一个覆盖太平洋区域的地震海啸波幅预报系统及检验

基于线性长波方程和缓变地形近岸波幅格林公式建立了覆盖整个太平洋区域的准实时地震海啸波幅预报系统。系统利用了GPU并行加速技术，可在90 s之内完成太平洋区域32 h的海啸传播计算和中国沿海城市岸段的波幅特征值预报。筛选了自2006年以来的9次发生在太平洋区域，矩震级（Mw）超过8.0且资料丰富的历史地震海啸事件，对预报系统进行了后报检验。结果表明，线性长波模型能够很好的模拟海啸在大洋中的传播过程；格林公式能够较为准确的估算缓变水深和开阔地形条件下的近岸海啸最大波幅，波幅预警准确率可达80%，基本满足海啸预警需求。以2011年日本Mw9.0地震海啸为例，评估了该系统对中国城市岸段的波幅预警能力，结论基本合理。需要注意的是，利用该系统计算对海啸源特别敏感的近场海啸波幅可能产生较大偏差。提出了若要进一步提高定量海啸波幅预警的准确率，可从以下两个方面加强研究和业务实践:一是采用多数据联合反演方法提升海啸源的精度；二是提高格林公式的适用性，或者构建高效的近岸精细化海啸数值预报系统。     

基于GIS的海啸预警信息系统集成框架

预先利用CTSU海啸数值模型模拟出可能存在的各种假想海啸源.运用海啸数值计算模型,分别就5个不同震级(6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5)、6个不同震源深度(0、20、40、60、80、100 km)的1 400多个假想海啸源进行海啸数值模拟,模拟的时间步长为1 min,空间网格以2′为间隔,模拟区域为104°～132°N、0°～32°E.按照引发海啸的级别不同,将数模计算结果存贮于数据库之中,并在应用时基于GIS网格建立快速内插索引,自动输出预警信息,并在GIS界面中提供可视化表达.系统采用模板文件来定义预警分析的范围和内容.在海啸预警分析时,系统主要使用以下4个模板:(1) 海啸源网格模板,该模板定义了整个预警场中可能存在的海啸源地理位置和相关属性;(2) 海啸预警网格框架模板,此模板定义了整个海啸预警分析场中最后需要汇总的岸线网格位置;(3) 海啸预警岸段网格模板,该模板用来定义预警网格归于哪一个岸段;(4) 海啸预警城市网格模板,这个模板可以定义用户最为关心的重点城市的海啸预警信息.系统采用GIS界面,预警分析操作十分简单,系统运算也非常快,输入地震的精确位置、地震强度以及震源深度3个参数后,系统将自动执行一系列运算,在1～2 min内便可计算出所有海啸预警信息,并自动将预警信息在GIS界面中显示出来.最终以web网页的形式向公众发布海啸预警信息,达到了快速海啸预警分析的目的.网页开发采用Ajax技术,同时借助Google Maps API函数实现了预警信息的显示与维护.网络客户端仅需要1个浏览器,就可以实现有关信息的查询.系统在海量数据存贮、快速查询和分析等方面较好地解决了相关的技术难点,它对提高海啸防灾减灾科学决策能力具有重要意义.     

海啸灾害数值预报技术研究现状

海啸数值预报技术在海啸预警、防灾减灾工作及海啸物理机制研究工作中都具有举足轻重的作用,特别是在海啸预警及海啸防灾减灾工作中扮演着重要的角色.根据海啸产生及海啸波传播的特征,分别总结了海啸源产生数值模型、海啸传播和淹没模型的研究现状,重点介绍了当前主流地震海啸数值预报模型数值预报技术的发展、预警系统建设及应用现状.旨在为...     

有限断层模型在2015年9月16日智利Mw8.3级地震海啸数值模拟中的应用与评估

2015年9月16日22时54分（当地时间）智利中部近岸发生M_w8.3级地震,震源深度25 km。同时,强震的破裂区长200 km,宽100 km,随之产生了中等强度的越洋海啸。海啸影响了智利沿岸近700 km的区域,局部地区监测到近5 m的海啸波幅和超过13 m的海啸爬坡高度。太平洋区域的40多个海啸浮标及200多个近岸潮位观测站详细记录了此次海啸的越洋传播过程,为详细研究此次海啸近场及远场传播及演化规律提供了珍贵的数据。本文选择有限断层模型和自适应网格海啸数值模型建立了既可以兼顾越洋海啸的计算效率又可以实现近场海啸精细化模拟的高分辨率海啸模型。模拟对比分析了海啸的越洋传播特征,结果表明采用所建立的模型可以较好地再现远场及近场海啸特征,特别是对近场海啸的模拟结果非常理想。表明有限断层可以较好地约束近场、特别是局部区域的破裂特征,可为海啸预警提供更加精确的震源信息,结合高分辨率的海啸数值预报模式实现海啸传播特征的精细化预报。本文结合观测数据与数值模拟结果初步分析了海啸波的频散特征及其对模型结果的影响。同时对观测中典型的海啸波特征进行的简要的总结。谱分析结果表明海啸波的能量主要分布在10~50 min周期域内。这些波特征提取是现行海啸预警信息中未涉及,但又十分重要的预警参数。进一步对这些波动特征的详细研究将为海啸预警信息及预警产品的完善提供技术支撑。     

