澳大利亚伊尔岗地块诺斯曼-维卢纳绿岩带金矿成矿作用

诺斯曼-维卢纳金成矿带位于澳大利亚西澳克拉通伊尔岗地块东部黄金省次级地体内,是澳大利亚最重要的绿岩带型金矿成矿区。区内矿床可分为3类：剪切带中的蚀变晕±石英脉型,是区内最为重要的矿化类型,典型矿床为卡尔古利金哩矿床,矿床赋存在金哩粗玄岩中,矿化发生在绢云母-黄铁矿化蚀变带内;石英网脉型,典型矿床为卡尔古利夏洛特山金矿床。矿床也产于金哩粗玄岩中,矿化主要发生在硅化外围的碳酸盐-黄铁矿化蚀变带内;纹层状石英脉型,矿化表现出层控的特点,并多发育绿泥石化。通过对区域和典型矿床地质特征和区域成矿特征的总结,认为诺斯曼-维卢纳金成矿带的金主要赋存于铁硫化物或毒砂中,矿化与大规模的蚀变作用联系密切,太古宙绿岩带和条带状铁建造、深大断裂、褶皱等因素控制了矿床的分布。在此基础上,总结了绿岩带型金矿的找矿标志,并为在区内找矿提出若干建议。     

A metasomatic origin for the iron-oxide Au-Cu Starra orebodies, Eastern Fold Belt, Mount Isa Inlier

The Starra ironstone-hosted Au-Cu deposit in northwest Queensland, Australia, displays evidence of a polyphase history of late-post metamorphic, structurally controlled metasomatism. The mineralisation is hosted within several massive ironstone units which occur at a lithological contact of metamorphosed sandstone and siltstone sequences and foliated chlorite-biotite-magnetite schists. The ironstones strike north-south and occur as discontinuous lenses that cross cut the host rocks in places. Magnetite ironstone textures are generally massive in appearance, but relict deformed breccia and foliation textures are locally preserved. Sulphide ore textures are more brittle and consist of fine, pervasive brecciation of the ironstones and host rocks. Petrological and textural observations support a hydrothermal origin for both ironstone and mineralisation. Three dominant post-peak metamorphic paragenetic stages of alteration and mineralisation are recognised: (1) early widespread Na-Ca metasomatism consisting of albite-quartz-actinolite-scapolite, (2) localised K-Fe metasomatism consisting of biotite-magnetite-hematite- quartz-pyrite and (3) the mineralising stage consisting of anhydrite-calcite-hematisation of magnetite-pyrite-chalcopyrite-gold and extreme chloritisation of biotite. The Na dominant alteration occurs throughout the Eastern Fold Belt and for at least 50 km to the east and 150 km to the north of Starra. The ironstones were products of localised Fe-metasomatism associated with shearing and brecciation of previously Na-metasomatised host rocks. Gold and copper mineralisation resulted from the interaction of magnetite, a late oxidising fluid and an increase in pH. This produced variable hematisation of magnetite and caused the solubility of chloride-complexed gold to decrease dramatically. High gold:copper ratios can be explained in terms of the solubility differences of gold and copper in the thermochemical conditions that existed at Starra. Received: 15 May 1996 / Accepted: 17 January 1997     

双旗山金矿床的控矿构造特征

双旗山金矿床的矿体主要受断裂构造控制,按控矿断裂构造的形态、产状及其力学性质,将控矿断裂分为四类,即NW向压扭性断裂、NE向扭性断裂、近SN向或NNE向剪切带和NWW向张性或张扭性断裂.受NW向断裂控制的金矿化属片岩＋石英脉型金矿化;受近SN向或NNE向剪切带控制的金矿化属蚀变岩型金矿化.     

