Regional Features of Vapor Transfer and Precipitation Distributed in Northwest China

This article investigates regional distribution features of rainfall and vapor transport in Northwest China during 1961-2002, achieving that: (1) Three climate zones in this vast region differ in trends of annual precipitation, with rainfall in the westerly belt (denoted as zoneWB) exhibiting an increasing trend from the 1970s, rainfall in the East Asian monsoon belt (denoted as zoneMB) displaying a decreasing trend in the study period and the Qinghai Plateau zone (denoted as zoneQP) precipitation fluctuating roughly around the mean; (2) The net vapor fluxes (NVF) in zoneWB and zoneQP show an increasing trend as opposited to zoneMB, for which the reason may lie behind that the NVF increase in zoneWB and zoneQP is attributed to pronounced decrease in deficit of westerly NVF, whereas the decrease in zoneMB NVF is ascribed to the significant drop in meridional vapor transfer; (3) ZoneWB rainfall and atmospheric vapor transport change abrupt in 1990 and 1985, respectively, without such happening in zoneMB and zoneQP; (4) ZoneWB rainfall increase occurs when atmospheric vapor budget/NVF increases, so that the latter has to occur ahead of the former; zoneMB rainfall decrease relates to the decrease in atmospheric vapor budget after the 1990s,leading to (more and even) successive droughts in the east of Northwest China on a synchronous basis except zoneQP of which the precipitation factors include river evaporation, glaciers, and snow cover in addition to atmospheric vapor.     

西藏高原汛期旱涝年水汽输送差异特征

利用西藏高原39个气象站自1961年或建站开始至2010年汛期(5—9月)的逐月降水资料,根据Z指数和区域旱涝指数分析了近50年西藏高原汛期旱涝的变化特征。在此基础上,选取了典型旱、涝年,采用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料,通过合成分析方法分析了旱、涝年的水汽输送特征的差异。结果表明:近50年以来,西藏高原以旱为主,涝灾较少,干湿状况具有明显年代际变化;西藏高原汛期旱涝与水汽输送异常联系紧密,典型旱(涝)年北印度洋、西北太平洋和亚洲中纬度地区的整层水汽通量经向、纬向及整层水汽通量和水汽通量散度均存在显著差异,呈反位相分布。越赤道急流区的差异最为显著,索马里越赤道气流区的水汽输送差异主要表现在经向上,而菲律宾越赤道气流区的水汽输送差异主要表现在纬向上。     

全球变暖趋缓背景下辽宁夏季降水变化及水汽输送特征

利用中国气象数据网提供的中国地面气候资料日值数据集（V3.0）中的降水数据以及ERA-Interim逐月再分析资料对全球变暖趋缓背景下（1998年后）辽宁夏季降水变化特征及水汽输送对其的影响进行研究。结果表明：全球增暖减缓背景下,辽宁夏季降水量存在一定的增加趋势,但趋势较弱,其中辽宁南部降水的增加趋势较其他地区显著,对辽宁整体降水变化的贡献程度相对较高。辽宁南北边界的夏季水汽通量与降水量呈现高度的正相关性。其中,南边界的相关性程度最显著。辽宁上空纬向水汽净输入量对降水的贡献较小,经向水汽通量对于降水的贡献较纬向高且其高值区主要位于辽宁东部及南部地区的对流层低层,对当地降水存在影响。辽宁南部对流层整层的经向水汽通量与辽宁降水量存在显著正相关,通过分析大气环流背景场的变化对辽宁经向水汽输送的影响分析,西太平洋副热带高压脊线的逐渐北移是造成辽宁经向水汽通量增加的重要因素,从而直接影响辽宁降水量的变化趋势,导致辽宁夏季降水在全球变暖减缓背景下存在一定的增加趋势。     

