铅对不同土壤中青菜生长的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了南京和北京土壤中Pb污染对青菜生长的影响。结果表明：土壤质地对青菜生长有明显的影响;在土壤Pb含量低的处理水平下,对青菜的生长有一定影响;低含量范围内,青菜中Pb含量随土壤Pb处理含量的增加出现先升后降的变化趋势;在100mg／kg时,青菜的生长受到抑制,植株中Pb的含量高于对照组和200mg／kgPb处理。     

黑色地膜对马铃薯产量及土壤质量的影响

在半湿润的南京地区,以微型马铃薯荷兰七号为指示作物,采用平地起垄覆膜的种植方式,分别选用黑色地膜（BM）与普通白色地膜（WM）做比较,并以不覆膜的平地作为对照（CK）,分析不同处理对微型马铃薯生理指标、产量以及种植区土壤质量的影响.发现BM处理下微型马铃薯的淀粉质量分数和产量最高,较WM处理增产31.1%,较CK增产43.7%;覆膜处理显著降低了耕层土壤的速效钾质量分数,BM处理下耕层土壤的速效磷质量分数最低,但土壤铵态氮与硝态氮质量分数显著高于其他处理;覆膜处理有效提高了微型马铃薯出苗期的耕层土壤含水量,BM处理下微型马铃薯生育期内的表层土壤温度明显低于WM,且高于对照,对微型马铃薯的生长更有利.     

表层覆盐对新疆巴里坤盐湖土壤呼吸特征的影响

本文以新疆巴里坤盐湖周边硫酸钠型盐渍土壤为研究对象,通过土柱异位培养的方法,使用开路式土壤碳通量测量系统Li-8100,研究了不同覆盐量（CK、1倍覆盐、2倍覆盐、3倍覆盐和4倍覆盐处理）对土壤呼吸特征的影响。结果表明：(1) 土壤呼吸日变化呈单峰曲线,其峰值表现出随覆盐量增加而增加的趋势;4倍覆盐处理下土壤呼吸速率的峰值出现时间（15: 00）比其他处理（17: 00）有所提前;凌晨0: 00-6: 00,部分土壤呼吸速率呈现负值。(2) 覆盐后土壤CO2日排放量随时间呈先增加后降低的趋势,与气温变化一致;培养期间土壤CO2日均排放量表现出随覆盐量增加而增加的趋势,4倍覆盐处理下土壤CO2日均排放量显著高于CK处理（P<0.05）。(3) 土壤温度敏感系数Q10表现出随覆盐量增加而增加的趋势。综上可见,覆盐处理显著影响了盐湖周边盐渍化土壤CO2排放通量、特征和土壤温度敏感性,因此,在研究气候变暖对盐渍化土壤呼吸影响时,不仅要考虑增温对土壤呼吸的直接影响,也要考虑土壤盐层厚度与土壤温度敏感性的变化。     

冻融交替对河岸缓冲带土壤无机氮和土壤微生物量氮的影响

全球气候变化引起的中高纬度地区积雪覆盖和降雪格局变化,造成该区域土壤冻融交替强度和频次变化,是土壤氮循环的重要影响因素。冻融温差和冻融循环次数影响微生物数量和群落的变化,进而影响土壤氮素生物地球化学循环。以大伙房水库实验林场小流域的河岸缓冲带生态系统为研究对象,通过分析冻融交替对河岸缓冲带土壤无机氮和土壤微生物量氮的影响,阐明冻融交替对土壤无机氮含量变化的影响机制,为评估小流域氮素流失风险提供依据。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加,土壤无机氮含量呈增加趋势;不同温差的冻融循环处理对土壤无机氮影响不同,冻融条件为-5/+5℃和-20/+5℃时土壤无机氮含量在冻融循环10次之后分别为34.9±0.9 mg/kg和37.2±0.8 mg/kg,是处理前的1.21和1.41倍;冻融温差和冻融循环次数对土壤NH₄⁺–N含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),土壤冻融10次后土壤NH₄⁺–N含量是对照处理的4-10倍;冻融循环次数对土壤NO₃^－–N含量有显著影响(P<0.05),冻融温差对NO₃^－–N含量无显著影响(P>0.05);土壤微生物量氮含量对冻融循环的响应显著(P<0.01)。可见,冻融交替显著增加了土壤无机氮含量,由于早春季节植被对无机氮吸收较少,可能增大土壤氮素随冰雪融化的淋溶流失风险。     

