG数据中, IMERG late相对IMERG early的精度具有较明显改善;2种GSMaP数据中, GSMaP Gauge NOW相对GSMaP NOW提高了对较高量级雨量的探测能力, 但也明显增大了较低量级雨量的定量估计误差。本文研究深化了对GPM近实时卫星降水数据性能的认识, 为完善GPM降水反演算法、提升其对极端降水的监测能力提供了重要反馈信息。     

三种降水产品在雅砻江流域的时空适用性研究

基于雅砻江流域及邻近地区28个地面气象站点资料,在不同时空尺度采用降水探测评价指标评价了多源降水再分析产品——中国区域高时空分辨率地面气象要素驱动数据集(CMFD)中的降水资料,全球降水计划多卫星集成降水产品(GPM-IMERG)和多源加权融合降水产品(MSWEP)三种降水产品在研究区的适用情况。结果表明:虽然CMFD在湿季和年尺度研究区有极轻微的低估现象,但在各时间尺度表现均优于IMERG和MSWEP;在日、月、年和湿季尺度,三者精度同纬度和高程成正比,在干季,纬度高海拔地区精度较中低纬度和中低海拔地区低;CMFD和IMERG精度随月、年、湿季、干季和日尺度的顺序降低;而MSWEP精度随月、年、干季、湿季和日尺度的顺序降低;IMERG在湿季、MSWEP在干季表现较好,在月尺度二者表现相近;CMFD探测不同量级雨量能力最高,MSWEP和IMERG分别次之;随着降水数量的增加,各数据集探测能力均变弱。研究结果为研究区水文气象工作提供借鉴。     

气象干旱指数在河北省的适用性分析

基于河北省1974—2014年的气象观测和旱情资料,分析降水距平百分率PA、相对湿润指数M、标准化降水指数SPI和标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI这四种常用气象干旱指数在河北省的适用性。通过对比四种干旱指数与旱情资料、农作物产量等资料的一致性,结果表明：(1)从干旱事件分类的总体准确度来看,M指数最好,PA和SPEI指数监测效果次之。(2)四种干旱指数都能较好地监测河北省历年旱灾发生的空间范围,表现在四种指数的干旱站次比分别与旱灾受灾比和旱灾成灾比均有较强的相关性。(3)7月份SPEI和SPI指数均可较好地预报河北省雨养区(半干旱区)内的玉米产量。研究结论可为干旱防灾减灾及确保粮食生产安全提供理论依据。     

长江流域陆地水储量与多源水文数据对比分析

从趋势性、滞后性及相关性三方面,对2002—2013年间GRACE重力卫星反演的长江上游与中游陆地水储量与模型模拟土壤含水量、实测降水和实测径流数据进行了对比分析,并从干旱强度及发展时间两方面评估了标准化陆地水储量指数SWSI、标准化降水指数SPI、标准化径流指数SRI和标准化土壤含水量指数SSMI对区域性干旱的表征能力.结果表明:长江上游地区陆地水储量与降水、径流和土壤水蓄量均无显著变化,而中游地区陆地水储量则与水库蓄量同样具有显著性增加,反映人类活动对中游地区陆地水储量变化有很大影响;各指标指示的各等级干旱月份数量基本相当,但各指标反映的特旱具体月份有较大差别,基于GRACE数据构建的SWSI指标对特大干旱的指示性不好;对比各指标对上游与中游地区干旱事件发展时间,体现出水文干旱、农业干旱对气象干旱存在一定的迟滞关系.     

基于SPI的鄱阳湖流域干旱时空演变特征及其与湖水位相关分析

以标准化降水指数(SPI)为工具,以鄱阳湖流域为研究对象,选择流域内13个气象站共50a的逐月降水量和5个水位站共50a的逐日水位为实验数据,通过Mann-Kendall检验方法和Kriging插值方法,分析了鄱阳湖流域干旱的时空演变特征,以Spearman秩相关系数为评价指标,比较了流域不同时间尺度的SPI值与各站湖水位、不同时间尺度干旱强度与各站年最低水位之间的相关程度。研究表明:鄱阳湖流域的干旱具有明显的季节性特征,春季和秋季具有较为明显的干旱化趋势;鄱阳湖的干旱覆盖面较广,干旱在不同区域内的不同时期都有可能发生和转移;鄱阳湖流域的气象干旱对湖水位具有较为显著的相关性,湖水位对3个月尺度和6个月尺度的SPI值响应最为明显,其与湖水位的相关程度,自近出湖口地区向远离湖口地区递增。     

基于最大熵理论的降雨SPI研究

为了克服目前对标准化降水指数(SPI)计算必须首先假设服从某种分布的不足,依据最大熵理论分布对SPI进行计算,以东江流域为例,分别利用最大熵理论分布、Gamma分布、Weibull分布以及对数正态分布四种概率密度函数拟合多年不同时间尺度的降雨数据,并利用AIC、KS、AD法进行拟合度检验,最后将最大熵理论分布与Gamma分布计算的SPI结果进行对比分析。结果表明:相对于其他三种分布,最大熵理论分布的概率密度函数更适用于东江流域15个站点的3、6、12个月的降雨分布;在极端干旱(洪涝)的情况下,相对于Gamma分布,最大熵理论分布的SPI值更小(大),表明其对极端干旱(洪涝)的识别更为敏感。     