淮河流域2003年梅雨时期降水与水汽输送的关系

本文利用2003年6～7月逐日NCEP／NCAR再分析资料分别计算了淮河流域梅雨期的水汽输送和该区域的水汽收支,分析了大尺度水汽输送和梅雨期降水之间的关系。结果表明：2003年梅雨期间(6月20日～7月23日)淮河流域水汽输送的来源主要有2个,一是孟加拉湾的西南气流经中南半岛北部进入华南再向淮河流域输送,二是来自西太平洋副热带高压南侧的偏东气流在南海转向形成的偏南气流进入华南再向北输送,以上两条输送带以定常方式向淮河流域输送水汽。通过计算梅雨期的整层涡动水汽输送,发现经向水汽输送非常稳定,纬向水汽输送具有较大幅度变化。研究还表明：2003年梅雨期间淮河流域的水汽收支主要来自经向水汽输送,特别是南部边界的水汽流入,而纬向水汽输送多表现为水汽的流出。梅雨期间淮河流域经向水汽收支的突然增强和维持稳定往往对应一次强降水过程的开始。梅雨期间淮河流域净水汽收入主要来源于经向从地面到600hPa高度的深厚水汽输送,另外在纬向近地面层还有一支弱的净水汽流入,而中低层为明显的纬向净水汽流出。在经向水汽净输入相当情况下,纬向水汽净输出的减弱有利于增强强降水过程的强度。淮河流域2003年夏季经向水汽收支的爆发性增长和突然减弱和该区域的入、出梅日期对应,它的演变反映了东亚夏季风由南向北推进的进程。     

水汽输送与江南南部初夏雨季及降水变化的联系

基于1961—2010年美国国家环境预报中心/大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的逐日再分析格点资料,分析了初夏水汽输送的分布和演变过程及其与中国江南南部初夏雨季的关系。结果显示,初夏水汽输送总体上随夏季风前沿自南向北加强,有3次水汽通量突然增大的涌先后从中国南海北传到25°N及其以南、25°—30°N、30°N及其以北地区,水汽涌和相应峰的发生时间分别对应华南前汛期、江南南部初夏雨季、长江流域梅雨的开始和结束时间。江南南部在初夏雨季处在水汽通量高值区的北缘、水汽辐合区内。青藏高原南侧水汽辐散区是影响江南南部初夏雨季的直接水汽源,澳大利亚北部到印度洋和阿拉伯海南部地区的大面积水汽辐散区则是间接水汽源。经向水汽输送演变对雨季起(讫)具有标志性意义,纬向水汽输送也不容忽视。雨季开始(结束)时江南南部地区的南界(北界)中低层水汽流入(流出)显著增大,但北界(南界)水汽通量并未同步发生显著变化;雨季期间的纬向水汽输送明显增强,水汽通量大于经向水汽输送。雨季强、弱具有年代际变化,且与纬向水汽流入的相关比经向水汽流入的相关更显著。影响江南南部初夏雨季的水汽输送路径主要有两条,北支是从孟加拉湾北部经缅甸和云南、贵州的水汽输送,南支是经孟加拉湾、中南半岛、中国南海与西太平洋副热带高压西侧水汽汇合的水汽输送。强雨季年孟加拉湾北部的东北向水汽输送和中国南海的北向水汽输送都增强,弱雨季年则相反。孟加拉湾、中国南海南部和西太平洋暖池区是显著的水汽辐合区,是江南南部初夏雨季的水汽输送通道而不是水汽源,水汽辐合越弱(强)越有利于(不利于)江南南部初夏雨季的降水,其影响机制可能在于通道上的对流活动对江南南部初夏雨季水汽输送具有拦截作用。     

山东夏季空中水汽分布和水汽输送特征

利用山东省气象站的降水量资料和JRA-55、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了1962-2016年山东夏季整层大气可降水量、降水转化率、水汽通量及输送路径的分布特征和变化规律,探讨了夏季降水与水汽通量及其散度的相关性和多雨年的水汽来源。结果表明:从常年值来看,山东平均夏季降水量为401.2 mm,大气可降水量为3478.8 mm,降水转化率为11.5%。降水转化率和降水量的时空演变特征更加一致,经向水汽输送和局地水汽通量散度与地面有效降水的关系更加密切,当大气可降水量充沛、外部水汽输送充足并出现局地水汽辐合时,更加有利于山东南部地区降水的发生发展,从而形成夏季降水量和降水转化率气候特征表现出东南地区大于西北地区的空间分布型态。西北太平洋、南海、孟加拉湾和鄂霍茨克海至日本海是造成山东夏季降水异常偏多的重要水汽源地,巴尔喀什湖至贝加尔湖地区是重要的冷空气输送区域;当山东上游盛行偏西风时,自新疆和青藏高原至内蒙古的狭长带出现异常水汽扰动并发展,是由水汽异常引起的水汽通量异常对山东局地降水异常贡献的主要条件。     

