双向振动条件下的饱和砂土动强度特性试验研究

利用全自动静动三轴双向耦合剪切仪,分别在均等固结和非均等固结条件下,进行了福建标准砂的动三轴不排水剪切试验,对比分析了轴向振动、径向振动、相位差分别为0°和180°的轴向-径向耦合振动等不同振动方式对饱和砂土动力特性的影响。试验结果表明,无论是均等固结还是非均等固结条件下,只要在最大剪应力面上的动剪应力水平相同,4种剪切方式对动应力-应变关系及动强度的影响都并不显著。     

粉土动强度试验研究

文中对重塑的粉土试样施加正弦波和任意波轴向荷载,进行应变控制的动三轴试验。根据试验结果,分析和比较2种不同波形振动荷载下粉土的动强度和变形特性。研究结果表明:固结条件相同,振动频率为1Hz,任意波振动荷载作用下粉土的动强度较正弦波下的稍小;任意波下粉土试样产生的动应变比正弦波下的大。     

残积土含水率对其动力特性影响试验研究

选取厦门某建筑工程地基浅层残积土重塑试样,利用SDT-10微机控制电液伺服动态三轴测试系统,在呈正弦变化的动态荷载作用下,测试含水率分别为10%、15%、20%和23%时残积土试样的动应力-应变、动变形-作用时间(作用次数)、动弹性模量等动力学特性曲线与参数。分析试验数据表明:试样在动荷载作用下表现为黏弹塑性变形特性,且随着含水率提高,试样累积塑性轴向变形逐步增大,最大弹性模量逐步减少,但含水率由20%增至23%时,最大动弹性模量降低幅度不大。     

加筋土动弹性模量的动三轴试验研究

采用动三轴试验系统对加筋土试样进行固结不排水三轴剪切试验。研究了在不同加筋材料、不同加筋层数、不同围压、不同固结应力比条件下的加筋土的动弹性模量变化规律,并与素土试样试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,加筋土的动弹性模量随围压和固结应力比的增加而增大,窗纱加筋试样的最大动模量相比素土有了较大的提高,并随着加筋层数的增加而增大,土工布加筋土试样最大动弹模量与素土的最大动弹模量增减趋势不明确。     

颗粒组成对粉土动强度的影响分析

以天津汉沽地区某挡土墙地基粉土为研究对象,首先对不同颗粒组成的粉土做固结不排水动三轴剪切试验,采用各向等压固结,周围压力等于100kPa。固结完成后在不排水条件下施加轴向激振力,试验波形为正弦波,振动频率1.0Hz,试验中以试样在周期剪切时轴向周期应变达到5%作为破坏标准,得出粉土的动强度受颗粒组成的影响。细颗粒含量越大,其动强度越小,黏粒含量为7.2%的粉土循环剪应力比CSR约为20.3%黏粒含量粉土的2倍。粉土的动强度可以用循环剪应力比和破坏振次建立的幂函数关系式较好地拟合。在剪切过程中,粉土的孔隙水压力一直没有达到所施加的围压数值,最终稳定在75%~85%围压之间。同时,试验还得出孔隙水压力的增长模式不能用统一的Seed模型拟合,孔压增长规律的影响因素较多。     

K_0固结饱和粘土三轴压缩与拉伸循环强度之间的关系

针对有应力反向与无应力反向两种循环应力条件,进行了k0固结饱和粘土不排水循环三轴压缩与拉伸强度试验。为了分析三轴压缩与三轴拉伸循环强度之间关系,依据3个围压下三轴压缩循环强度试验结果,确定了与不同循环破坏次数对应的Mohr-Coulomb循环强度指标。据此预测k0固结土样三轴拉伸循环强度,预测结果小于实测结果,当循环破坏次数为2 000时,两者之间相对偏差为13%左右。因此,可以依据Mohr-Coulomb强度理论建立k0固结饱和粘土不排水三轴压缩与拉伸循环强度之间的关系。     

动三轴试验固结时间对动剪切模量比和阻尼比影响的初步分析

动三轴试验是将试样在轴对称的三轴应力下进行固结,在不排水条件下进行的振动试验,同时可测定土样的动剪切模量比和阻尼比。土的动剪切模量比和阻尼比是土动力学特性的2个重要参数,在工程场地地震安全性评价工作和土层地震反应分析中不可缺少。为了减少工期,提高工效,及时而又准确地提交报告,我们结合自己多年的土工试验经验,对可塑状态以上的粘性土试样进行了缩短固结时间的对比试验,并得到理想的试验结果。     