基于Excel的土壤墒情计算系统

根据<农业气象观测规范--土壤水分测定分册>的有关规定,利用Excel强大的函数、公式计算以及统计功能,编制了土壤墒情计算系统,对逢八和逢三测墒的计算过程进行了详细阐述,并根据农业气象土壤测墒工作的需要,在系统中可任意增减观测表,在同工作表中也可以任意插入或删除单元格,其计算结果不会受到任何影响,使土壤墒情观测工作中涉及到的大量计算得到了自动化处理.     

地表太阳辐射减弱下麦田土壤酶活性及有效养分的动态变化

采用田间遮光试验模拟不同程度太阳辐射减弱,在大田中设置85％、80％、60％、40％、0％的遮光梯度种植冬小麦,观测了冬小麦生长发育进程的变化,对冬小麦不同生育期土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶的活性和土壤速效磷、钾、铁、锰进行了研究。结果显示,不同程度的遮光都延迟了冬小麦的生育进程,太阳辐射减弱程度越大,物候延迟越显著。遮光60％、80％的处理促进了小麦近根区和远根区过氧化氢酶的活性。各遮光处理均降低了土壤脲酶活性和生育后期土壤转化酶活性,遮光80％时最为显著地降低了土壤转化酶活性。太阳辐射减弱降低了近根区土壤速效钾、铁、锰含量,随着遮光程度的增加呈CK〉40％〉60％〉80％的趋势。     

冬小麦土壤深松保墒增产效应试验研究

采用土壤深松 45cm、30 cm处理打破犁底层 ,1 996～ 1 998年连续进行 2个年度的冬小麦保墒、增产效应田间试验 .试验结果表明 :土壤深松处理后可减少冬小麦全生育期 0～ 1 0 0 cm的作物耗水量 ,促进根系对 1 0 0～ 2 0 0 cm土层土壤水分的利用 ,提高冬小麦的产量耗水比 .土壤深松处理能明显增加 0～ 30 cm土层的土壤湿度和含水量 ,降低 0～ 50 cm土层的土壤容重 .有利于冬小麦根系、茎、叶的生长发育和总生物量的累积 .土壤深松 45cm处理 2年平均冬小麦增产 7.0 % ,土壤深松 30 cm处理第一年增产 7.7% .冬小麦土壤深松保墒增产效应的适宜深松深度为 30 cm.     

CLDAS融合土壤相对湿度产品适用性评估及在气象干旱监测中的应用

基于2008—2017年全国自动气象观测站逐旬土壤相对湿度观测数据,综合评估中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS）0～20 cm层融合土壤相对湿度产品在中国地区的适用性,评估表明CLDAS土壤相对湿度产品在中国东北、西北、江南大部及华南等地区存在较大系统性误差,总体上适用性较差。为消除CLDAS土壤相对湿度产品的系统性误差,采用回归订正法、7旬滑动平均订正法和临近加权前旬订正法对CLDAS土壤相对湿度产品进行误差订正处理,对订正结果评估发现：订正处理后CLDAS土壤相对湿度产品与站点观测的相关性显著增加,系统偏差基本消除,适用性明显提高,3种订正方法中临近加权前旬订正法的订正效果最优。最后,采用经不同方法订正后的CLDAS土壤相对湿度产品对2017年5月东北—华北地区一次气象干旱个例进行重现,对比验证表明：相对其他两种订正方法,经临近加权前旬订正法处理后的CLDAS土壤相对湿度产品能更为精准地重现2017年5月东北—华北地区气象干旱的落区和强度。〖JP〗     

