西秦岭凤太矿集区丝毛岭金矿床地质地球化学特征

西秦岭凤太矿集区丝毛岭金矿床位于八卦庙造山型金矿床西侧5km左右,是一个新探明的剪切带型金矿。其成矿作用过程可分为早期石英-绢云母-硫化物阶段、中期多金属-硫化物阶段和晚期碳酸盐阶段。对早、中期的石英流体包裹体测试结果表明,丝毛岭金矿床成矿流体以富CO2、中温、低盐度为特征,总体上属于中温低盐度CO2-H2O体系,流体包裹体类型的多样性是流体不混溶性的产物。从早阶段到主成矿阶段成矿流体的温度、压力和盐度均有降低,硫逸度增高,有利于金的沉淀富集。H、O、S、C同位素研究结果,以及与八卦庙金矿床的对比分析表明,二者的成矿流体具有相似性和同源性,都是以深部来源为主的多源流体。由于丝毛岭金矿床产出的层位高于八卦庙金矿床,其成矿环境相对开放。     

山东招远大尹格庄金矿成矿流体特征

大尹格庄金矿位于中国胶北地体西北部招平断裂带下盘的蚀变花岗质碎裂岩 (绢英岩 )带中 ,断裂上盘为胶东群变质岩系。金主要产于黄铁绢英岩和黄铁矿±多金属硫化物 石英±碳酸盐脉 -细网脉中 ,构成细脉 -浸染状矿石。对蚀变围岩和金矿石中流体包裹体的研究表明钾长石化岩 (钾长石 -石英脉 )和绢英岩 (第 I和第 II阶段 )的石英中含有丰富的 CO2 -H2 O包裹体 ,而金 -硫化物矿石和石英 -碳酸盐脉 (第 III和第 IV阶段 )中 CO2 - H2 O包裹体数量逐渐减少。显微测温指示 ,钾长石化岩和绢英岩石英中的 CO2 - H2 O包裹体的均一温度范围为 2 80～ 36 0℃ ;而金 -黄铜矿和金 -方铅矿 -闪锌矿矿石中包裹体的均一温度分别为 2 40～ 2 75℃和 180～ 2 5 0℃。显微测温和激光拉曼探针分析表明 ,第 I和第 II阶段的成矿流体含 10～ 2 5mol% CO2 ;而第 III和第 IV阶段的含 <5～ 10 mol% CO2 ,并含少量至可观数量 CH4,H2 S和 SO2 等。广泛的黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化蚀变以及缺乏较高盐度的水包裹体说明金很可能是以硫络合物和碳络合物形式被搬运。金的沉淀与温度下降、由裂隙的(重复 )开放引起明显的压力降低和原始流体的不混溶作用有关 ,具多阶段成矿特点     

云南大坪金矿床流体包裹体研究及其意义

云南大坪金矿床是产于闪长岩中的石英脉型金矿床,矿体形态呈脉状,明显受断裂构造控制。成矿阶段可分为:早期成矿阶段(白钨矿石英脉)、主成矿阶段(硫化物石英脉)和晚成矿阶段(碳酸盐石英脉)。石英脉中的流体包裹体分为H2O包裹体、CO2包裹体、CO2-H2O包裹体,以富含CO2-H2O包裹体为特征。CO2-H2O包裹体的完全均一温度为283.1~382.0℃,盐度为(4.44~11.33)wt%Na Cleqv,计算的均一压力为151.2~261.5MPa,相应的成矿深度为10.272~12.649km,显示出该矿的成矿流体是一种富含CO2的高压、中高温、中低盐度的H2O-Na Cl-CO2的流体。加热时,富H2O相的CO2-H2O包裹体完全均一到H2O相,富CO2相的CO2-H2O包裹体完全均一到CO2相,而且二者的完全均一温度和压力一致,说明流体发生了不混溶作用,CO2的溶离使成矿流体的p H值升高,氧逸度降低,从而导致Au溶解度降低,并造成金沉淀成矿。大坪金矿床属于深成中高温热液石英脉型金矿床。     