吉林省松树川银矿床地质特征及找矿方向

松树川银矿床产于燕山期闪长玢岩接触部闪长玢岩体内,矿化类型为硅化蚀变破碎带类型,矿体受区内的北东向—北西向断裂及裂隙构造控制,矿床为受次火山作用控制的中—低温热液型独立的银矿床,矿床工业类型为脉状银矿床。     

Archaean gold mineralisation in a normal-motion shear zone at Harbour Lights,Leonora, Western Australia

Although many Archaean greenstone-hosted mesothermal gold deposits are in steep, reverse-motion fault zones, other fault geometries are prospective for mineralization. Harbour Lights is one of a number of deposits at Leonora hosted in a normal-motion shear zone, probably related to movement off the adjacent domal granitoid. The deposit is also atypical in that mineralization predates the last deformation to affect the mine sequence, but formed by similar processes to other mesothermal deposits in all respects other than the detail of shear zone geometry, kinematics and timing. Gold mineralization at Harbour Lights is related to D1 quartz veins parallel to a well-developed gently NE- to E-dipping D1 cleavage, both of which are deformed in steeply dipping and later extensional shear bands (D2). Gently dipping quartz veins, as at Harbour Lights, must have formed at extremely high fluid pressures, capable of holding the weight of the overlying crust. In the gently dipping normal-motion shear zone continued reactivation and veining was possible only with extremely high fluid pressures, and steeply dipping structures, such as the D2 extensional shear bands, were initiated as the fluid pressure dropped after the mineralizing event. The rarity of gold mineralization hosted in normal-motion shear zones is due to their being linked to steep structures which pump fluid upwards and prevents the build-up of extremely high fluid pressures. At Harbour Lights it appears that these links were (atypically) absent, probably because deformation was a result of granitoid doming, and was subparallel to strata.     

Structural Mapping of the Bentong‐Raub Suture Zone Using PALSAR Remote Sensing Data,Peninsular Malaysia: Implications for Sediment‐hosted/Orogenic Gold Mineral Systems Exploration

The Bentong‐Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) of Peninsular Malaysia is one of the major structural zones in Sundaland, Southeast Asia. It forms the boundary between the Gondwana‐derived Sibumasu terrane in the west and Sukhothai Arc in the east. The BRSZ is genetically related to the sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold deposits associated with the major lineaments in the Central Gold Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. In this investigation, the Phased Array type L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) satellite remote sensing data were used to map major geological structures in Peninsular Malaysia and provide detailed characterization of lineaments and curvilinear structures in the BRSZ, as well as their implication for sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold exploration in tropical environments. Major structural lineaments such as the Bentong‐Raub Suture Zone (BRSZ) and Lebir Fault Zone, ductile deformation related to crustal shortening, brittle disjunctive structures (faults and fractures) and collisional mountain range (Main Range granites) were detected and mapped at regional scale using PALSAR ScanSAR data. The major geological structure directions of the BRSZ were N–S, NNE–SSW, NE–SW and NW–SE, which derived from directional filtering analysis to PALSAR fine and polarimetric data. The pervasive array of N–S faults in the Central Gold Belt and surrounding terrain is mainly linked to the N–S trending of the Suture Zone. N–S striking lineaments are often cut by younger NE–SW and NW–SE‐trending lineaments. Gold mineralized trend lineaments are associated with the intersection of N–S, NE–SW, NNW–SSE and ESE–WNW faults and curvilinear features in shearing and alteration zones. Compressional tectonic structures such as the NW–SE trending thrust, ENE–WSW oriented faults in mylonite and phyllite, recumbent folds and asymmetric anticlines in argillite are high potential zones for gold prospecting in the Central Gold Belt. Three generations of folding events in Peninsular Malaysia have been recognized from remote sensing structural interpretation. Consequently, PALSAR satellite remote sensing data is a useful tool for mapping major geological structural features and detailed structural analysis of fault systems and deformation areas with high potential for sediment‐hosted/orogenic gold deposits and polymetallic vein‐type mineralization along margins of Precambrian blocks, especially for inaccessible regions in tropical environments.     

河南省桐柏县围山城金银成矿带找矿靶区定位分析

围山城金银成矿带呈北西-南东向狭长带状展布,在该带已发现有破山银矿、银洞坡金矿2个超大型银、金矿床,是我国重要的变质碎屑岩型银、金矿之一.除此而外,在该带相继发现规模不同的矿点、矿化点及物化探异常30余处,经多年实践和研究,把已知矿点、矿化点,与物化探异常结合起来,在对已知找矿信息综合研究和筛选、评序的基础上,最终确定银洞岭为重点找矿靶区,通过小范围找矿靶区定位分析和工程验证,终于取得找矿新进展.     