对RIEMS模式中陆面过程的一个改进

中尺度区域气候模式RIEMS中陆面过程使用BATS模式,其缺点是土壤内部过程较为简单,本文把10层土壤模式引入BATS,代替原来的二层土壤模式,并采用了TOPMODEL水文模式中的一些处理方法,使土壤温度、水文的计算更为合理,模拟二个个例,每个例均为夏季一个月的模拟,表明在降水、气压场、流场上均较原RIEMS模式为优,因而是对原RIEMS模式一个改进。     

高寒草原不同量级降水对干旱解除的影响

基于2017年3月1日至10月31日逐日每10 min降水量和土壤体积含水率试验数据,分析不同降水量级不同处理对土壤体积含水率的影响,结果表明:(1)小雨仅能提高0～10 cm土壤墒情,且在遮挡率超过30%时,效果明显减弱,同时地表植被覆盖能在一定程度上提高降水利用率。(2)在土壤底墒较差条件下,中雨能改善对照区、遮挡率20%和30%处理下0～10 cm土壤体积含水率;在土壤底墒较好条件下,中雨能有效补充对照区、遮挡率20%、30%和40%处理下0～30 cm土壤水分。(3)大雨条件下,在对照区、遮挡率20%、30%、40%和60%处理下,0～20 cm土壤体积含水率均有明显增加,在20～30 cm土壤层对照区、遮挡率20%、30%、40%处理下增加亦比较明显,大雨能完全解除0～30 cm土壤干旱。(4)短时强降水对土壤水分的补偿十分有限。暴雨对提高0～20 cm土壤体积含水率非常明显,但对提高20～30 cm土壤水分含量不及大雨效果明显。(5)在对照区,0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层有效降水量阈值分别为2. 5、7. 0和10. 0 mm。(6)特旱、重旱、中旱和轻旱条件下,0～10 cm土层干旱解除所需的最小降水量分别为21. 5、11. 7、5. 0、1. 4 mm,10～20 cm土层所需的最小降水量分别为32. 9、18. 6、8. 6、2. 7 mm。     

Climate change implications for irrigation and groundwater in the Republican River Basin,USA

This study investigates the influence of climate change on groundwater availability, and thereby, irrigation across political boundaries within the US High Plains aquifer. A regression model is developed to predict changes in irrigation according to predicted changes in precipitation and temperature from a downscaled dataset of 32 general circulation models (GCMs). Precipitation recharge changes are calculated with precipitation-recharge curves developed for prognostic representations of precipitation across the Nebraska-Colorado-Kansas area and within the Republican River Basin focal landscape. Irrigation-recharge changes are scaled with changes in irrigation. The groundwater responses to climate forcings are then simulated under new pumping and recharge rates using a MODFLOW groundwater flow model. Results show that groundwater pumping and recharge both will increase and that the effects of groundwater pumping will overshadow those from natural fluctuations. Groundwater levels will decline more in areas with irrigation-driven decreasing trends in the baseline. The methodologies and predictions of this study can inform long-term water planning and the design of management strategies that help avoid and resolve water-related conflicts, enabling irrigation sustainability.     

Comment on “short‐wave radiation balance in an urban aerosol layer”: Correspondence

Abstract

Long‐term observations of the water balance elements were carried out in the Izhora plateau located in northwest Russia. As a result of these investigations, the average recharge of the Leningrad artesian basin located south of the plateau was calculated. The infiltration to the karstic groundwater table was determined on the basis of groundwater fluctuations in the observations wells.     