内蒙古图古日格金矿床流体包裹体研究：对矿床成因的约束

图古日格金矿床是内蒙古狼山-渣尔泰山多金属成矿带一大型金矿床,根据野外矿石类型和矿物共生组合关系可将金成矿作用分为钾长石-石英-黄铁矿阶段(早)、黄铁矿-方铅矿-黄铜矿-石英阶段(中)和石英-碳酸盐-黄铁矿阶段(晚)。文章对早、中、晚阶段的流体包裹体进行了系统的岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼分析。研究结果表明,早阶段流体包裹体主要为富气、富液水溶液包裹体和CO_2三相包裹体,中阶段主要为水溶液包裹体和纯CO_2包裹体,晚阶段主要发育富液相水溶液包裹体。从早阶段到晚阶段,流体包裹体的均一温度逐渐降低,盐度先升高再降低。激光拉曼分析显示,包裹体的组分主要为水和CO_2,以及少量N_2。综合研究可知,早阶段成矿流体在演化过程中发生了以CO_2逸失为特征的流体不混溶作用;中阶段成矿主导因素为流体的混合作用;晚阶段成矿元素沉淀的主要原因为流体体系的自然冷却。综合矿床地质特征及前人研究成果,认为图古日格金矿是一个与岩浆岩有关的造山型金矿床。     

小秦岭大湖矿区钼、金矿体地质、地球化学特征与差异性分析

本文针对小秦岭金矿田大湖钼金矿矿床地质、地球化学特征进行了系统的分析。矿区浅部为石英脉型金矿体,向深部延伸出现石英脉型钼矿体,F5断层是大湖矿区内金、钼矿主要的含矿构造,钼矿体与金矿体共生或独立存在。钼矿体顶板围岩主要发育钾长石化,而金矿体顶底板围岩则发育硅化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化,其中绢云母化和中细粒黄铁矿化与金矿体关系最为密切。含金石英脉流体包裹体气相组分以CO2、H2O为主,含有少量CH4、C2H2等还原性气体,液相组分主要为Na+、Ca2+、Cl-、F-等离子。钼矿体与金矿体的H、O同位素数据显示钼矿脉与金矿脉的成矿流体主要都是来自岩浆水,但是两种矿体的H、O同位素组成又表现出一定的差异。辉钼矿化石英脉与金矿体中钾长石化和黄铁矿化石英脉中的稀土组成具有明显的不同,辉钼矿化石英脉具有较高的的∑REE和轻重稀土分馏,指示金矿体与钼矿体成矿流体来源不同,金、钼可能形成于不同的成矿期。     

青海省曲麻莱县大场金矿床成矿流体演化:来自流体包裹体研究和毒砂地温计的证据

通过详尽的野外调研和室内研究,本文简要总结了大场金矿床的矿床地质特征。结合流体包裹体显微测温和毒砂地温计,认为大场金矿成矿阶段由早到晚可划分为贫矿化石英阶段、石英硫化物阶段、石英辉锑矿阶段、含明金石英阶段和石英方解石阶段共五个阶段,其中前四个阶段分别形成贫矿化石英脉(成矿温度350℃左右,均一温度为280~360℃)、金-石英-硫化物碎裂岩型矿石(成矿温度301℃左右,均一温度为220~280℃)、金-石英-辉锑矿型矿石(均一温度为160~220℃)和明金-石英脉型矿石(均一温度为160~220℃),最晚的石英方解石阶段则使先前形成的四类岩/矿石发生轻微硅化和方解石化蚀变(均一温度小于160℃)。结合流体包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析,认为大场金矿成矿流体经历了早阶段静岩压力系统(成矿压力为215MPa,成矿深度8.1km)下的低盐度H2O-CO2-NaCl体系,中阶段静岩向静水压力过度系统(成矿压力为49~108MPa,成矿深度5.5~8.6km)下的低盐度H2O-NaCl体系,以及晚阶段静水压力系统(估计成矿压力小于40MPa)下的低盐度H2O-NaCl体系。最后认为,大场金矿床的成因类型属于中浅成造山型金矿床。     