Characteristics of large-scale atmospheric circulation related to extreme monthly rainfall anomalies in the Pampa Region, Argentina, under non-ENSO conditions

Summary There is a widely held view that the Pampa region (PR) dry and wet periods are predominantly a consecuence of the El Ni?o-Southern oscillation (ENSO) phenomenom. The current paper focuses on non-ENSO rainfall anomalies for the period 1948–2000, the more recent of which have had catastrophic consequences throughout the region. We analyze horizontal water vapor transport, pressure and circulation anomalies occurring in Southern South America (SSA) during this type of event. Positive and negative (wet and dry) extreme events during the rainy and dry seasons in the region were registered. Based on NCEP reanalysis data it was established that under rainfall deficit, anomalies of similar intensity occurred simultaneously in the PR and in central Chile, whereas under excess rainfall the anomalies were mostly confined to the PR. The existence of a cyclone-anticyclone pair in the anomalous circulation pattern over mid latitudes of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and straddling the southern portion of the continent maintains an intense and extense meridional circulation over the continental plains, which leads to the abnormal values in moisture transport and rainfall rate. The atmospheric water balance equation calculated for the PR indicates that anomalous water vapor is carried in from the continental equatorial region and from the subtropical Atlantic, its magnitude varying in accordance with the season and the sign of the anomaly. Furthermore, evidence of the important role of transient terms corroborates their contribution to the anomalous total moisture flux divergence under rainfall deficit during the dry season. The mean sea-level pressure anomaly fields of the extreme cases were further examined by principal component analysis to discern those circulation features directly linked to rainfall deviations.     

Moisture source for the Amazon Basin: a study of contrasting years

The regions where the divergence of vertically integrated water vapor flux, averaged over a season or a year, is positive (negative) are sources (sinks) of moisture for the atmosphere. An aerial river is defined as a stream of strong water vapor flux connecting a source and a sink. Moisture flux, its divergence, and sources and sinks over the tropics of South and Central America and the adjoining Atlantic Ocean are obtained for dry years and for wet years in the Amazon Basin. Results show that the Amazon Basin is a sink region for atmospheric moisture in all seasons and that there are two source regions for the moisture in the basin, one situated in the South Atlantic and the other in the North Atlantic, both located equator-ward of the respective subtropical high-pressure centers. The convergence of moisture increases over the Amazon Basin in austral summer, and at the same time it decreases in the Pacific and Atlantic ITCZs. Box model calculations reveal that the wet years, on the average, present about 55 % more moisture convergence than the dry years in the Amazon Basin. A reduction in the moisture inflow across the eastern and northern boundaries of the basin (at 45°W and at the Equator, respectively) and an increase in the outflow across the southern boundary (at 15°S) lead to dry conditions. The annual mean contribution of moisture convergence to the precipitation over the Amazon Basin is estimated to be 70 %. In the dry years, it lowers to around 50 %. The net convergence of water vapor flux over the basin is a good indicator of the wet or dry condition.     

夏季云贵高原地区降水特征及云水资源的匹配

基于云贵高原地区1961—2010年高分辨率(0.5°×0.5°)逐日降水格点资料,分析了云贵高原及东、西两个区域的夏季降水变化特征。并结合欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)提供的1979—2010年ERA-Interim再分析资料,计算了其夏季水汽输送通量和净水汽收支。结果表明:(1)云贵高原夏季平均降水分布不均匀,存在区域差异:云贵高原西部的中部为降水量低值区,其向南、向西逐渐增加;东部由其东南部向西北部递减的分布形式。(2)将云贵高原分成两个区域,东、西部区域的降水都呈增加的趋势,降水量较高的区域降水增长速度较快。(3)大气中的水汽从云贵高原南边界和西边边界进入,从北边界和东边界流出,全区以净水汽输出为主,输出值与降水的变化都呈增长趋势。其中东部水汽为净输入;西部为净输出,向各区域的水汽输送量逐渐增加与各区降水量呈增长趋势变化同样相一致。(4)影响西部夏季降水的水汽主要源于孟加拉湾北部、南海北部和横断山到四川盆地地区,而东部水汽主要来自南海北部和四川盆地西部。     