IPCC AR6报告解读：地下水

地下水已成为满足全球农业生产和生活用水需求的重要来源,也是实现联合国2030年可持续发展议程的关键资源。地下水的数量和质量会直接或间接地受到气候变化的影响。IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第二工作组报告对全球和区域历史时期及未来地下水变化趋势进行了评估。报告指出：(1)自21世纪初以来,由于地下水灌溉用水量增加,全球许多国家和地区地下水储量呈现下降趋势。(2)在气候变化背景下,地下水开采量将持续增加,包括全球主要含水层中不可再生的地下水。(3)在热带和半干旱地区,气候变化引起强降水发生频率加快,导致地下水补给量呈增加趋势;在高寒地区,受气候变化影响地下水主要补给期从春季向冬季演变,由于融雪周期和融雪量的减少造成高寒地区春季地下水补给量减少。在地下水退化区域开展渐进式生态修复,是应对气候变化和保障水安全的重要措施。     

An assessment of the climate change impacts on groundwater recharge at a continental scale using a probabilistic approach with an ensemble of GCMs

This study used 16 Global Climate Models and three global warming scenarios to make projections of recharge under a 2050 climate for the entire Australian continent at a 0.05° grid resolution. The results from these 48 future climate variants have been fitted to a probability distribution to enable the results to be summarised and uncertainty quantified. The median results project a reduction in recharge across the west, centre and south of Australia and an increase in recharge across the north and a small area in the east of the continent. The range of results is quite large and for large parts of the continent encompasses both increases and decreases in recharge. This makes it difficult to utilise for water resources management so the results have been analysed with a risk analysis framework; this enables the future projections for groundwater recharge to be communicated to water managers in terms of likelihood and consequence of a reduction in recharge. This highlights an important message for water resource managers that in most areas of Australia they will be making decisions on water allocations under considerable uncertainty as to the direction and magnitude of recharge change under a future climate and that this uncertainty may be irreducible.     

Incorporating groundwater dynamics and surface/subsurface runoff mechanisms in regional climate modeling over river basins in China

To improve the capability of numerical modeling of climate-groundwater interactions, a groundwater component and new surface/subsurface runoff schemes were incorporated into the regional climate model RegCM3, renamed RegCM3_Hydro. 20－year simulations from both models were used to investigate the effects of groundwater dynamics and surface/subsurface runoff parameterizations on regional climate over seven river basins in China. A comparison of results shows that RegCM3_Hydro reduced the positive biases of annual and summer (June, July, August) precipitation over six river basins, while it slightly increased the bias over the Huaihe River Basin in eastern China. RegCM3_Hydro also reduced the cold bias of surface air temperature from RegCM3 across years, especially for the Haihe and the Huaihe river basins, with significant bias reductions of 0.80C and 0.88C, respectively. The spatial distribution and seasonal variations of water table depth were also well captured. With the new surface and subsurface runoff schemes, RegCM3_Hydro increased annual surface runoff by 0.11－0.62 mm d－1 over the seven basins. Though previous studies found that incorporating a groundwater component tends to increase soil moisture due to the consideration of upward groundwater recharge, our present work shows that the modified runoff schemes cause less infiltration, which outweigh the recharge from groundwater and result in drier soil, and consequently cause less latent heat and more sensible heat over most of the basins.     

Climate Change and Water Resources in Britain

This paper explores the potential implications of climate change for the use and management of water resources in Britain. It is based on a review of simulations of changes in river flows, groundwater recharge and river water quality. These simulations imply, under feasible climate change scenarios, that annual, winter and summer runoff will decrease in southern Britain, groundwater recharge will be reduced and that water quality – as characterised by nitrate concentrations and dissolved oxygen contents – will deteriorate. In northern Britain, river flows are likely to increase throughout the year, particularly in winter. Climate change may lead to increased demands for water, over and above that increase which is forecast for non-climatic reasons, primarily due to increased use for garden watering. These increased pressures on the water resource base will impact not only upon the reliability of water supplies, but also upon navigation, aquatic ecosystems, recreation and power generation, and will have implications for water quality management. Flood risk is likely to increase, implying a reduction in standards of flood protection. The paper discusses adaptation options.     

