第八讲 铁的外生和变质找矿地球化学

(一)铁的风化找矿地球化学(1)残积红土型铁矿床要在风化壳中达到铁的氧化物高度残集成矿的程度,必需原岩含铁量较高,氧化作用强烈和水溶液的pH变化符合特定的要求.根据Fe和Si、Al的氧化物在不同pH时的溶解度可知(见图):风化过程中三者的分异需要经过两次pH变化阶段:①pH=5～9     

光照作用对水铁矿去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

Cr在环境中释放易导致重金属污染,其所造成的环境危害与Cr存在形态紧密相关。Cr(Ⅵ)多以CrO₄^2-或Cr₂O₇^2-形式存在,在水体中具有较高溶解度和迁移性,且具有较大的毒性。水铁矿具有大比表面积和高反应活性,是环境中Cr(Ⅵ)的重要吸附剂;同时,水铁矿也是一种天然半导体矿物,在光照诱导作用下可产生光电子并转移电子。然而,水铁矿表面的光化学反应对Cr(Ⅵ)地球化学行为的影响尚不清楚。因此,本研究探讨了光照对水铁矿去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:在黑暗条件下,水铁矿通过吸附作用去除了57%的Cr(Ⅵ);在光照有氧条件下,水铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率上升到67%;在厌氧条件下,光照效应的增强作用更加明显水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)几乎完全被去除。结合傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析发现,水铁矿能够快速吸附Cr(Ⅵ),其中有62%的Cr在水铁矿表面被还原,占总去除率的41.5%。因此光照能够通过还原作用增强水铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除,从而降低Cr(...     

溶解性有机质协同针铁矿光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的行为与机理研究

在上覆水体中，太阳光驱动下溶解性有机质与矿物之间的相互作用对污染物迁移转化行为的影响及其机制尚未引起足够的重视。本文以富里酸和针铁矿分别作为溶解性有机质和半导体矿物的代表，建立实验室光催化体系，系统探究了富里酸影响针铁矿光催化还原六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]的行为和机理。结果表明，与光照-针铁矿体系相比，光照-针铁矿-富里酸体系对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率由19.8%提高至68.7%,故富里酸显著提高了针铁矿光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的能力，增强机制主要归结于富里酸提高了针铁矿产生光生电子的能力。此外，被还原的部分Cr(Ⅲ)与针铁矿表面羟基结合形成稳定的CrO(OH),并固定在针铁矿表面。这一成果可为半导体矿物在酸性矿山废水治理中的应用提供理论依据。     

无机组分在油气生成过程中可能具有的潜在作用──地球化学研究带来的某些新启示

无机组分在油气生成过程中可能具有的潜在作用──地球化学研究带来的某些新启示魏春生（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词矿物表面吸附，无机催化－抑制作用，海底热液活动，稀有气体地球科学的深入研究表明地球各圈层是相互联系、相互制约、密不可分...     

铁矿物催化氧化技术在水处理中的应用

广泛存在于地下水中的各种有机污染物严重影响着水资源的安全利用,常见的水处理工艺对持久性有机污染物去除效果不够理想。近年来,天然含铁矿物作为催化剂,催化过氧化氢的化学治理方法对各种有机污染物去除效果显著。概述近年来主要含铁矿物、负载型矿物和纳米矿物材料催化过氧化氢在地下水有机污染去除中的应用,探讨了该领域的发展现状和存在问题,并对其应用前景进行展望。认为天然矿物材料具有成本低、在地壳中含量高、环境友好等特点,可用于多种有机污染物的去除与降解。但处理过程中,天然有机质的作用、纳米矿物材料的毒性和地球化学归宿问题应该做进一步研究。     

常见硫化物的氧化作用及其环境效应

自然或人为采矿活动暴露的硫化物矿物的氧化作用，常产生一定范围的次生地球化学异常和严重的环境污染，在黄铁矿，方铅矿，闪锌矿，毒砂等硫化物矿物氧化过程中，S，Pb,Cd,As等有害元素将被有效释放而进入水体，并通过大气－水－土壤－植物－动物等途径危害人类。     

新疆乌恰地区ETM+数据蚀变矿物填图与重点成矿区域预测

含羟基和含铁矿物异常作为两大类近矿围岩蚀变是遥感间接找矿的重要标志.在地质找矿遥感勘查中,含羟基和含铁矿物分布制图和异常信息提取非常重要.近矿围岩蚀变在某些特定光谱波段可形成蚀变岩石光谱异常,这些特有的光谱特性在ETM+图像中被敏锐地识别到,用于含羟基和含铁矿物异常信息提取.新疆乌恰地区ETM+遥感图像,应用遥感图像处理技术和统计学方法,将各种微弱蚀变信息按级次圈定,进行羟基和含铁矿物异常信息分布的研究.综合地质、地球化学和遥感等信息的"二次开发"研究,优化了找矿信息,在此基础上圈定找矿远景靶区.     

吉林省西部平原区含铁地下水成因、危害及防治

含铁地下水形成于中偏酸性的还原性水文地球化学环境中,人为活动也可引发含铁水的出现。含铁水进入水井附近后,有沉淀析出铁矿物从而堵塞水井附近含水层和滤水管的危险,也因为其偏低的pH值和可能含有硫化物而对金属水井管材具有腐蚀作用。防治含铁水对水井破坏作用的根本方法是采取改善地下水水质的现场处理技术。     

含铁地下水成因、危害及防治

含铁地下水形成于中偏酸性的还原性水文地球化学环境中,人为活动也可引发含铁水的出现。含铁水进入水井附近后,有沉淀析出铁矿物从而堵塞水井附近含水层和滤水管的危险,也因为其偏低的ＰＨ值和可能含有硫化物而对金属水井管材具有腐蚀作用。防治含铁水对水井破坏作用的根本方法是采取改善地下水水质的现场处理技术。     

矿物类Fenton反应降解有机污染物的研究进展

作为高级氧化工艺之一,Fenton技术能高效地氧化降解有机污染物,矿物催化类Fenton体系的建立则是对Fenton技术的发展和提升。本文在简要介绍传统Fenton技术的基础上,重点阐述了负载型非均相催化类Fenton反应和天然含铁矿物催化类Fenton反应的产生及发展现状。最后结合笔者的科研工作结果展望了天然黑（铁）电气石在矿物催化类Fenton体系中的应用前景。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of