Shear-related gold mineralization in Northwest Ghana: The Julie deposit

The Julie deposit is currently the largest gold prospect in NW Ghana. It is hosted in sheared granitoids of TTG composition of the Paleoproterozoic Julie greenstone belt. The main mineralization consists of a corridor of gold-bearing quartz veins forming a network of a few tens of metres in thickness, trending E–W and dipping 30–60° N, contained within the main shear zone that affects these rocks. The core of this vein corridor is altered by sericite, quartz, ankerite, calcite, tourmaline and pyrite, and is surrounded by an outer halo consisting of albite, sericite, calcite, chlorite, pyrite and rutile. A second set of veins, conjugate to the first set, occurs in the area. These veins have alteration halos with a similar mineralogy as the main corridor, however, their extent, as well as the size of the mineralization, is less important. In the main corridor, gold forms micron-sized grains that occur in pyrite as inclusions, on its edges, and in fractures crosscutting it. Silver, tellurium, bismuth, copper and lead commonly accompany the gold. Pyrite occurs disseminated in the veins and in the surrounding rocks. Up to several ppm Au occurs in the structure of pyrite from the main mineralization.     

Endeavour 42 deposit,Lake Cowal,New South Wales: A structurally controlled gold deposit

Endeavour 42 is a structurally controlled Au deposit with similarities to adularia‐sericite deposits. It is the largest of four gold prospects discovered in the Late Ordovician Lake Cowal volcanic complex, adjacent to the Gilmore Fault Zone, in central New South Wales, Australia. The Lake Cowal volcanic complex consists of calc‐alkaline to shoshonitic volcanic rocks and related sedimentary rocks that were deposited in a relatively deep‐water environment. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Lake Cowal volcanic complex were intruded by diorite and granodiorite. Low‐grade porphyry Cu (0.2–0.35% Cu) mineralisation is developed in parts of the granodiorite intrusion. The gold deposits are developed north of the porphyry Cu mineralisation and occur within a north‐south corridor adjacent to a north‐south‐oriented body of diorite. The Endeavour 42 deposit is hosted by three volcanic units and a diorite. The stratigraphic units at Endeavour 42, consistently strike 215° and dip 50°NW, and comprise an upper unit dominated by redeposited pyroclastic debris and a lower conglomerate unit with clasts of reworked volcanic rocks. Separating these units is a sequence of trachyandesite lava and hyaloclastite breccias. Laminated mudstone and siltstone throughout the sequence are indicative of a relatively deep‐water, below wave‐base, environment. Porphyritic dykes, which are typically associated with zones of faulting, cross‐cut both the volcano‐sedimentary sequence and the diorite. The major fault orientations are 290° and 340°, forming subparallel conjugate fault sets. Both sets of faults are mineralised, contain deformed porphyritic dykes and are associated with sericitic alteration. Endeavour 42 is a sulfide‐poor gold deposit with free native Au and Au associated with pyrite and sphalerite. Minor galena, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite are also observed. Irregular pyrite veinlets and carbonate‐sulfide veinlets occur in the upper unit of re‐deposited pyroclastic debris. Auriferous veins are parallel‐sided dilatant veins with quartz‐sulfide‐carbonate‐adularia. These veins display a consistent strike of 305° and a dip of 35°SW. Alteration and mineralisation were influenced by host‐rock composition and rheology. A pervasive alteration assemblage of chlorite‐carbonate‐hematite‐epidote is developed throughout the Lake Cowal volcanic complex. This is overprinted by sericite‐silica‐carbonate alteration around fault zones and dykes, with patchy and pervasive alteration of this type developed in the lava sequence and upper volcani‐clastic unit, reflecting permeability and probable alteration zoning. In the lower clastic unit, the diorite and, in parts of the lava sequence, a chlorite‐carbonate‐pyrite assemblage partially overprints sericite‐silica alteration, suggesting an evolving fluid composition, changing physico‐chemical conditions or a different alteration fluid. Age dating of the intrusive phases and sericitic alteration associated with mineralisation at Endeavour 42 yields ages of 465.76 ± 1 and 438.6 ± 0.5 Ma, respectively, suggesting that mineralisation post‐dates the Lake Cowal intrusive event and is related to intrusion of magma during the 440 Ma mineralising event, an important period in the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt.     