新疆萨日达拉金矿床成矿流体特征及地质意义

新疆萨日达拉金矿位于西天山东段、中天山地轴北缘,是近年来望峰金矿带新发现的金矿床,规模达到中型。萨日达拉金矿床的直接赋矿围岩是前寒武纪绢云石英千糜岩和早古生代花岗岩类,矿床的形成明显受到胜利达坂韧性剪切带的控制,广泛发育黄铁矿化、绢云母化、硅化、钠长石化和碳酸盐化等蚀变。根据脉体穿切关系和矿物交代关系,可以将萨日达拉金矿分为早、中、晚三个成矿阶段。在萨日达拉金矿的石英中发育了CO2-H2O(C型)、纯CO2型(PC型)、H2O溶液型(W型)和含子矿物型(S型)四种类型流体包裹体。早期石英中原生的包裹体仅含有C型,均一温度为301.0～491.4℃;中阶段为主成矿阶段,该阶段石英中包含了所有四种类型的包裹体,其中C型包裹体占了大多数,成分为CO2+H2O±N2,盐度为0.43%～10.91%NaCleqv.,均一温度为255.8～475.0℃,由此计算主成矿阶段压力为115.1～307.5MPa,成矿深度为11km;晚阶段石英仅发育W型包裹体,盐度为1.32%～15.58%NaCleqv.,均一温度则为146.2～254.6℃。总体而言,萨日达拉金矿的初始流体具有中高温、富CO2、低盐度的变质流体特征,晚成矿阶段流体演化为低温、低盐度水溶液流体,流体的不混溶或减压沸腾作用导致了主成矿期的矿质的大量沉淀,萨日达拉金矿为中深成造山型矿床。     

河南嵩县七亩地沟金矿床成矿流体来源及演化——来自矿床地质和流体包裹体的证据

河南省嵩县七亩地沟金矿床位于华北克拉通南缘的熊耳山地区。矿床赋存在中元古代熊耳群中酸性火山岩中,矿体严格受构造断裂带控制,主要呈脉状产出,矿石以石英脉型占主导,少量蚀变岩型;主要矿石矿物为黄铁矿、少量方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿等。围岩蚀变以硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化和碳酸盐化为主。成矿过程从早到晚可分为3个阶段:石英-黄铁矿阶段、黄铁矿-石英-多金属硫化物阶段和石英-方解石阶段。不同成矿阶段的石英和/或方解石中广泛发育流体包裹体。早阶段和中阶段石英中CO_2型流体包裹体、NaCl-H_2O型流体包裹体、含子矿物流体包裹体均有发育,晚阶段方解石中主要发育NaCl-H_2O型流体包裹体。从早阶段到晚阶段,流体包裹体均一温度分别为254~397℃、221~397℃、162~237℃,盐度w(NaCleq)从早阶段的3.52%~21.88%和34.95%~45.33%双峰值,经中阶段的0.42%~13.83%和29.11%~42.48%双峰值,到晚阶段w(NaCleq)为0.35%~5.86%。CO_2型包裹体估算的早阶段和中阶段捕获压力为93~199 MPa和47~169 MPa,晚阶段NaCl-H_2O型包裹体估算的捕获压力为28~64 MPa,相应的成矿深度为3.4~7.2 km、1.7~6.2 km和2.9~6.5 km,指示成矿发生在地壳隆升过程中,区域应力场由挤压向伸展转变。流体沸腾作用是导致硫化物和金等成矿物质快速沉淀的主要机制,通过沸腾和大气降水的混合,成矿流体系统由富CO_2向贫CO_2流体演化,由变质流体向大气降水演化。     