掺细料砾石土的动孔压特性探讨

地震荷载作用下发生滑坡的滑动带通常由粗颗粒与细颗粒组成。滑带土的动力性质及动孔隙水压力的发展对边坡的稳定性至关重要。对掺细料砾石混合土进行动三轴试验来探讨细料(粒径小于0.5mm)含量对砾石(粒径6~20mm)混合土的动孔压特性的影响,进行细料含量为0%、20%和40%的三组试样的动三轴试验,采用固结围压为100kPa、固结应力比为1.0、频率为1.0Hz,施加轴向动应力分别为0.50、0.55、0.60和0.65kN,得到动孔压的变化规律。试验发现:(1)相同激振力作用下,随着细料含量的增加,动孔隙水压力增长速度逐渐变缓;相同细料含量时,随着激振力的增大,动孔隙水压力增长速度变快。(2)激振力较大和细料含量较少时,动孔隙水压力在较少的振次下达到较大值并趋于稳定。(3)细料含量为20%的砾石混合土试样在试验终止时的振动次数最大,细料含量为40%的砾石混合土在试验终止时的振动次数最小。(4)当细粒含量为0%和20%时,试验终止时最终的孔压都可以接近固结围压;当细粒含量为40%,激振力较大时,试验终止时最终的孔压才接近固结围压,而激振力较小时最终的孔压远远没有达到固结围压。     

HKUST体变测量方法在动三轴中的应用

动三轴试验是一种获得土体的动剪切强度、模量和阻力比的重要方法,三轴试验中试样的体变难以直接精确测量。本文总结当前动三轴试验中主要的体变测量方法,并分析这些方法在动三轴测试中的优缺点。结合GDS动三轴试验仪的特点,提出了基于HKUST双压力室体变测量装置的动三轴体变测量方法,通过改进试样底座,采用内压力室测量试样在动态试验过程中的体积变化。最后采用三轴试样进行测试,结果表明HKUST方法在动三轴体变测量中是可行的。该方法目前还不能够进行拉伸试验,同时振动对体变测量精度的影响也有待进一步研究。     

南京细砂动剪切模量和阻尼比的试验研究

动剪切模量和阻尼比是重大工程开展场地地震反应分析必不可少的参数。完成了南京细砂的自振柱和动三轴试验,研究了固结围压、孔隙比、含水量和荷载频率对动剪切模量和阻尼比的影响。试验结果表明:固结围压和孔隙比对最大动剪切模量的影响显著,建立了最大剪切模量与固结围压、孔隙比之间的经验关系,最大剪切模量随细砂中含水量的增加而减小并趋于稳定;固结围压对动剪切模量比具有一定影响,其他3个因素对动剪切模量比和阻尼比的影响不明显;排水条件下泊松比随剪应变幅值的增大而增大,剪应变幅值在1.0×10-4~1.0×10-3范围时,泊松比增大的趋势更加明显;采用自振柱和动三轴试验测试得到的动剪切模量比和阻尼比基本一致。     

频率对K_0固结饱和粘土动力特性影响的试验分析

通过循环三轴试验,研究了k0固结饱和粘土在0.5 Hz、0.1 Hz与0.01 Hz循环应力作用下,循环强度与土样破坏时最终累积孔压的变化。结果表明,当循环频率从0.1 Hz减少至0.01 Hz时,若循环应力作用下三轴土样发生应力反向,k0固结饱和粘土循环强度大约降低3%左右;若没有应力反向,且当循环破坏次数从10变化至1 000时,循环强度的降低不超过1%,若循环破坏次数大于1 000时,循环频率的改变对循环强度基本没有影响。对于有应力反向情况,循环频率减小将导致最终累积孔压比增加;对于无应力反向情况,循环频率改变对最终累积孔压比的影响并不显著。循环频率对最终累积孔压比的影响与其对循环强度的影响一致。     

单、双向动三轴试验条件下饱和砂动力特性对比

在饱和砂土地震液化评估中,多用单向动三轴试验代替双向动三轴试验获得土体的抗液化强度。由于单向激振和双向激振产生的应力路径不同,土的动力特性受应力路径影响,其合理性尚待证明。本文利用双向振动三轴仪分别采用单、双向振动形式进行饱和砂土振动液化试验,对比了相同动剪应力作用下累积孔压和动强度,分析了较大循环振次作用下单、双向振动方式使试样动力响应产生差异的原因,提出了利用单向三轴试验代替双向振动模拟地震循环剪应力获得砂土动力特性的室内试验方法的适用条件。     

不同含水率下滑坡滑带土动力特性试验研究

甘肃舟曲泄流坡滑坡地处活跃断层破裂带内,断层活动控制着该滑坡的发育和运动。为了研究该滑坡滑带土的动力特性,采用重塑滑带土样,在固结不排水条件下,利用分级循环加载法开展动三轴试验,重点探讨含水率的变化对滑带土动力特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:含水率一定时,泄流坡滑坡滑带土的动弹性模量随动应变的增大呈指数形式减小;动应变一定时,动弹性模量随含水率的增大而不断减小,且衰减速率随含水率的增大而增大;含水率并不影响动弹性模量-动应变关系曲线的形态,不同含水率下该关系曲线可以进行归一化。滑带土阻尼比随含水率的增大而增大,阻尼比-动应变关系曲线也具有归一化特征。不同含水率下泄流坡滑带土动应力-应变本构关系可以用双曲线模型进行描述。     