From intrusion-related to orogenic mineralization: The Wasamac deposit,Abitibi Greenstone Belt,Canada

The Wasamac deposit is an example of Archean greenstone-hosted gold deposit located in the Abitibi Belt, 15 km southwest of Rouyn-Noranda. The deposit is hosted by a second-order ductile shear zone of the Cadillac–Larder Lake Fault Zone (CLLFZ), known as the Francoeur-Wasa Shear Zone (FWSZ). It regionally sits at the boundary between the orogenic gold district of Noranda and the Kirkland Lake gold district dominated by intrusion-related gold systems. This specific location in-between two different gold mineralization environments sets the Wasamac deposit apart as a prime candidate for investigating hydrothermal processes along the CLLFZ. Within the Wasamac deposit, gold distribution is constrained to the altered mylonitized portion of the FWSZ; lode systems are absent. Hydrothermal alteration and associated disseminated mineralization occurs as a replacement of the Blake River Group metavolcanic units. The hydrothermal signature displays two distinct alkaline alteration assemblages: potassic and albitic, each associated with specific gold characteristics. (1) Potassic alteration is characterized by the crystallization of microcline, carbonates and quartz. Within this assemblage gold is associated with porous pyrite enriched in Te-Ag-Au-Mo-Pb-Bi-W, deposited under oxidizing conditions. Such characteristics are widely described in the Kirkland Lake area, and are found in examples of syenite-related mineralization, such as the Beattie and Malartic gold deposits. (2) The albitic alteration assemblage, composed of albite, sericite and carbonates, reflects more reduced hydrothermal conditions with mineralization characterized by free native gold. This hydrothermal event is coeval with the brecciation of early gold-rich pyrite reflecting a structural overprint that controlled late-stage gold characteristics. These alteration and structural features are common in orogenic gold deposits both worldwide and regionally, particularly at the neighbouring Kerr-Addison and Francoeur deposits, and in lode-gold systems such as in the Sigma-Lamaque deposit.The gold mineralization at Wasamac has similar characteristics to both intrusion-related gold systems and structurally controlled orogenic gold deposits. Hydrothermal and structural crosscutting relationships at Wasamac indicate that a structurally controlled hydrothermal event overprinted earlier potassic magmatic-hydrothermal alteration. This observation supports a multistage process of gold concentration during which new gold characteristics, metal anomalies, fluid conditions and alteration assemblages replaced earlier stages of gold enrichment, in places completely obliterating previous signatures. We propose that the Wasamac deposit was originally related to an alkaline intrusion buried at depth beneath the Francoeur-Wasa Shear Zone.     

福建雷潭金矿地质特征及找矿预测

雷潭金矿处于华南褶皱系闽东断拗带的周宁-华安断隆带中段,成矿作用与石英闪长岩和断裂构造密切相关;矿体受NE、NW、近EW向断裂带控制;围岩蚀变以硅化、绢英岩化、黄铁矿化最为重要,它们与金矿密切相关。文章较详细地阐述了区域成矿地质背景和矿床地质特征,总结了矿床的控矿因素,指出了进一步找矿方向。     

陕西凤太地区丝毛岭金矿地质特征及找矿远景

丝毛岭金矿床产于凤太矿集区的银母寺-八方山-八卦庙热水沉积盆地中,含矿围岩为泥盆系星红铺组斑点状铁白云质粉砂质千枚岩夹条带状大理岩化灰岩组成的细碎屑岩,矿床明显受区域NWW向脆-韧性剪切带控制,矿体定位于NWW向剪切带与NE向断裂带的交会部位;围岩蚀变主为黄铁绢英岩化蚀变组合,毒砂为重要的载金矿物.金矿床属热水沉积-再...     

