GCRS与ITRS的两种坐标转换模型计算与比较

地心天球参考系(GCRS)与国际地球参考系(ITRS)之间有两种坐标转换模型:基于春分点的岁差章动转换和基于CIO的无旋转原点转换。IERS 2003和2010规范针对这两种转换模型分别推荐了相应的转换参数。以DE421历表中太阳系10个天体为例,计算并分析了两种坐标转换模型之间、以及两个规范之间的差异对于坐标转换的影响。结果表明:对于同一个规范而言,两种坐标转换模型之间的差异对坐标转换的影响在5μas以内;对于同一种坐标转换模型而言,两个规范之间的差异对坐标转换的影响在0.5 mas以内。     

基于SOFA的ITRS与ICRS相互转换方法研究

基础天文标准库(SOFA)是国际地球自转服务(IERS)协议提供的关于地球姿态、时间尺度和历法的一系列程序集;国际地球参考系(ITRS)与国际天球参考系(ICRS)是描述自然天体或人造天体在空间的方向或位置,地面站或运动物体在地球上的位置和运动速度的基础参考系统。本文主要介绍了ITRS与ICRS的发展以及基于SOFA的ITRS与ICRS之间不同的转换方法的实现。     

基于SOFA与C#混合编程技术的ITRS与GCRS之间的坐标转换

在卫星导航等领域会经常遇到国际地球参考系(ITRS)与地心天球参考系(GCRS)之间的坐标转换问题,这两个坐标系间的转换需要经过岁差与章动的旋转计算,其中岁差与章动参数的计算模型高达上千项,程序编写十分繁琐,一般采用由国际天文协会IAU提供的标准基本天文程序库SOFA进行转换,但是该程序库只有For-tran语言版和C语言版,而没有现在流行的C#语言版。针对上述问题,本文研究并采用混合编程的方式,在C#版中跨语言调用SOFA中的C版代码,实现ITRS与GCRS的坐标转换。利用IGS站提供的ITRS下的GPS卫星精密星历进行ITRS与GCRS之间的坐标转换,表明程序计算的正确性与混合编程技术的可行性。     

利用精密星历验证ITRS与GCRS不同转换方法的差异

在不同领域经常涉及到国际地球参考系(international terrestrial reference system,ITRS)和地心天球参考系(geocentric celestial reference system,GCRS)这两种不同坐标系之间的相互转换,其中ITRS用来描述地面点或近地卫星在地球上的位置,而GCRS用来描述自然天体或人造天体在空间的位置与方向。目前,基础天文标准库(standards of fundamental astronomy,SOFA)基于天球中间原点(celestial intermediate origin,CIO),提供两种坐标转换方法——经典角度法和X、Y序列转换方法。基于这两种转换方法,利用国际GNSS服务(IGS)提供的精密星历SP3,在不同历元对不同转换方法的差异进行了验证。实验表明,在任意历元,X轴和Z轴的差异均小于0.08mm,而Y轴差异小于0.03mm。     

天球参考系与地球参考系之间的坐标转换研究进展

天球参考系(CRS)与地球参考系(TRS)之间的坐标转换是天体测量学、大地测量学和地球物理学共同关注的研究领域,也是高精度的军事测绘保障和空间大地测量技术实现的理论基础。基于IAU2000的有关决议,重新研究了CRS和TRS之间转换的有关问题,主要内容包括:天球历书极(CEP)目前存在的问题和天球中间极(CIP)的引入;非旋转原点(NRO)、天球历书原点(CEO)和地球历书原点(TEO)的基本概念;基于春分点和NRO的坐标转换模型以及其中的有关参数的确定。本文完整地综述了CRS和TRS之间转换的理论,也指出了其中存在的问题和有待改进的地方。     

完整后牛顿近似下原时与坐标时的转换

IAU2000通过了新的时空参考系和时间尺度决议,建议时空坐标理论必须在完整的后牛顿近似下来考虑.基于IAU2000决议,文中研究了在完整后牛顿近似下相对论参考系的基本概念、太阳系质心天球参考系(BCRS)和地球质心天球参考系(GCRS)的定义及其转换公式;推导了原时与坐标时之间的理论关系和严格转换公式.得到的理论公式可为进一步确定或定义相对论框架下的其它时间尺度(例如地球时和太阳系动力学时)提供了严格的理论基础和依据.     