夏季水汽输送特征及其与中国降水异常的关系

利用1958－1999年NCEP／NCAR再分析资料研究了水汽输送特征，表明：全球纬向水汽输送在南北半球中高纬度由西向东，在低纬由东向西，分别与中纬度西风带和热带东风带一致，经向输送在夏季由南半球向北半球输送，冬季则刚好相反，就全年来说水汽也是从南半球向北半球输送。南北半球副热带地区是大气水汽源，热带和中高纬是大气水汽汇，夏季中国大部分地区也是水汽汇。讨论了中国夏季3类雨型与异常水汽输送的关系，结果表明中间型雨带对应中国东部有一支东北异常水汽输送和另一支西南异常输送在长江流域辐合；南方型雨带对应一支东北异常输送和另一支来自西太平洋副高西北侧的西南异常输送在华南辐合，北方型雨带对应中纬度西风异常输送与副高西北侧的西南异常常输送在华北辐合。     

华北和西北区干湿年间水汽场及东亚夏季风的对比分析

为了更好地理解华北及西北地区的夏季降水气候，我们利用NCEP的再分析格点资料等，对华北和西北两区干，湿年（月）的水汽场及夏季风状况作了对比分析，主要结论是：（1）近50年来华北和西北区东部明显干旱化，这可能与同期内东亚夏季风强度趋弱，大气可降水量逐渐减少有关；（2）两地区干，湿年（月）间气柱可降水量差别明显；（3）两地区干，湿年（月）的夏季风，水汽输送通道的位置及强度，以及水汽通量的辐散辐合情况均不同；（4）高原与太平洋间的海陆温差指数及东亚夏季风指数（SMI）对表征东亚夏季风的季节变化及夏季风强度的年际变化有一定的能力，冬春季高原与太平洋间的海陆温差对其后东亚夏季风的强弱及西北和华北区的干湿状况有部分指示意义；作西北区夏季降水预报时要注意四川盆地的水汽场及广元－汉中一带，以及闽，台和两广的水汽输送状况。     

The observed teleconnection between the equatorial Amazon and the Intra-Americas Seas

Using observations of rainfall and SST analysis it is shown that there is a robust relationship with two-season lag between the austral summer (December–January–February [DJF]) Equatorial Amazon (EA) rainfall and the following boreal summer season (June–July–August [JJA]) Intra-Americas Seas (IAS) Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies (SSTA). It is observed that in wetter than normal austral summer seasons over EA, the SSTA in the IAS are cooler than normal in the following JJA season. This teleconnection also manifests in the ocean heat content of the IAS region. Our analysis indicates that the net surface heat flux into the ocean (particularly the surface longwave and the shortwave radiative fluxes) dictates the strongest influence on the JJA Caribbean SSTA, the core region of the IAS where the observed teleconnection with EA rainfall is strongest. This study also finds that this teleconnection is in fact a manifestation of the remote ENSO forcing on the Caribbean SSTA through its modulation of the EA rainfall anomalies. In a wet DJF year over EA, the Atlantic Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) moves further southward than climatology. This causes the dry limb of the associated overturning circulation of the Atlantic ITCZ to reside over the Caribbean Sea region in the subsequent March–April–May and JJA seasons. As a result of this large-scale descent in the wet DJF year over EA, there is a net decrease in the heat flux into the ocean from increased emission of surface longwave radiation in the presence of anomalously dry atmosphere. In a dry DJF year over EA the Atlantic ITCZ is nearly co-located in the core region of the IAS, which is northward than the climatological location, resulting in the descending limb of the overturning location to be located further south of the Caribbean Sea leading to warmer SSTA.     

两类El Niňo事件次年夏季长江-黄河流域降水低频特征及低频水汽输送途径差异

利用1961年1月—2014年12月Hadley气候预测研究中心的全球海表温度(SST)资料,NECP/NCAR逐日风场、比湿等再分析资料,国家气象信息中心提供的中国753站逐日降水、160站逐月降水资料,对比分析了东部(EP)型和中部(CP)型两类El Niňo事件次年夏季长江-黄河流域降水(简记为EP型和CP型降水)低频特征,以及与之相关的低频水汽输送差异。结果表明,1)平均而言,EP型降水主要有10～20 d(最显著)以及20～30 d(次显著)低频周期;CP型降水主要有10～20 d的低频显著周期。与之相关的纬、经向水汽通量最显著低频周期也为10～20 d。2)影响EP、CP型低频降水共同的低频水汽环流系统主要有:菲律宾群岛附近的异常反气旋式水汽环流和渤海湾附近(日本东南侧)的异常气旋式(反气旋式)水汽环流。另外,影响EP(CP)型低频降水的还有来自巴尔喀什湖东北部异常气旋式水汽环流(孟加拉湾、苏门答腊岛以西的异常气旋式水汽环流对和贝加尔湖西、东两侧的异常气旋式、反气旋式环流)。3)EP型降水暖湿水汽主要源自南海,冷湿水汽主要源自西北太平洋,冷空气来自巴尔喀什湖东北部和贝加尔湖西北侧。CP型降水暖湿水汽少量来自阿拉伯海和印度洋,大量来自热带西太平洋,冷空气主要来自贝加尔湖西北侧。     