基于条件分布模型的气象水文干旱传递分析

气象干旱发展到一定程度可以传递为水文干旱。以潘家口水库流域1961—2010年逐月平均降水数据和潘家口水库的入库径流序列为基础数据,分别计算了1、3、6、12个月时间尺度的标准化降水指数（SPI）和标准化径流指数（SRI）,以表征研究区域的气象干旱和水文干旱。基于条件分布模型,分析了不同时间尺度的气象干旱传递到未来的不同等级和不同的预测期（或滞后期）的水文干旱的概率。结果表明,当SPI时间尺度较短或预测期（滞后期）较短时,其对应的SRI水文干旱等级越倾向于维持与SPI相同的干旱等级;随着SPI时间尺度的增长或预测期（滞后期）延长,其对应的SRI水文干旱等级略低于气象干旱或恢复到正常状态。     

珠江流域重大干旱事件时空发展过程反演研究

利用中国气象局发布的0.5°×0.5°网格数据集,开展珠江流域1963年和2009年两场重大干旱事件时空发展过程的反演研究。采用以标准化降水与蒸散发指数为基础建立的联合干旱指数(JDI),与标准化后的有效降水指数(SWAP)作为干旱定量化描述的指标。相较于单点监测,利用网格数据计算的JDI和SWAP较好地考虑了干旱发展的空间属性,可以反映干旱发生—发展—高峰—消退的时空过程。JDI的监测结果反映的是不同月份的平均状态,能够直观地反映干旱发展的总体过程,而SWAP则可以提供短时间尺度的干旱监测,可以更细致地监测干旱发展的详细过程,为干旱出现、高峰和结束时间的定位提供了有效手段。JDI和SWAP的监测结果与实际旱情相符,可作为珠江流域干旱时空发展过程监测的理想指标。     

最新GPM遥感数据在淮河和海河流域的误差分析

为了加深对最新GPM卫星降水产品在具体流域的误差特性的了解,利用中国日降水分析产品(CPAP),选取相关系数(CC)、平均误差(ME)、探测率(POD)、错报率(FAR)以及6个极端降雨指标评估2014年4月至2016年3月期间IMERG卫星降水产品和GSMap-Gauge卫星降水产品在淮河、海河流域的误差特性及性能表现。结果表明:(1)两种卫星降水产品的总误差的空间分布完全不同,以高估为主要表现。(2)产品在百分位指标(RR99p及RR95p)和绝对阈值指标(R20及R20TOT)的表现非常好,相关系数超过0.84。对于持续时间指标(CWD及CDD),表现则均不理想,但GSMap-Gauge产品仍优于IMERG产品。(3)不论是日、月尺度下的比较,还是在探测率及错报率上,GSMap-Gauge产品性能表现总是更优。月降雨量估测结果的准确性明显高于日降雨量估测结果。     

基于SPI指数的衡水市干旱时空变化特征分析

基于衡水地区1963-2013年降水数据,选取SPI指数作为干旱指标,通过SPI指数得到研究区干旱发生频率,干旱站次比以及干旱强度,进而分析衡水市干旱时空变化规律。结果表明:衡水地区中北部、中部、中南部为干旱发生频率较高的地区。该地区易发生全区域性干旱,而干旱强度主要为轻度干旱。     

Application of meteorological and vegetation indices for evaluation of drought impact: a case study for Rajasthan, India

Drought is a serious climatic condition that affects nearly all climatic zones worldwide, with semi-arid regions being especially susceptible to drought conditions because of their low annual precipitation and sensitivity to climate changes. Drought indices such as the standardized precipitation index (SPI) using meteorological data and vegetation indices from satellite data were developed for quantifying drought conditions. Remote sensing of semi-arid vegetation can provide vegetation indices which can be used to link drought conditions when correlated with various meteorological data based drought indices. The present study was carried out for drought monitoring for three districts namely Bhilwara, Kota and Udaipur of Rajasthan state in India using SPI, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), water supply vegetation index (WSVI) and vegetation condition index (VCI) derived from the Advanced Very High resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The SPI was computed at different time scales of 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months using monthly rainfall data. The NDVI and WSVI were correlated to the SPI and it was observed that for the three stations, the correlation coefficient was high for different time scales. Bhilwara district having the best correlation for the 9-month time scale shows late response while Kota district having the best correlation for 1-month shows fast response. On the basis of the SPI analysis, it was found that the area was worst affected by drought in the year 2002. This was validated on the basis of NDVI, WSVI and VCI. The study clearly shows that integrated analysis of ground measured data and satellite data has a great potential in drought monitoring.     