地球参考系的基本理论和方法研究进展

地球参考系的研究无论在基础科学,还是在国民经济建设中都具有重要的意义。随着空间大地测量技术(VLBI、LLR、SLR和GPS等)的发展,对地球参考系也提出了越来越高的要求。本文详细地介绍了地球参考系的定义,建立和维持的基本理论与方法,综述了地球参考系目前的发展状况和存在的问题。本文可为从事地球参考系研究的学者提供一定的参考。     

完整后牛顿近似下原时与坐标时的转换

IAU2000通过了新的时空参考系和时间尺度决议，建议时空坐标理论必须在完整的后牛顿近似下来考虑。基于IAU2000决议，文中研究了在完整后牛顿近似下相对论参考系的基本概念、太阳系质心天球参考系(BCRS)和地球质心天球参考系(GCRS)的定义及其转换公式；推导了原时与坐标时之间的理论关系和严格转换公式。得到的理论公式可为进一步确定或定义相对论框架下的其它时间尺度(例如地球时和太阳系动力学时)提供了严格的理论基础和依据。     

基于SOFA的GCRS与ITRS间坐标转换

协议天球坐标系GCRS是一个准惯性坐标系,在研究卫星运动状态一般都是在这个坐标系下进行。国际地球参考系ITRS是我们常用的坐标系,一般性测量涉及的坐标都是这个坐标系。为了更方便地研究卫星问题,经常需要在这两个坐标系下进行转换。IAU的标准基本天文程序库SOFA给出基本天文运算的库函数,利用这些库函数,可以方便地实现这两个坐标系的转换。基于SOFA的这些特点,利用C++对GCRS与ITRS的坐标转换进行了研究。     

基于 SOFA 的 GCRS 与 ITRS 间坐标转换

协议天球坐标系GCRS是一个准惯性坐标系,在研究卫星运动状态一般都是在这个坐标系下进行。国际地球参考系ITRS是我们常用的坐标系,一般性测量涉及的坐标都是这个坐标系。为了更方便地研究卫星问题,经常需要在这两个坐标系下进行转换。 IAU的标准基本天文程序库SOFA给出基本天文运算的库函数,利用这些库函数,可以方便地实现这两个坐标系的转换。基于SOFA的这些特点,利用C＋＋对GCRS与ITRS的坐标转换进行了研究。     

Monitoring Earth orientation using space-geodetic techniques: state-of-the-art and prospective

Earth orientation parameters (EOPs) provide the transformation between the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) and the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). The different EOP series computed at the Earth Orientation Centre at the Paris Observatory are obtained from the combination of individual EOP series derived from the various space-geodetic techniques. These individual EOP series contain systematic errors, generally limited to biases and drifts, which introduce inconsistencies between EOPs and the terrestrial and celestial frames. The objectives of this paper are first to present the various combined EOP solutions made available at the EOP Centre for the different users, and second to present analyses concerning the long-term consistency of the EOP system with respect to both terrestrial and celestial reference frames. It appears that the present accuracy in the EOP combined IERS C04 series, which is at the level of 200 as for pole components and 20 s for UT1, does not match its internal precision, respectively 100 as and 5 s, because of propagation errors in the realization of the two reference frames. Rigorous combination methods based on a simultaneous estimation of station coordinates and EOPs, which are now being implemented within the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS), are likely to solve this problem in the future.     

利用空间大地测量数据探测地球膨胀效应

地球自转服务局(IERS)采用多种高精度的空间探测技术综合解算得到的国际地球参考框架(ITRF)是国际上公认的精度高、稳定性好的参考框架。为了研究地球的膨胀或收缩效应,本文采用ITRF2000的站坐标和速度,利用Delaunay算法生成的三角网逼近地球形体,计算出了地球的体积变化。     

一种附加边界约束和内约束的多中心ERP融合模型

不同技术、不同分析中心得到的地球自转参数（Earth rotation parameters,ERP）往往是不同的,为提供统一的ERP供用户使用,常需对ERP进行融合处理。提出了一种基于多分析中心ERP结果的附加边界约束和内约束融合模型,即先通过参数变换把各分析中心结果转换到相同时刻,考虑到相邻观测时段边界点处ERP应当一致这一特点,施加边界约束,然后对各分析中心的长期解施加转换参数内约束,最后得到多分析中心ERP的融合解。采用从2005—2011年共6 a的7个全球卫星导航系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）分析中心的结果进行融合处理,并与IERS C04（International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems ServiceCombined 04）结果进行比较。结果表明,所提出的融合方法计算结果的精度有明显改善。     

IGS reference frames: status and future improvements

The hierarchy of reference frames used in the International GPS Service (IGS) and the procedures and rationale for realizing them are reviewed. The Conventions of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) lag developments in the IGS in a number of important respects. Recommendations are offered for changes in the IERS Conventions to recognize geocenter motion (as already implemented by the IGS) and to enforce greater model consistency in order to achieve higher precision for combined reference frame products. Despite large improvements in the internal consistency of IGS product sets, defects remain which should be addressed in future developments. If the IGS is to remain a leader in this area, then a comprehensive, long-range strategy should be formulated and pursued to maintain and enhance the IGS reference frame, as well as to improve its delivery to users. Actions should include the official designation of a high-performance reference tracking network whose stations are expected to meet the highest standards possible.Also published in the proceedings of the workshop and symposium Celebrating a Decade of the International GPS Service, Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland.     