Cyclic and post-cyclic monotonic behavior of Adapazari soils

The August 17, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake affected the city of Adapazari, which is located in the northwest of Turkey, with severe liquefaction and bearing capacity failures causing tilting of buildings, excessive settlements and lateral displacements. To understand the stress–strain behavior and pore pressure behavior of undisturbed soils during the earthquake, the cyclic and post-cyclic shear strength tests have been conducted on soil samples obtained from Adapazari in a cyclic triaxial test system within the scope of this research. Cyclic tests have been conducted under stress controlled and undrained conditions. Post-cyclic monotonic tests have been conducted following cyclic tests. The strength curves obtained in the experiments showed that the dynamic resistance of silty sand was found to be 45% lower than those of high plasticity soils (MH). The strength of clayey soils with the plasticity index of PI=15–16% was lower compared to the strength of high plasticity soils. Also, it was observed that silty sand soils had the lowest strength. The dynamic strength of the soils increased with the increase in plasticity.     

Cyclic strength and deformation of crushable carbonate sand

Cyclic triaxial tests have been carried out on a skeletal carbonate sand from the west coast of Eire. Results are presented for undrained cyclic shear tests on samples with 80% of relative density consolidated under both isotropic and anisotropic conditions. Failure was defined as a 5% double amplitude cyclic strain and a 5% peak axial strain for stress-reversal and non-reversal stress conditions, respectively. Using this definition the cyclic strength for isotropically consolidated samples was affected by the confining pressure although the angular platey nature of the sand resulted in higher cyclic strengths than for a comparable silica sand. For anisotropically consolidated samples the cyclic strength increased with increasing initial static shear stress while on the other hand the cyclic strength normalised in the usual way with respect to the initial confining pressure decreased as this pressure increased.     

含微生物气泡高饱和砂土循环三轴剪切CFD-DEM模拟

为探究砂土液化的微观机理,根据室内试验中微生物反硝化反应气泡的生成速率,建立数值模拟的时效性关系,分别制取微生物处理0天、2天、3天和5天的高饱和砂土试样,采用CFD-DEM耦合方法模拟不同工况下砂土试样的循环三轴不排水剪切试验。依据砂土试样的力链分布、抗液化振次、孔压比、轴向应变和力学配位数在加载过程中的变化情况,从宏微观角度分析砂土试样的抗液化能力。模拟结果表明:含微生物气泡高饱和砂土的抗液化强度较饱和砂土有所提升;随着微生物处理时间的增加,砂土试样的饱和度降低,孔压比和轴向应变的累积变慢,抗液化能力增强。     

Influence of colloidal silica grout on liquefaction potential and cyclic undrained behavior of loose sand

Cyclic triaxial tests were performed to investigate the influence of colloidal silica grout on the deformation properties of saturated loose sand. Distinctly different deformation properties were observed between grouted and ungrouted samples. Untreated samples developed very little axial strain prior to the onset of liquefaction. However, once liquefaction was triggered, large strains occurred rapidly and the samples collapsed within a few additional loading cycles. In contrast, grouted sand samples experienced very little strain during cyclic loading. Additionally, the strain accumulated uniformly throughout loading rather than rapidly prior to collapse and the samples never collapsed. Cyclic triaxial tests were done on samples stabilized with colloidal silica at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. In general, samples stabilized with higher concentrations of colloidal silica experienced very little strain during cyclic loading. Sands stabilized with lower concentrations tolerated cyclic loading well, but experienced slightly more strain. Thus, treatment with colloidal silica grout significantly increased the deformation resistance of loose sand to cyclic loading.     

Influence of a cyclic and dynamic loading history on dynamic properties of dry sand, part II: cyclic axial preloading

Initial fabric of a soil induced by its cyclic strain history is an important parameter among others like void ratio, state of stress and amplitude concerning the further accumulation of deformations under cyclic loading. It is of high importance to determine methods in order to estimate the initial fabric of the grain skeleton or the cyclic loading history of the soil. An attempt is made in this paper to correlate small strain stiffness of non-cohesive soil with its cyclic loading history. For this purpose several cyclic triaxial tests with specimens subjected to cyclic axial loading were performed and changes of small strain soil properties due to this cyclic loading were studied. All these tests showed only moderate changes of small strain stiffnesses independently of the different boundary conditions. Thus, a correlation between fabric or strain history and small strain stiffnesses seems not to be possible.     

An improved method of evaluating liquefaction potential with the velocity of shear-waves

According to the results of cyclic triaxial tests, a linear correlation is presented between liquefaction resistance and elastic shear modulus, which shows the relation of G _max (kPa) with (σ_d/2)^1/2(kPa)^1/2. When applied to soils from different sites, the correlation can be normalized in reference to its minimum void ratio (e _min). Accordingly, an improved method is established to evaluate the liquefaction potential with shear-wave velocity. The critical shear-wave velocity of liquefaction is in linear relation with 1/4 power of depth and the maximum acceleration during earthquakes, which can be used to explain the phenomenon that the possibility of liquefaction decreases with the increment of the depth. Compared with previous methods this method turns out simple and effective, which is also verified by the results of cyclic triaxial tests. Foundation item: State Natural Science Foundation (59678020) and Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (RC9609).