Identifying Water Storage Variation in Krishna Basin,India from <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> and Satellite based Hydrological Data

Terrestrial water storage (TWS), a sum total of water stored on or beneath the earth’s surface, transits in response to hydroclimatic processes such as precipitation, evapo-transpiration, runoff etc. and serves an indicator of hydrological condition of a region. We analyse spatio-temporal variance of water storage in Krishna Basin, India, derived from in-situ groundwater data and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data in order to determine physical causes of variations, and compare the variance with climatic factors such as Cumulative Rainfall Departure (CRD) and drought index i.e. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). GRACE satellite based TWS is found to reflect insitu groundwater changes and also shows a relationship with drought patterns as indicated by a good correlation with SPI. The largest part of TWS represents seasonal flux, and at an interannual scale, TWS depicts spatio-temporal variability in response to drought index viz. SPI. We infer that the groundwater storage derived from GRACE time-variable gravity solutions can be utilised to complement in-situ observations at basin scale and it reflects climatic forcing quite well.     

The evolution analysis of flood and drought in Huai River Basin of China based on monthly precipitation characteristics

Based on the daily precipitation data of 38 weather stations in the Huai River Basin from 1961 to 2010, this study used SPI index, P-III curve to determine the flood/drought years, under what situations for droughts and floods easily happen, and to analyze the evolution law of flood and drought during inter-annual and intra-annual based on the characteristic of monthly precipitation. The results showed that: (1) annual rainfall of the Huai River Basin presented decreasing trend, maximum rainfall appeared from June to August, and multi-year average precipitation increased gradually from north to south; (2) the variation of monthly precipitation during flood years was more severe than other typical years, and precipitation in drought years showed nearly 50 % decline compared with normal years; (3) high rainfall of flood years was mainly caused by the increase in rainfall in flood season, and the strategy of flood control and drought relief was “short-term flood prevention and long-term drought relief”; (4) while precipitation of most months in drought year was reduced, the relevant strategies “annual basin-wide of long-term drought prevention” should be carried out; (5) combination events of floods and droughts occurred frequently. Persistent drought dominated in spring and summer while droughts and floods that happened alternately were mainly in summer and autumn.     

GPM和TRMM卫星日降水数据在黄河源区的适用性分析

通过评估GPM计划三种日降水产品（IMERG-E、 IMERG-L和IMERG-F）和TRMM卫星、 两种日降水产品（TMPA 3B42和TMPA 3B42RT）在黄河源及其周边区域38个台站的适用性, 探究了五种产品探测精度和海拔高度及雨强的相关关系, 结果表明： 在与实测资料的一致性和偏差方面, GPM卫星产品要全面优于TMPA产品。在TRMM卫星产品中, 3B42产品明显优于3B42RT。五种产品的相关系数均表现出明显的从东南到西北递减的趋势, 均方根误差北部普遍低于南部。IMERG产品的探测率（POD）和探测成功率（CSI）都要普遍高于TMPA产品, 而误报率（FAR）则是TMPA 产品更低, 表现更好。五种产品均在个别台站出现了严重误报的情况, 这些台站主要分布在研究区的西北部。IMERG三种产品对于海拔高度的依赖程度具有很强的一致性, 而3B42RT产品对海拔高度几乎没有依赖。除3B42RT产品外, 其余四种产品的偏差均随雨强的增加而增大。在探测率方面, IMERG产品对小雨、 中雨和大雨的探测能力均优于TMPA产品。     

多尺度干旱指数在江淮流域的适应性研究

利用1960-2010年江淮流域34个地面气象观测站的逐日降水、日平均气温、相对湿度等实测资料, 分别计算了江淮流域的Z指数、降水距平百分率、相对湿润指数、标准化降水指数以及CI指数, 经与江淮流域干旱记录对比分析, 结果表明: 月尺度的Z指数在5种干旱指数中应用效果最好, 符合率达70%以上;在时间域上, 月尺度的Z指数仅在春季吻合率稍差, 其余月份均在70%以上;月尺度的SPI指数在冬季吻合率较差, 其余月份同Z指数总体相当;MI指数效果最差;日尺度的CI指数应用效果存在时空差异, 在河南最好, 在山东最差, 夏季效果最好, 春季、冬季最差.     

Assessment of precipitation and drought variability in the Weihe River Basin,China

The amount and distribution of precipitation play crucial roles in the occurrence of drought in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), China. Using the precipitation data (1960–2010) of 21 meteorological stations, the spatial and temporal characteristics of short-, medium-, and long-term droughts on 3-, 6-, and 12-month time scales, respectively, were examined using the theory of runs and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The trends of the drought characteristics were analyzed by a modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test method. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the SPI at different time scales was conducted. The results showed that (1) the main drought type was moderate drought, which occurred frequently in July and October; (2) the drought intensity and frequency were highest in the 1990s, and the drought severity and drought duration in the northwest was more serious than that in the east; (3) an increasing trend of short droughts appeared mainly in the spring and fall; an increasing trend of medium droughts mainly occurred in the 1990s and that of long-term droughts were mainly presented in the northwest region of the WRB; (4) SPI-3 can better reflect precipitation in the current month, SPI-6 has an advantage in characterizing drought persistence, and SPI-12 performs well in capturing extraordinary droughts; and (5) it was also observed that there is a strong relation between the precipitation distribution and drought zones in the basin, and the drought conditions changed continuously with the seasons depending upon the amount and spatial distribution of precipitation .