利用数学形态学提取骨架线的改进算法

地图数字化生产和数字地图编绘中都需要用到提取骨架线算法,如矢量化和等级变换等。提取骨架线的算法较多,基于栅格数据的算法通常采用数学形态学方法,对于矢量数据目前较有代表性的是利用约束Delau-nay三角网提取骨架线。本文给出一种利用数学形态学提取骨架线的改进算法,适用于栅格和矢量数据,并能在矢量化时建立高质量的拓扑关系,还较好地克服了数学形态学方法的缺点——节点畸变和端点内缩。实验表明该算法稳定且行之有效。     

基于SINEX文件的ERP参数估计

利用IGS所发布的对GPS全球站处理后形成的单天解SINEX文件,通过参数转换和附有限制条件的间接平差两种不同的思路,详细推导了ERP参数的估计方法。并给出了利用自编程序估计的结果与IERS所发布的结果的比较,发现单纯利用GPS观测结果进行ERP参数的估计可能存在残留的系统性偏差。     

Improvement of the transformation between ITRF and Doppler-Realized WGS84

The WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) reference system is, originally, mathematically defined from the NSWC-9Z2 (Naval Surface Weapons Center — 9Z2) reference system. The WGS84 associated realization, called in this paper WGS84-D, is a 1 meter consistency NNSS (US Navy Navigation Satellite System) Doppler realized reference frame. In contrast, the ITRF (IERS Terrestrial Reference Frame) is a 1 centimeter consistency reference frame realized through the most accurate techniques of Space Geodesy. This work intends to improve the transformation parameters between the WGS84-D and the ITRF through the use of both a NSWC-9Z2/Doppler realization and an extension of the ITRF network. A strong linear correlation was also modeled between the Doppler determined scale factor and the mean smoothed sunspot number, due to uncompensated ionospheric effects. This correction improved NSWC-9Z2 (i.e. WGS84) Doppler realization consistency. The uncertainty of adjusted transformation parameters between the ITRF and the WGS84-D is improved by a factor 2 over previous determinations.     

Earth rotation parameter estimation by GPS observations

The methods of Earth rotation parameter (ERP) estimation based on IGS SINEX file of GPS solution are discussed in detail. There are two different ways to estimate ERP: one is the parameter transformation method, and the other is direct adjustment method with restrictive conditions. By comparing the estimated results with independent copyright program to IERS results, the residual systemic error can be found in estimated ERP with GPS observations.     

Earth rotation parameter estimation by GPS observations

The methods of Earth rotation parameter （ERP） estimation based on IGS SINEX file of GPS so- lution are discussed in detail. There are two different ways to estimate ERP： one is the parameter transformation method, and the other is direct adjustment method with restrictive conditions. By comparing the estimated results with independent copyright program to IERS results, the residual systemic error can be found in estimated ERP with GPS observations.     

VLBI terrestrial reference frame contributions to ITRF2008

In late 2008, the Product Center for the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) issued a call for contributions to the next realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System, ITRF2008. The official contribution of the International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) to ITRF2008 consists of session-wise datum-free normal equations of altogether 4,539 daily Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) sessions from 1979.7 to 2009.0 including data of 115 different VLBI sites. It is the result of a combination of individual series of session-wise datum-free normal equations provided by seven analysis centers (ACs) of the IVS. All series are completely reprocessed following homogeneous analysis options according to the IERS Conventions 2003 and IVS Analysis Conventions. Altogether, nine IVS ACs analyzed the full history of VLBI observations with four different software packages. Unfortunately, the contributions of two ACs, Institute of Applied Astronomy (IAA) and Geoscience Australia (AUS), had to be excluded from the combination process. This was mostly done because the IAA series exhibits a clear scale offset while the solution computed from normal equations contained in the AUS SINEX files yielded unreliable results. Based on the experience gathered since the combination efforts for ITRF2005, some discrepancies between the individual series were discovered and overcome. Thus, the consistency of the individual VLBI solutions has improved considerably. The agreement in terms of WRMS of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) horizontal components is 1 mm, of the height component 2 mm. Comparisons between ITRF2005 and the combined TRF solution for ITRF2008 yielded systematic height differences of up to 5 mm with a zonal signature. These differences can be related to a pole tide correction referenced to a zero mean pole used by four of five IVS ACs in the ITRF2005 contribution instead of a linear mean pole path as recommended in the IERS Conventions. Furthermore, these systematics are the reason for an offset in the scale of 0.4 ppb between the IVS’ contribution to ITRF2008 and ITRF2005. The Earth orientation parameters of seven series used as input for the IVS combined series are consistent to a huge amount with about 50 μas WRMS in polar motion and 3 μs in dUT1.