基于海底压力测量的海啸预警方法研究

海啸是一种具有极大破坏力的海洋灾害,及时准确的海啸预报可大幅降低人民生财产损失。文中介绍了一种新的海啸灾害预警方法。该方法针对海啸预警需求,分析海啸波和海洋中的其他波动特性,以海底高精度压力测量为核心并消除噪声信号影响,可实现深海远距离海啸实时预警。以该方法为基础研制的海啸监测仪可实时监测并识别海啸波,从根本上降低海啸预警误报、漏报的概率,提高海啸预警系统的性能,及时为决策者提供信息,有效降低海啸灾害带来的损失。     

基于全球海洋模型GOCTM的海啸传播过程数值模拟——以2004印尼大海啸为例

文中利用在有限体积近海模型FVCOM基础上拓展开发的全球海洋模型GOCTM(Global Ocean Circulation and Tide Model)进行了海啸波传播过程模拟,GOCTM采用全球无结构三角形网格,避免了开边界条件引入带来的误差,利用德国AWI研究所提供的海啸源作为初始水位场,模拟了2004年12月26日苏门答腊-安达曼Mw 9.2地震引发的海啸传播过程。通过模拟结果与印度沿岸潮位站数据以及海啸发生过程观测到的卫星高度计数据进行了对比,发现模拟结果与观测值相近,相关系数最高达0.82,相关性较好。模拟的海啸波到达苏门答腊岛北部的时间与日本的TUNAMI 模型和德国AWI研究所的TsunAWI模型的模拟结果相符,时间相差不到30 min,证明GOCTM全球模型可以较好地对海啸传播过程进行模拟,结果令人满意,希望本工作可以为我国海啸预报和预警提供参考。     

基于全和谐型浅水方程的有限体积海啸数值模型开发与应用

数值模拟作为海啸预报的主要研究方法在海啸预警中起着关键作用。本文采用Godunov格式的有限体积方法,使用MUSCL-Hancock格式,并利用HLLC Riemann近似求解器计算单元界面上的流体通量,建立了球坐标系下二阶精度的海啸数值模型。模型所基于的全和谐型浅水方程保证了数值的稳定性,而地形重构方法实现了干湿边界的精准模拟。本文模拟了2015年9月16日智利M_w8.3级地震海啸,通过与智利近岸14个测站和环太平洋20个DART浮标实测数据比较,验证了模型对实际越洋海啸模拟预报的能力。     

潮汐对海啸波影响的数值分析——以2004印尼大海啸为例

利用全球海洋模型GOCTM,采用全球无结构三角形网格,避免开边界条件引入带来的误差,采用德国AWI研究所提供的海啸源作为初始水位场,加入潮汐的水位和流场,通过潮汐模块,模拟2004年12月26日海啸发生时潮汐场下海啸波的传播。模拟结果与无潮汐加入时海啸波传播模拟结果以及印度沿岸潮位站数据进行了对比,结果显示:潮汐的加入对于海啸波到达近岸的时间和波形影响不大,但是潮汐影响着海啸波的水位分布,尤其是孟加拉湾及安达曼海域由于受到涨潮的影响,水位比无潮汐加入的情况下在同一时刻明显增加。海啸波在近岸的水位随着不同的潮汐时刻而改变,尤其是涨潮过程中增强了海啸波在近岸的水位,从而可能影响水位在陆地的爬升,给海啸的预报和预警带来不确定因素。     

一个基于GPU并行加速的海啸数值模型

地震海啸通常发生在大洋板块向陆地板块俯冲的区域,距离震源最近的国家和地区往往在震后5～20 min之内就会遭受到海啸袭击。因此,及时的海啸预警和准确的海啸预报结果对于民众和决策者都至关重要。为了提升海啸预警效率,缩短海啸预报时间,本研究对COMCOT海啸数值模型进行了基于图形计算单元GPU的二次并行开发。将原模型中海啸传播计算模块通过CUDA＿C语言编写内核函数整体移植到GPU上并行加速,CPU负责模型其他代码的执行。为了减少CPU和GPU之间的数据通信,将吸收边界和变量更新函数一并改写。仅在需要输出的时间节点,GPU向CPU传递结果,其他时间步长,CPU和GPU之间只有指令和少量参数传输,基本可视为零耗时。基于GPU并行加速的COMCOT较串行版本效率提升超过67倍,加速性能显著优于基于CPU共享内存的OpenMP并行版本。交叉使用常水深和真实地形,采用均匀滑移海啸源和有限元海啸源对模型的计算结果进行了较为全面的分析检验,相对误差最大不超过1%,为大范围的越洋海啸实时计算提供了有力工具。     

马尼拉俯冲带潜在地震海啸对华南沿海的影响

马尼拉俯冲带潜在地震海啸对我国南部沿海城市构成巨大威胁,利用情景式数值模拟技术重构灾害过程并评估危险等级有助于理解南海海啸传播规律并指导预警预报和防灾减灾工作。根据美国太平洋海洋环境研究中心(Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, PMEL)发布的马尼拉俯冲带断层参数设计M_w 7.5、M_w 8.1和M_w 8.5三个震级下共19个震源,应用非静压海啸数值模型(Non-hydrostatic Evolution of Ocean WAVE, NEOWAVE)模拟各震源激发海啸在南海海盆的传播过程,通过最大波辐和测点时间序列发现海啸波能量传输分布并评估代表区域危险等级。研究表明, M_w 7.5级地震海啸对我国南部沿海的影响较低,波幅一般不超过30 cm; M_w 8.1级地震海啸对华南沿海主要造成太平洋海啸预警中心定义的Ⅱ或Ⅲ级海啸危险等级,海啸影响范围和能量分布特征由震源位置决定; M_w 8.5级地震海啸主要对中国沿海构...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,