Gold-Related Sulfide Mineralization and Ore Genesis of the Penjom Gold Deposit, Pahang, Malaysia

The Penjom gold deposit lies on the eastern side of the Raub‐Bentong Suture line within the Central Belt of Permo‐Triassic rocks, near Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia. The geology of the deposit is dominated by a sequence of fine‐ to coarse‐grained rhyolitic to rhyodacitic tuff, tuff‐breccia and a minor rhyolitic–rhyodacitic volcanic series, associated with argillaceous marine sedimentary rocks consisting of shale with subordinate shalely limestone of Padang Tungku Formation and Pahang Volcanic Series. Fine‐ to coarse‐grained tonalite and quartz porphyry intruded this unit. The main structural features of the area are north–south‐trending left‐lateral strike‐slip faults and their subsidiaries, which generally strike north–south and dip moderately to the east (350°–360°/40°–60°). Mineralization at the Penjom gold deposit is structurally controlled and also erratic laterally and vertically. The gold mineralization can be categorized as (i) gold associated with carbonate‐rich zones hosted within dilated quartz veins carrying significant amount of sulfides; (ii) gold disseminated within stockwork of quartz–carbonate veins affiliated with tonalite; and (iii) gold often associated with arsenopyrite and pyrite in quartz–carbonate veins and stringers hosted within shear zones of brittle–ductile nature in all rock types and in brittle fractured rhyodacitic volcanic rocks. Sphalerite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite and pyrrhotite are the minerals accompanying the early stage of gold mineralization. These minerals also suffered from local brittle deformation. However, most of the gold mineralization took place after the deposition of these sulfides. Galena appears somewhat towards the end of gold mineralization, whereas tellurium and bismuth accompanied gold contemporaneously. The gold mineralization occurred most probably due to the metamorphogenic deformational origin concentrated mostly in the shear zone. The mineralization is strongly controlled by the wall rock (e.g. graphitic shale), the sulfide minerals and fluid–rock interaction.     

脉状金矿定位预测的关键——主控矿因素分析

华北地台3个脉状金矿矿床(体)定位预测的实例说明,主控矿因素在矿床(体)定位预测过程中起到关键作用——"战略"指向作用。内蒙古赤峰热水金矿的主控矿因素为宽缓闪长玢岩脉,其上方约100~300 m范围内为工业矿脉集中产出的部位,控制了主要矿脉群和工业矿体的空间分布。山东招远界河金矿的主控矿因素为位于郭家岭花岗闪长岩岩体与玲珑花岗岩体外接触带附近的断裂交汇部位(构造结环)。山东平度旧店金矿的主控矿因素则为北西向硅化带,主要的含矿石英脉均分布于其两侧约2 km范围以内。确定主控矿因素是矿床定位预测最重要的任务之一,矿山资料二次开发、详尽的矿床地质研究以及物化探资料的综合利用是确定主控矿因素的主要手段。     

小西南岔金铜矿床地质特征及成因机制

小西南岔金铜矿床产于下古生界五道沟群与华力西晚期闪长岩内接触带中.矿化类型为含金石英硫化物脉型及密集细脉型.矿体受近S-N向断裂、NW向断裂及裂隙构造带控制,矿床成因类型为岩浆热液型.     

皖南地区天井山金矿的矿化时空结构及矿体定位规律

天井山金矿的矿化类型有石英脉型、蚀变岩型和千糜岩型,构成复合金矿化体系,各矿化类型的成因及时空配置具有密切的内在成生联系,组合产出特征明显。主成矿期成矿演化可以划分为微量金-石英阶段、金-单硫化物-石英阶段、金-多金属硫化物-石英阶段和微量金-萤石-方解石-石英阶段。矿体主要赋存于接触带构造及其附近,呈脉状、透镜状,膨大狭缩、尖灭再现、舒缓波状产出特征明显;断裂产状变化处及裂隙发育地段易于形成厚大富矿体,矿化发育程度与基性岩脉空间关系密切。矿体总体走向NE,具有浅部NW倾向、NE向侧伏,深部SE倾向、SW向侧伏的定位规律。其空间定位产出样式可分为外接触带型、接触带型和内接触带型。     

