山东省前寒武纪地层形成时代——同位素地质测年的证据

精确同位素地质测年结果表明,沂水岩群形成时代为2 760～2 700Ma,泰山岩群雁翎关岩组、柳杭岩组下亚组和孟家屯岩组形成时代为2 750～2 700Ma,均属新太古代早期;泰山岩群柳杭岩组上亚组、山草峪岩组形成时代为2 600～2 540Ma（被峄山岩套石英闪长岩和傲徕山岩套二长花岗岩侵入）,济宁岩群岩浆锆石年龄（2 561±24）Ma,均属新太古代晚期。荆山群和粉子山群的形成时代为古元古代晚期。芝罘群碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄（1 658±32）Ma、（1 792±43）Ma,形成时代为中元古代。云台岩群花果山组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄800～740Ma,形成时代为新元古代。     

南祁连东段化隆岩群形成时代的进一步限定

作为南祁连造山带基底残块的化隆岩群,由于产出有与Cu-Ni(-PGE)矿紧密相关的基性-超基性岩而倍受关注。随着一些新元古代精细锆石同位素年代学数据的获得,化隆岩群形成于太古-古元古代的传统认识发生了动摇。通过高精度的LA-ICP-MS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素测年,获得青海省湟源县南日月乡一带化隆岩群条带状二云斜长片麻岩(副变质岩)最新的蚀源区年龄为891±7Ma,代表化隆岩群形成时代的下限;条带状黑云斜长角闪岩(原岩为中性火山岩)的形成年龄为884±9Ma,将化隆岩群的形成时代进一步限定为新元古代。认为化隆岩群火山-沉积作用应为Rodinia超大陆裂解的地质记录,Rodinia超大陆裂解事件及其相关的成矿作用在祁连造山带及其邻区前寒武纪占据不可低估的重要地位。     

滇西澜沧岩群碎屑锆石U-Pb定年及其地质意义

虽然前人对澜沧岩群做了大量的研究,但缺乏同位素年代学方面的研究。此次研究针对澜沧江南段菖蒲塘-大田山地区澜沧岩群绢白云母石英片岩进行碎屑锆石U-Pb定年,为澜沧岩群的形成时代增添年代学证据。极大多数(129粒)锆石阴极发光(CL)图像显示其有明显的结晶振荡环带,指示其为岩浆成因的碎屑锆石,129粒碎屑锆石具有多组峰值年龄,最年轻一组年龄加权平均值为452±26Ma,表明澜沧岩群最早沉积时限不早于452±26Ma;极少数(1粒)锆石具弱阴极发光,缺乏内部结构特点,认为其为变质重结晶锆石,变质结晶锆石U-Pb年龄为255±3Ma,与前人研究所得澜沧岩群变质时代基本吻合。综合分析,澜沧岩群的沉积时限不早于452±26Ma,在二叠纪末期可能发生变质作用。     

桐柏地区秦岭岩群中碱性脉岩的锆石U-Pb年龄：对麻粒岩相变质时代的约束

由于前人在桐柏地区秦岭岩群高级变质岩石中获得的变质年龄比较分散,所以有关麻粒岩相变质作用的时代问题存在不同的认识。本文使用LA-MC-ICPMS方法对侵入于秦岭岩群中的弱变形和未变形碱性岩脉进行了锆石U-Pb定年,获得其侵位时代分别为429.9±1.5Ma和430.3±1.3Ma。结合区域上已发表的同位素年代学资料,我们推测,秦岭岩群麻粒岩相变质作用发生于约440~430Ma,与华北陆块南缘的弧-陆碰撞作用有关。碰撞后的岛弧岩浆作用主要发生在约430Ma,从而造成了秦岭岩群的缓慢冷却,这可能是麻粒岩相变质锆石的同位素年龄比较分散的主因。     

祁连山西段甘肃肃北地区北大河岩群片麻状斜长角闪岩的形成时代

对祁连造山带西段最古老变质岩系之一的北大河岩群的碎屑锆石SHRIMPU-Pb同位素年代学研究表明,其沉积作用发生于1400～863Ma之间,而不是前人所认为的古元古代。通过高精度的LA-ICP-MS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱仪)锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素测年,在甘肃省肃北蒙古族自治县党河一带北大河岩群片麻状斜长角闪岩中获得(724.4±3.7)Ma的谐和年龄,为原岩(辉长岩)的形成时代,该年龄相当于Rodinia超大陆裂解的地质记录。此外,还获得1949～1184Ma之间的捕获锆石年龄信息。该项研究对确定祁连造山带存在Rodinia超大陆裂解事件具有重要意义,并可进一步限定北大河岩群的形成时代介于1400～724Ma之间。     

