SN1987A晚期X射线辐射的分析

在中央中子星吸积模型较好的解释了超新星ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期光度演化的基础上,本提出了ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期Ｘ射线辐射的一种新的解释。利用模型计算邮的吸积光度以及ＳＮ１９８７Ａ膨胀气体包层的化学组分及分布,计算了出射的软Ｘ射线（０．５－２ｋｅＶ）光度的演化,并与观测作了比较,我们认为ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期由中央中子星吸积产生的软Ｘ射线光度经过一段时间的增长后,将在４１００天左右开始下降。     

吸积对超新星SN 1987A的热光度贡献的再探讨

超新星ＳＮ１９８７Ａ中央可能存在的致密天体（如中子星）,通过吸积那些超新星爆发时抛射速度小于逃逸速度的物质而产生的吸积光度,对ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期的热光度演化有重要的贡献．本文改进了以前的理论模型,给出了更为合理的定量计算,对所提出的特殊的吸积机制作出了仔细分析,特别强调,这种吸积是膨胀包层中的物质由于引力作用引起的长时期内的连续回落,它有别于其它的吸积模型,并给出直接的观测证据．假设致密天体是１４Ｍ⊙,半径为１０６ｃｍ的中子星,我们的计算表明,它的吸积能提供足够的能量来形成ＳＮ１９８７Ａ热光度曲线在１０５０天左右时的鼓包,并且使热光度曲线从８００天以后下降变缓     

吸积对超新星SN1987A的热光度贡献的再探讨

超新生ＳＮ１９８７Ａ中央可能存在的致密天体（如中子星）,通过吸积那些超新星爆发时抛射速度小于逃逸速度的物质而产生的吸积光度,对ＳＮ１９８７Ａ晚期的热光度演化吸重要的贡献。本改进了以前的理论模型,给出更为合理的定理计算,对所提出的特殊的呼积机制作了仔细分析,特别强调,这种吸积是膨胀包层中的物质由于引力作用引起的长时期内的连续回落,它有别于其它的吸积模型,并给出直接的观测证据,假设致密天体是１．４Ｍ     

超新星SN 1987A的热光度演化—内部中子星的贡献

本文介绍了超新星ＳＮ１９８７Ａ爆发六年多来其热光度演化的研究情况。爆发后的前８００天，观测的热光度曲线与由超新星爆发时合成的放射性元素的放射衰变加热模型符合得很好。但９００天以后，观测的热光度曲线比考虑了所有放射性元素贡献后的理论曲线下降得还要缓慢。这可能表明有新的能源在起作用。我们认为这个新的能源可能是超新星爆发时产生的中子星的吸积。通过吸积超新星爆发时抛射气壳中小于逃逸速度的部分物质而增大ＳＮ     

Be／X射线双星的理论模型

为解释Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星波段联合观测结果，已发展了许多理论模型。在本文中简述这些Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星理论模型的研究现状，包括枞两个正常的Ｂ型星组成的密近双星演化成为Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星的演化模型，描述Ｂｅ星气壳的物理模型，Ｂｅ星和中子星的性质所决定的中子星吸积方式的吸积量及Ｂｅ／Ｘ射线双星Ｘ射线源光变曲线的理论解释。     

六年来超新星SN1987A的研究

本文阐述了超新星ＳＮ１９８７Ａ爆发六年多来的研究进展情况，分三个方面介绍，首先介绍关于热光变曲线演化的研究情况，其次，介绍超新星 ＳＮ１９８７Ａ的光谱形成及其演化（重点介绍星云相期间）。最后，讨论Ｘ射线和γ射线的辐射，并展望以后的研究方向。     

活动星系统大蓝包的峰值在1050A附近吗？

对中小红移不同光度ＡＧＮ的大蓝包位置进行了统计检验,主要统计方法是对比软Ｘ射线波段谱指数（αｓｘ）分布与“直线”连接紫外１０５０Ａ和软Ｘ射线０．５ｋｅＶ的幂指数（αｕｖ－ｓｚ）分布,经过平均值统计和Ｋ－Ｓ检验,表明二分布是类似的。因此,在１０５０Ａ至０．５ｋｅＶ中可能是幂律谱,统计预言大蓝包峰值在１０５０Ａ附近,这个统计结果在软Ｘ选低光度ＡＧＮ样本（ＷＦ９３）上亦能得到,这表明ＷＦ９３样品尽管普     

超新星SN 1987A的热光度演化──内部中子星的贡献

本文介绍了超新星SN1987A爆发六年多来其热光度演化的研究情况．爆发后的前800天，观测的热光度曲线与由超新星爆发时合成的放射性元素的放射衰变加热模型符合得很好．但900天以后，观测的热光度曲线比考虑了所有放射性元素贡献后的理论曲线下降得还要缓慢．这可能表明有新的能源在起作用．我们认为这个新的能源可能是超新星爆发时产生的中子星的吸积．通过吸积超新星爆发时抛射气壳中小于逃逸速度的部分物质而增大SN1987A的热光度．这一模型能很好地解释900天以后的光度曲线的下降变级以及900至1200天之间光度曲线的凸起，这也为内部中子星的存在提供了间接的证据．     