Vulnerability and adaptation to climate variability and water stress in Uttarakhand State, India

This paper presents a participatory approach to investigate vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate variability and water stress in the Lakhwar watershed in Uttarakhand State, India. Highly water stressed microwatersheds were identified by modelling surface runoff, soil moisture development, lateral runoff, and groundwater recharge. The modelling results were shared with communities in two villages, and timeline exercises were carried out to allow them to trace past developments that have impacted their lives and livelihoods, and stimulate discussion about future changes and possible adaptation interventions.     

Hydrology of Prairie Pothole Wetlands during Drought and Deluge: A 17-Year Study of the Cottonwood Lake Wetland Complex in North Dakota in the Perspective of Longer Term Measured and Proxy Hydrological Records

From 1988 to 1992 the north-central plains of North America had a drought that was followed by a wet period that continues to the present (1997). Data on the hydrology of the Cottonwood Lake area (CWLA) collected for nearly 10 years before, and during, the recent dry and wet periods indicate that some prairie pothole wetlands served only a recharge function under all climate conditions. Transpiration from groundwater around the perimeter of groundwater discharge wetlands drew water from the wetlands by the end of summer, even during very wet years.Long-term records of a climate index (Palmer Drought Severity Index), stream discharge (Pembina River), and lake level (Devils Lake) were used to put the 17-year CWLA record into a longer term perspective. In addition, proxy records of climate determined from fossils in the sediments of Devils Lake were also used. These data indicate that the drought of 1988-92 may have been the second worst of the 20th century, but that droughts of that magnitude, and worse, were common during the past 500 years. In contrast, the present wet period may be the wettest it has been during the past 130 years, or possibly the past 500 years.     

Evaluation of the impact of climate changes on water storage and groundwater recharge at the watershed scale

 The increase of concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will certainly affect hydrological regimes. Global warning is thus expected to have major implications on water resources management. Our objective is to present a general approach to evaluate the effect of potential climate changes on groundwater resources. In the current stage of knowledge, large-scale global climate models are probably the best available tools to provide estimates of the effects of raising greenhouse gases on rainfall and evaporation patterns through a continuous, three dimensional simulation of atmospheric, oceanic and cryospheric processes. However their spatial resolution (generally some thousands of square kilometers) is not compatible with that of watershed hydrologic models. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of potential climate changes upon groundwater resources. A general methodology is proposed in order to disaggregate outputs of large-scale models and thus to make information directly usable by hydrologic models. As an illustration, this method is applied to a CO₂-doubling scenario through the development of a local weather generator, although many uncertainties are not yet assessed about the results of climate models. Two important hydrological variables: rainfall and potential evapotranspiration are thus generated. They are then used by coupling with a physically based hydrological model to estimate the effects of climate changes on groundwater recharge and soil moisture in the root zone. Received: 17 April 1998 / Accepted: 29 September 1998     

Institutional Adaptation of Water Resource Infrastructures to Climate Change in Eastern Ontario

Institutional barriers and bridges to local climate change impacts adaptation affecting small rural municipalities and Conservation Authorities (CAs are watershed agencies) in Eastern Ontario (Canada) are examined, and elements of a community-based adaptation strategy related to water infrastructures are proposed as a case-study in community adaptation to climate change. No general water scarcity is expected for the region even under unusually dry weather scenarios. Localized quantity and quality problems are likely to occur especially in groundwater recharge areas. Some existing institutions can be relied on by municipalities to build an effective adaptation strategy based on a watershed/region perspective, on their credibility, and on their expertise. Windows of opportunity or framing issues are offered at the provincial level, the most relevant one in a federal state, by municipal emergency plan requirements and pending watershed source water protection legislation. Voluntary and soon to be mandated climate change mitigation programs at the federal level are other ones.