青藏高原冈底斯北缘卡穷岩群形成时代的确定

冈底斯北缘的卡穷岩群为一套中高级变质岩系,其形成时代至今未得到有效限定。通过高精度的LA-ICP-MS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱)锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素测年,获得西藏八宿县同卡乡北卡穷岩群条带状斜长角闪岩(正变质岩)上交点年龄为(1082±18)Ma,将该岩群原岩形成时代厘定为中元古代末,即晚蓟县世。同时,获得卡穷岩群中片麻状二长花岗岩的上交点年龄为(549±18)Ma,属于泛非期构造-热事件的岩浆作用记录;结合野外地质和岩相学特征,认为该岩体为卡穷岩群变质火山-沉积岩系部分熔融的产物,岩浆未发生远距离运移侵位。泛非运动之后,卡穷岩群还经历一次(416±23)Ma强烈的构造作用,这次构造作用的地质意义值得进一步研究。     

黔东地区梵净山群与下江群凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄

根据黔东地区梵净山群回香坪组第6段凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄(840Ma±5Ma),结合下江群芙蓉坝组碎屑锆石年龄谱系及下江群新寨组(板溪群马底驿组)凝灰岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄(813.5Ma±9.6Ma),将其与广西四堡群和丹州群凝灰岩年龄进行对比。梵净山群回香坪组年龄与四堡群鱼西组凝灰岩年龄一致,2个地区均发育早期基性岩和枕状熔岩、晚期浅色花岗岩。该事件的精确定年对江南造山带西南端构造演化将有重要的地质意义。依据江南古陆新元古代低变质绿片岩的最新锆石U-Pb年龄,梵净山群(贵州)、四堡群(广西)、冷家溪群(湖南)、双桥山群(江西)与仓溪岩群(湖南)、宜丰岩群(江西)、张村群(江西),甚至与双溪坞群(浙西)在沉积年代上有一定的时间差,而上覆贵州下江群甲路组(814Ma)、广西丹州群合桐组(802Ma)、湖南板溪群张家湾组(802Ma)、江西登山群邓家组(766Ma)和浙江河上镇群骆家门组(791Ma)沉积起点的时间也不一致,但是两者之间均为角度不整合接触,反映出明显的造山事件。研究认为,不断地获得精确的地层年代数据将影响整个江南古陆变质基底的地层对比,并制约江南造山带的地质背景和成矿条件。     

柞水北部秦岭群中丹凤岩群和龙潭子序列的确立

通过对柞水地区北部秦岭群分布区进行1：．5万区调填图,从前人划分的古元古代秦岭群中解体出丹凤岩群和一套中酸性侵入体,并从岩石化学、地球化学、稀土元素、同位素等方面进行了初步研究。同时在丹凤岩群中获得Rb－Sr同位素等时线年龄为444±29Ma,在中酸性侵入岩体中获得错石U－Pb同位素等时线年龄为407±19Ma。为研究丹凤岩群时代归属提供了新的资料。     

北秦岭造山带武关岩群年代学研究及其地质意义

武关岩体位于北秦岭武关镇,侵入于丹凤岩群之中,为原泥盆系刘岭群北侧解体出来的变质沉积-火山岩系岩体。锆石阴极发光(CL)及LA-ICP-MS同位素测年分析显示,武关岩体中斜长角闪岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(349±10) Ma,该年龄代表岩体的岩浆结晶年龄,即形成年龄。石榴子石黑云斜长片岩中碎屑锆石峰值年龄为850 Ma,最小年龄为324 Ma,反映武关岩群沉积岩的沉积时代应该晚于早古生代。     

南祁连化隆岩群LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

侵入于化隆岩群中的基性-超基性岩中因产有拉水峡、裕龙沟小型铜镍矿床和一大批铜镍矿点,而备受关注.其化隆岩群形成时代的确定直接影响着祁连山地区铜镍矿找矿方向和找矿工作布署.近年来,随着同位素年代测试技术的不断发展,高精度数据出现,对化隆岩群形成时代的认识逐步明朗化.通过高精度的LA-ICP-MS锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素测年,获得青海省化隆县拉水峡铜镍矿区含矿基性-超基性岩体围岩化隆岩群黑云斜长片麻岩的形成时代为(910±7)Ma,代表着化隆岩群形成时代的下限,结合前人研究成果,进一步确定化隆岩群的形成时代为新元古代.并认为该区有与金川铜镍矿相似的成矿地质背景,含矿基性-超基性岩均为Rodinia超大陆裂解的产物,具有良好的找矿前景.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.