小质量X射线双星中中子星自转演化的研究

为解释毫秒脉冲星自转周期的观测数据和理论结果之间的差异,采用数值分析的方法研究了小质量X射线双星中中子星的自转演化.在计算中,分别考虑了辐射压和中子星辐照引起的物质交流的不稳定性对系统的影响.结果如下:(1)吸积盘内的辐射压会使自转周期有小幅增加,中子星辐照导致的物质传输率的变化会缩短演化路径中自转减慢的阶段;(2)同时考虑辐射压和中子星辐照时在物质传输的高态阶段吸积会被辐射压抑制;(3)吸积的质量和快参数影响达到自转平衡的系统数目.     

NGC 5548的软X射线变化:能谱分析

本文给出了ＲＯＳＡＴＰＳＰＣ对ＮＧＣ５５４８定点观测的分析结果．在ＲＯＳＡＴ观测期间，ＮＧＣ５５４８的计数率显示出大振幅的变化，变化高达１４倍．硬度比与计数率呈负相关，这是由于ＮＧＣ５５４８的软Ｘ射线辐射除幂律分量外还有一个“软超”分量，分别用黑体辐射和热韧致辐射来拟合这个“软超”辐射，得出“软超”的热温度分别为：黑体辐射模型是０．０８ｋｅＶ，热韧致辐射模型是０．２３ｋｅＶ．     

Magnetic flares in Active Galactic Nuclei: modeling the iron Kα line

The X‐ray spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are complex and vary rapidly in time as seen in recent observations. Magnetic flares above the accretion disk can account for the extreme variability of AGN. They also explain the observed iron Kα fluorescence lines. We present radiative transfer modeling of the X‐ray reflection due to emission from magnetic flares close to the marginally stable orbit. The hard X‐ray primary radiation coming from the flare source illuminates the accretion disk. A Compton reflection/reprocessed component coming from the disk surface is computed for different emission directions. We assume that the density structure remains adjusted to the hydrostatic equilibrium without external illumination because the flare duration is only a quarter‐orbit. The model takes into account the variations of the incident radiation across the hot spot underneath the flare source. The integrated spectrum seen by a distant observer is computed for flares at different orbital phases close to the marginally stable orbit of a Schwarzschild black hole and of a maximally rotating Kerr black hole. The calculations include relativistic and Doppler corrections of the spectra using a ray tracing technique. We explore the practical possibilities to map out the azimuthal irradiation pattern of the inner accretion disks and conclude that the next generation of X‐ray satellites should reveal this structure from iron Kα line profiles and X‐ray lightcurves. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Accretion,jets and winds: High‐energy emission from young stellar objects – Doctoral Thesis Award Lecture 2010

This article summarizes the processes of high‐energy emission in young stellar objects. Stars of spectral type A and B are called Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars in this stage, all later spectral types are termed classical T Tauri stars (CTTS). Both types are studied by high‐resolution X‐ray and UV spectroscopy and modeling. Three mechanisms contribute to the highenergy emission from CTTS: 1) CTTS have active coronae similar to main‐sequence stars, 2) the accreted material passes through an accretion shock at the stellar surface, which heats it to a few MK, and 3) some CTTS drive powerful outflows. Shocks within these jets can heat the plasma to X‐ray emitting temperatures. Coronae are already well characterized in the literature; for the latter two scenarios models are shown. The magnetic field suppresses motion perpendicular to the field lines in the accretion shock, thus justifying a 1D geometry. The radiative loss is calculated as optically thin emission. A mixture of shocked and coronal gas is fitted to X‐ray observations of accreting CTTS. Specifically, the model explains the peculiar line‐ratios in the He‐like triplets of Ne IX and O VII. All stars require only small mass accretion rates to power the X‐ray emission. In contrast, the HAeBe HD 163296 has line ratios similar to coronal sources, indicating that neither a high density nor a strong UV‐field is present in the region of the X‐ray emission. This could be caused by a shock in its jet. Similar emission is found in the deeply absorbed CTTS DG Tau. Shock velocities between 400 and 500 km s^–1 are required to explain the observed spectrum (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Supersoft AGNs and their relations to Galactic binaries

I review some basic results on AGN with supersoft X‐ray spectra and their relations to Galactic binaries in their soft high states. This paper is based on a talk given at the Supersoft Sources Workshop at ESTEC in May 2009. Given the length of the talk and the number of pages the review cannot be complete and is biased towards my personal view. I demonstrate that at high accretion rates supersoft AGNs and Galactic binaries share steep soft X‐ray spectra, that the X‐ray variability of supersoft AGNs is more pronounced compared to Galactic binaries in their high states, that the X‐ray variability of supersoft novae and supersoft AGNs is similar, and that in Galactic binaries mostly positive time lags are seen, while negative time lags are observed in some supersoft AGN (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Relativistic Fe Kα features in the XMM‐Newton spectrum of the intermediate Seyfert galaxy 4U 1344‐60