WATER VAPOR CONTENT AND MEAN TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE OVER NORTHWEST CHINA

The interannual and intermonthly climatic features of the water vapor content(hereafterWVC)and its mean transfer in the atmosphere over Northwest China(hereafter NWC)arecalculated and analyzed by using the NCEP/NCAR global reanalysis grid data(2.5°×2.5°Lat/Lon)for 40 years(1958—1997).The results show that the WVC in the total air column over NWC infour seasons of the year is mainly concentrated on eastern and western NWC respectively.On theaverage,the WVC over eastern NWC decreases obviously during recent forty years except forwinter.while it decreases over western NWC in the whole year.But the WVC over NWC has beenincreasing since late 1980s in summer.The water vapor comes from the southwestern warm andwet air current along the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley and the Bay of Bengal.and from mid-western Tibetan Plateau and also from the Qinling Mountains at southern Shaanxi Province.Theyearly water vapor divergence appears over the middle of NWC to northern Xinjiang andsoutheastern Shaanxi Province.The yearly water vapor convergence appears over the Tarim Basinand the Tibetan Plateau as well as western Sichuan and southern Gansu.     

夏季东亚副热带经圈环流特征及其对长江流域降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR 1979-2009年月平均风场资料,用质量流函数来定义东亚副热带的经圈环流指数,分析夏季(6-8月)东亚副热带经圈环流特征.结果表明,夏季东亚地区受反Hadlev环流影响,表现出与全球平均经圈环流不同的特征,用指数表征的东亚副热带经圈环流强度存在明显的年际和年代际变化.另外,利用相关性及水汽通量...     

夏季青藏高原地区水汽向平流层的等熵绝热和非绝热传输的气候学特征及其与落基山地区的对比

夏季亚洲季风区是对流层向平流层物质输送的主要通道,其对平流层水汽的变化有重要贡献。以往的研究表明亚洲季风区向平流层的水汽传输主要在青藏高原及周边地区。本文利用多年平均的逐日ERAi、MERRA再分析数据和微波临边观测仪（Microwave Limb Sounder,MLS）数据,首先对比分析夏季青藏高原周边上空水汽的分布特征,再利用再分析资料分析了对流层—平流层水汽传输的特征。结果表明:青藏高原周边特定的等熵面和对流层顶结构分布有利于水汽向平流层的绝热输送;在南亚高压的东北侧,从青藏高原到中太平洋地区,340~360 K层次存在最为显著的水汽向平流层的纬向等熵绝热输送通道,7~8月平均输送强度可达约7×103 kg s-1。此外,在伊朗高原及南亚高压的西部,350~360 K层次也存在一支水汽向平流层的经向等熵绝热输送通道,但强度相对较弱（约2.5×103 kg s-1）。在青藏高原南侧370~380 K层次存在强的水汽向平流层的非绝热输送,主要由深对流和大尺度上升运动引起,7~8月平均输送强度约0.4×103 kg s-1。落基山以东到大西洋西部,350~360 K层次存在水汽向平流层的纬向等熵绝热输送通道,但强度也弱得多（约2.5×103 kg s-1）。     

Validating a regional climate model’s downscaling ability for East Asian summer monsoonal interannual variability