河南小秦岭金矿田大湖金-钼矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

河南灵宝大湖金-钼矿床位于小秦岭金矿田,属典型的断控脉状矿床。成矿过程经历3个阶段：早阶段为黄铁矿-石英脉,遭受变形、破碎,应形成于挤压或压剪过程;中阶段为细粒的辉钼矿-黄铁矿-石英网脉,贯入到早阶段黄铁矿或石英矿物的裂隙（可呈共轭状）,应形成于剪切环境;晚阶段石英-碳酸盐细脉具梳状构造,充填于张性或张扭性裂隙。即,流体成矿作用发生在赋矿断裂由挤压或压扭转向伸展或张扭性的过程中。旱阶段只发育CO2-H2O型流体包裹体;中阶段流体包裹体类型复杂,有纯CO2型、CO2-H2O型、H2O-NaCl型和含子晶包裹体,指示流体沸腾作用强烈;而晚阶段只发育水溶液包裹体。早、中、晚3个阶段的流体包裹体均一温度分别集中在400—500℃、290～470℃、220～260℃;估计的早、中阶段流体的最低捕获压力分别为138～331MPa和78～237MPa,对应于成矿深度分别为13．8km～11．0km和7．8km～8．0km。因此,成矿流体具中-高温、中-深成、低盐度、富CO2的特征,与中-深成造山型矿床一致。大湖金-钼矿床的成矿流体形成和演化及其成矿作用可利用CMF模式进行合理解释。     

胶西北大尹格金矿床成矿机理:载金黄铁矿标型及硫同位素地球化学约束

胶东是我国最重要的金矿集中区,破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床是区内最主要的金矿床类型,该类型金矿床已探明金资源量占全区的90%以上,其巨量金的来源是引人瞩目的关键科学问题。招平断裂带是该区内规模最大的断裂-成矿带,位于招平金矿带中段的大尹格庄金矿床是该金矿带最具代表性的破碎带蚀变岩型金矿床之一,已探明金金属量约283t。大尹格庄金矿床严格受沿胶东群与玲珑花岗岩接触带发育的NNE向招平断裂带控制,矿体赋存在招平断裂下盘黄铁绢英岩化和碎裂岩化玲珑花岗岩中,主要由Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号矿体组成,其具有相似的矿物组成,矿石主要矿物是绢云母、石英、黄铁矿,次要矿物是钾长石、斜长石、黑云母、方解石、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、磁黄铁矿、黝铜矿和自然金、自然银、金银矿、碲银矿等;其中黄铁矿是最主要的载金矿物。根据穿插关系和矿物共生组合,大尹格庄金矿床内成矿作用可划分为4个成矿阶段,分别是黄铁矿-石英-绢云母阶段(I)、石英-黄铁矿阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅲ)和石英-方解石-多金属硫化物阶段(Ⅳ)。各个成矿阶段的黄铁矿的晶体形态标型研究表明,成矿Ⅰ阶段黄铁矿以粗粒自形立方体为主,含有少量五角十二面体;成矿Ⅱ和Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿以细粒五角十二面体为主,且具有更多五角十二面体、八面体和立方体形成的聚形;成矿Ⅳ阶段主要为细粒立方体晶形。不同矿体各个成矿阶段的硫化物的δ~(34)S值集中在4.58‰~7.54‰,具有一定的塔式效应,正向偏离陨石硫,与胶东地区胶东群变质岩、围岩花岗岩类δ~(34)S比较接近,指示大尹格庄金矿床各个成矿阶段的矿石硫源总体一致,与胶东群变质岩和中生代花岗岩间具有继承演化关系。此外,从成矿Ⅰ阶段→Ⅱ阶段→Ⅲ阶段→Ⅳ阶段,大尹格庄金矿床矿石硫化物δ~(34)S呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,反映了成矿过程中物理化学条件的演化趋势:Ⅰ阶段为较高温度(330~350℃)、快速冷却、低过饱和度、低氧逸度和硫逸度的成矿环境;Ⅱ和Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿形成于中-低温(200~300℃)、成矿流体过饱和度高、高氧逸度和硫逸度、缓慢冷却同时物质供应充分的成矿环境;Ⅳ阶段处于较低温度(200℃)、热液流体过饱和度较低、低氧逸度和硫逸度、同时物质供应不足的成矿环境。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the