吉林辉南石棚沟金矿床地质特征及其找矿前景

石棚沟金矿床严格受北东向韧性剪切带控制,赋矿构造主要为后期叠加于韧性剪切带之上的北东、北西向脆性剪切裂隙,以北东向为主。矿体围岩为花岗质糜棱岩,并与煌斑岩关系密切。矿石类型为贫硫化物石英脉型,呈细脉状、网格状分布,单矿脉规模一般长不超过50 m,宽不超过1 m,走向及倾向上膨缩明显并很快尖灭。结合区域韧性剪切带型金矿床构造演化与金矿化类型叠加复台关系模式认为,石棚沟金矿床处于韧性带顶端,向深部找矿潜力较大。     

The Syama and Tabakoroni goldfields,Mali

Gold deposits in the Syama and Tabakoroni goldfields in southern Mali occur along a north-northeast trending mineralised litho-structural corridor that trends for approximately 40 km. The deposits are interpreted to have formed during a craton-wide metallogenic event during the Eburnean orogeny. In the Syama goldfield, gold mineralisation in 9 deposits is hosted in the hanging-wall of the Syama-Bananso Shear Zone in basalt, greywacke, argillite, lamprophyre, and black shale. Gold is currently mined primarily from the oxidised-weathered zone of the ore bodies. In the Syama deposit, mineralisation hosted in altered basalt is associated with an intense ankerite–quartz–pyrite stockwork vein systems, whereas disseminated style mineralisation is also present in greywackes. In contrast, the Tellem deposit is hosted in quartz–porphyry rocks.In the Tabakoroni goldfield, gold mineralisation is hosted in quartz veins in tertiary splay shears of the Syama-Bananso Shear Zone. The Tabakoroni orebody is associated with quartz, carbonate and graphite (stylolite) veins, with pyrite and lesser amounts of arsenopyrite. There are four main styles of gold mineralisation including silica-sulphide lodes in carbonaceous fault zones, stylolitic quartz reefs in fault zones, quartz–Fe–carbonate–sulphide lodes in mafic volcanics, and quartz–sulphide stockwork veins in silicified sediments and porphyry dykes. The several deposit styles in the goldfield thus present a number of potential exploration targets spatially associated with the regional Syama-Bananso Shear Zone and generally classified as orogenic shear-hosted gold deposits.     

黑龙江省塔河县宝兴沟金矿床地质特征及成矿构造环境

黑龙江省塔河县宝兴沟岩金矿床位于上黑龙江前陆盆地南缘,是近年来发现的具较大找矿潜力的岩金矿床。矿床产于浅成侵入岩与砂岩地层接触部位及侵入体内部。矿床地球化学研究表明,闪长玢岩、石英闪长岩与成矿关系密切,两者同属于高钾钙碱性岩石,富集轻稀土元素, Eu异常不明显,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr和重稀土元素Yb、Y。单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS法U-Pb同位素定年结果表明：石英闪长岩成岩时间为（124.92±1.3）Ma;花岗细晶岩测年结果为150～450 Ma,推测花岗细晶岩成岩时间可能为156 Ma左右。宝兴沟金矿床是在早白垩世由挤压转变为伸展环境的构造-岩浆-热液作用的产物,金矿化作用应发生在107.5～124.92 Ma;大兴安岭北段存在一期与早白垩世岩浆活动相伴的金矿化作用。因此,燕山晚期（早白垩世）岩浆活动地段尤其是浅成侵入体发育地区是今后重要的金矿化找矿方向之一。     

康古尔韧性剪切带型金矿构造地球化学特征

康古尔金矿床位于一大型韧性剪切带的次级构造中,容矿围岩为石炭系岛弧火山岩.矿体由蚀变千糜岩和糜棱岩化火山岩的矿化富集地段组成.矿体产状与陡倾的糜棱岩带一致,围岩蚀变有硅化、绿泥石化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化等.从矿体中心到围岩存在明显的构造-蚀变-矿化分带现象.成矿作用具多阶段性,成矿物质主要来自火山岩.韧性剪切带不仅控矿,而且韧性变形变质作用是一种重要的成矿作用.提出了康古尔金矿构造地球化学成矿模式.