We present the analysis of optical and X‐ray XMM‐Newton data of the source 4U 1344‐60. On the basis of the optical data we propose to classify 4U 1344‐60 as a Seyfert 1.5 galaxy and we measured a redshift value z = 0.012 ± 0.001. The observed X‐ray spectrum is complex. The continuum emission can be described as a power law obscured by two neutral absorption components. 4U 1344‐60 exhibits a broad and skewed iron line at 6.4 keV most likely originated in a few gravitational radius of an accretion disc. The analysis also reveals the presence of two narrow emission line‐like features at ∼4.9 keV and ∼5.3 keV. Assuming that hot spots on the surface of the accretion disc, orbiting very close to the black hole is responsible of these emission lines, the accretion disc would present an inclination of 20° and the active regions would be located in the 6–10 R _g radius range. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Accreting white dwarfs as supersoft X‐ray sources

I review various phenomena associated with mass‐accreting white dwarfs (WDs) in the view of supersoft X‐ray sources. When the mass‐accretion rate is low (Ṁ_acc < a few × 10^–7 M⊙yr^–1), hydrogen nuclear burning is unstable and nova outbursts occur. A nova is a transient supersoft X‐ray source (SSS) in its later phase which timescale depends strongly on the WD mass. The X‐ray turn on/off time is a good indicator of the WD mass. At an intermediate mass‐accretion rate an accreting WD becomes a persistent SSS with steady hydrogen burning. For a higher mass‐accretion rate, the WD undergoes “accretion wind evolution” in which the WD accretes matter from the equatorial plane and loses mass by optically thick winds from the other directions. Two SSS, namely RX J0513‐6951 and V Sge, are corresponding objects to this accretion wind evolution. We can specify mass increasing WDs from light‐curve analysis based on the optically thick wind theory using multiwavelength observational data including optical, IR, and supersoft X‐rays. Mass estimates of individual objects give important information for the binary evolution scenario of type Ia supernovae (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Amplification and variability of the AGN X‐ray emission due to microlensing

We consider the contribution of microlensing to the AGN Fe Kα line and X‐ray continuum amplification and variation. To investigate the variability of the line and X‐ray continuum, we studied the effects of microlensing on quasar X‐ray spectra produced by crossing of a microlensing pattern across a standard relativistic accretion disk. To describe the disk emission we used a ray tracing method considering both metrics, Schwarzschild and Kerr. We found that the Fe Kα and continuum may experience significant amplification by a microlensing event (even for microlenses of very small mass). Also, we investigate a contribution of microlensing to the X‐ray variability of high‐redshifted QSOs, finding that cosmologically distributed deflector may contribute significantly to the X‐ray variability of high‐redshifted QSOs (z > 2). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

XMM‐Newton and broad iron lines

Iron line emission is common in the X‐ray spectra of accreting black holes. When the line emission is broad or variable then it is likely to originate from close to the black hole. X‐ray irradiation of the accretion flow by the power‐law X‐ray continuum produces the X‐ray ‘reflection’ spectrum which includes the iron line. The shape and variability of the iron lines and reflection can be used as a diagnostic of the radius, velocity and nature of the flow. The inner radius of the dense flow corresponds to the innermost stable circular orbit and thus can be used to determine the spin of the black hole. Studies of broad iron lines and reflection spectra offer much promise for understanding how the inner parts of accretion flows (and outflows) around black holes operate. There remains great potential for XMM‐Newton to continue to make significant progress in this work. The need for high quality spectra and thus for long exposure times is paramount. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

QPO as the Rosetta Stone for understanding black hole accretion

Quasi‐periodic oscillations (QPO) seen in the X‐ray fluxes of individual neutron stars and black hole sources are one of most intriguing phenomena in today's astrophysics. The QPO nature is visibly determined by super‐strong Einstein's gravity. I argue here that it also profoundly depends on the MRI turbulence in accretion flows. Understanding the QPO physics may therefore guide accretion theory out of its present state of confusion. Readers will find here an up‐to‐date, comprehensible account of what is known, and what is not, about the QPO physics. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Forced oscillations in fluid tori and quasi‐periodic oscillations

The kilo‐Hertz Quasi‐Periodic Oscillations in X‐ray binaries could originate within the accretion flow, and be a signature of non–linear fluid oscillations and mode coupling in strong gravity. The possibility to decipher these systems will impact our knowledge of fundamental parameters such as the neutron star mass, radius, and spin. Thus they offer the possibility to constrain the nuclear equation of state and the rotation parameter of stellar–mass black holes. We review the general properties of these oscillations from a hydrodynamical point of view, when the accretion flow is subject to external perturbations and summarize recent results. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)