Performance of a regional climate model (RCM), WRF, for downscaling East Asian summer season climate is investigated based on 11-summer integrations associated with different climate conditions with reanalysis data as the lateral boundary conditions. It is found that while the RCM is essentially unable to improve large-scale circulation patterns in the upper troposphere for most years, it is able to simulate better lower-level meridional moisture transport in the East Asian summer monsoon. For precipitation downscaling, the RCM produces more realistic magnitude of the interannual variation in most areas of East Asia than that in the reanalysis. Furthermore, the RCM significantly improves the spatial pattern of summer rainfall over dry inland areas and mountainous areas, such as Mongolia and the Tibetan Plateau. Meanwhile, it reduces the wet bias over southeast China. Over Mongolia, however, the performance of precipitation downscaling strongly depends on the year: the WRF is skillful for normal and wet years, but not for dry years, which suggests that land surface processes play an important role in downscaling ability. Over the dry area of North China, the WRF shows the worst performance. Additional sensitivity experiments testing land effects in downscaling suggest the initial soil moisture condition and representation of land surface processes with different schemes are sources of uncertainty for precipitation downscaling. Correction of initial soil moisture using the climatology dataset from GSWP-2 is a useful approach to robustly reducing wet bias in inland areas as well as to improve spatial distribution of precipitation. Despite the improvement on RCM downscaling, regional analyses reveal that accurate simulation of precipitation over East China, where the precipitation pattern is strongly influenced by the activity of the Meiyu/Baiu rainfall band, is difficult. Since the location of the rainfall band is closely associated with both lower-level meridional moisture transport and upper-level circulation structures, it is necessary to have realistic upper-air circulation patterns in the RCM as well as lower-level moisture transport in order to improve the circulation-associated convective rainfall band in East Asia.     

Variability of Summer Atmospheric Moisture Flux and Its Effect on Precipitation over East China

1. IntroductionIt is known that droughts and floods result fromthe balance of water. Atmospheric water vapor notonly provides resources of water, but plays an impor-tant role in the water and heat cycle of climate sys-tem. IPCC (2001) pointed out that water cycle has anotable change on the background of climate change.Gutzler (1996) found that specific humidity at levelsof 1000, 700, and 300 hPa increases 3%-9% per decadeby using four sounding data in the western equato-rial Pacific. Howeve…     

秋行夏令:2021年10月初北方致灾性持续暴雨及水汽极端性分析

2021年10月3—6日,我国北方地区经历了历史罕见的持续性极端强降水过程,暴雨中心稳定维持在陕西中部、山西、京津冀、辽宁等地南部和山东北部,给上述地区造成了巨大的经济损失和严重的人员伤亡。基于台站观测降水、NCEP/NCAR和ERA5再分析资料诊断了本次降水过程的极端性。结果表明,本次暴雨过程无论是降水强度、持续时长还是经向水汽输送均表现出典型北方夏季暴雨和大气环流配置特征。上述五省二市区域平均的过程累计雨量强度远远超过秋季其他暴雨个例,即使在夏季也位列第二。本次过程的极端性与强降水中心稳定在上述地区密切相关。上述五省二市区域平均降水连续4日均超过15 mm,这在秋季历史上从未出现过。除过程的极端性强外,9月山西等地降水异常偏多对10月初秋涝也起到了叠加作用。本次秋涝对应的大气环流呈现出典型的北方夏季主雨季环流型,表现为西太平洋副热带高压（副高）偏西偏北,副高西侧的经向水汽输送异常强盛,同时10月4—6日北方地区发生一次强冷空气过程,冷暖气流交汇在上述地区。水汽收支计算表明,本次过程的经向水汽输送强度为秋季历史之最,甚至超过了盛夏时期北方大部分暴雨过程水汽输送强度。上述分析结果表明,即使在仲秋时节亦可产生有利于北方极端持续暴雨的环流形势和水汽输送,并导致秋涝发生。     

黄河流域冬、夏季水汽输送及收支特征

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和我国实测雨量资料,对黄河流域1月和7月多年平均及旱、涝年整层积分的水汽通量、辐合(辐散)及各分区水汽收支进行了研究。结果表明,1月黄河流域无明显的水汽输送,而7月水汽沿西南、东南及西北3条路径输送,前两支气流在多年平均时主要影响黄河下游区。涝年时影响到黄河中、下游区,而上游区水汽流入较小;旱年,黄河中、上游区均无明显的水汽输送,只有下游的小范围地区受西南气流影响。各区净水汽通量分别与其地面降水的时空演变相对应,而经向净水汽通量是影响水汽收支变化及供给流域降水的主要水汽来源;涝年的水汽净收支与各边界水汽流入明显大于旱年。1月,西边界和北边界微弱的水汽输入远小于东边界和南边界的输出,各区均为水汽净辐散,不利于降水;7月,大量的水汽主要来自西边界和南边界,涝年各区均为水汽盈余,多年平均也以净辐合为主,而旱年则以水汽亏损为主。