常用气体地热温度计的应用及效果评价

基于冰岛部分地热田的实际资料,选择有代表性的、不同温度的地热田,应用CO₂、H₂S、H₂、CO₂/H₂和H₂S/H₂气体地热温度计计算热储温度,深入探讨了影响温度计准确性的各种因素,提出CO₂和H₂S温度计具有良好的实用价值。在热储温度T<200℃时,CO₂温度计的预测温度略低;在200℃<T<300℃范围时,H₂S温度计标定不够准确。并对现有的其它气体地热温度计进行了简要评价。     

基于美国国家地热数据的地热温度计案例分析与方法适宜性评价

热储温度评价是地热系统研究的关键内容.文章选取建设比较成熟的美国国家地热数据系统(National Geothermal Data System,NGDS),分别利用地球化学地热温度计、多矿物平衡法、冷热水混合模型及气体地热温度计对不同地热田的热储温度进行评价,确定不同热储温度评价方法的适用性和局限性,以期为热储温度评...     

地热系统气-水-岩石体系化学热力学平衡及其模拟计算

结合在冰岛地热田所取得的实际资料,本文讨论了影响地热井中地热流体样品代表性的因素,深入探讨了地热系统中气-液、气-气间的化学热力学平衡过程,认为Fischer-Tropsch反应在冰岛Krafla地热田部分热储(t>240℃)中是能够达到或接近平衡状态的。文中详细阐述了在气-水-岩石体系中对矿物组合和气体浓度关系进行化学热力学模拟计算的方法,提出黄铁矿+磁铁矿+绿帘石+葡萄石同样控制着一些热储(t<220℃,Cl~-<500ppm)中硫化氢的浓度,并对二氧化碳、硫化氢地热温度计作了热力学评价。     

北京城区地热田某地热井热水地球化学研究

地热的开采会引起热储压力的降低 ,从而引起热流场的改变。热储压力的降低可能导致温度较低的地下水的流入 ,也可能导致深部更高温度热流体的补充 ,从而引起地热流体化学特征的变化。地热流体中一些组分的浓度依赖于热流体温度的高低。不同温度的水发生混合会破坏地热系统的化学平衡 ,从而改变地热流体的化学成分。因此 ,地热流体的化学监测可以提供许多有关地热系统变化的宝贵信息。由于长期开采 ,北京城区地热田的压力明显下降 ,并引起了地热水化学成分的细微变化。根据 1984年以来一眼地热井的地热水化学监测资料 ,研究了地热水的化学成分、地球化学温标的变化规律以及地热活动的总体强度和水 /岩平衡矿物中的示温矿物的变化趋势 ,说明地热的开采既引起了地热田水补给的加强 ,又导致了地热田热补给的加强     

西藏尼木—那曲地热流体成因及幔源流体贡献

研究区位于尼木—那曲高温地热带,处在当雄—羊八井—多庆错活动构造带的中北段,本次选取11个未开发的地热田,收集并采集区内地热流体数据,与羊八井深、浅部热储进行对比研究,对完善区内高温地热系统成因机理,为后期勘探及钻探提供重要的参考意义。从水化学数据分析,高温地下热水主要为Cl-Na、Cl·HCO3-Na水,中低温地下热水主要为HCO3-Na水,地下热水中Li、F、SiO2、HBO2与Cl大体上存在正相关关系,显示可能有岩浆水的混入;从氢氧同位素数据分析,地下热水主要为大气降水补给,在董翁、宁中高温地热田发生轻微的氧-18漂移,谷露地热田氧-18漂移较其他地热田明显,宁中、谷露及罗玛地下热水中氚含量小于1TU,主要是次现代水的补给,月腊处氚含量为8.4TU,推断主要为现代水的补给,其他地热田地下热水推测是次现代和最近补给之间的混合;地热气体以CO2和N2为主,二者呈现良好的负相关,从CO2气体碳同位素、He同位素比值及综合指标分析,气体来源主要为壳源,在宁中及玉寨地热田,R/Ra值大于1,存在明显的幔源物质释放现象,幔源He所占比例为2.73%~30.93%。概括区内典型高温地热田的成因模式,为后期地热田深入研究及开发利用提供重要的科学依据。     

西藏羊八井地热田简介

在1988年,羊八井地热田的北部水热蚀变区的一个地热孔在970m深度上测得温度为202℃此事实证明了羊八片地热系统具有从西北往东南的侧向地热流体的运移。本文叙述该地热田的地热系统、资源评价和勘探方法。     

浅层测温在夏县南山底地热研究中的应用

地热是一种宝贵的矿产资源,具有极高的开发利用价值。地温是地热场的直接量度。它可以查明地热场的空间分布,圈定热异常范围、指导地热勘探并对地温异常作出评价。本文借助前人研究成果,汉夏县南山底地温场为例,探讨浅层测层方法的应用,剖析地热田开发利用前景。实践法若水文地球化学和其它物探方法配合使用,为提供深层热储信息,效果更好。     

应用气体地球化学测量勘查地热系统断裂构造的研究

化探方法是勘查地热系统的有效而重要的手段。地热储与构造的关系十分密切,查明各种控制地热水的构造,是热田勘查的重要环节。本文在总结了目前用于勘查地热系统构造的化探方法的同时,重点介绍了最近几年利用气体地化测量方法探测热田构造的成果,表明壤中Hg气、²¹⁰Po、静电α卡和现场累积CO₂气体测量方法等均是行之有效的手段。而且事实证明,在勘查地热系统构造方面,多参数综合指标较单一指标效果更好,结果更可靠。它不仅可反映已知断裂,还可揭示隐伏构造。     

冰岛北部Hamar地热田开采模型

冰岛北部Ｈａｍａｒ地热田是一低温地热田，１９６６年以来，已完成１１口钻井，根据地热田温度，压力的观测数据，通过模拟方法，了解地热系统的物理状态和参数，可以为制定合理的长期开采，管理方案提供科学依据，本文采用一种集总参数模型模拟计算了地热系统的物理状态和参数，进一步预测了不同开采量条件下该地热系统的压力变化，提出了比较合理的开采方案。     

黑龙江林甸地热田热水微生物多样性与群落结构分析

【研究目的】研究地热系统微生物群落组成有助于揭示地热流体地球化学演化和指示热储地球化学环境。已有研究显示,林甸地热田热水还原性强且富含甲烷,但关于微生物在甲烷形成中的作用研究较少。本文旨在分析林甸地热田热水中微生物的群落结构和多样性特征,并揭示其甲烷生成途径。【研究方法】在地热供暖季和非供暖季采集并测试了9个热水微生物样品,并对热水中微生物多样性、群落结构及功能基因进行了分析。【研究结果】属水平上,林甸地热水中优势细菌主要为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter,>80%),与已有报道的地热系统有一定差异,而同油田热水相似;供暖季和非供暖季热水中细菌多样性差异较大,非供暖季细菌多样性高于供暖季,但古菌多样性基本不受开采影响;优势古菌以广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)产甲烷菌为主,地热流体中的甲烷气体主要源于H₂还原CO₂产甲烷途径,而甲基歧化产甲烷作用和H₂还原甲基化合物产甲烷途径次之。【结论】林甸地热田热水中微生物多样性和群落结构较为独特,与地层中有机质含量较高、地热开采扰动有关。     

Solute and gas geothermometry of geothermal wells: a geochemometrics study for evaluating the effectiveness of geothermometers to predict deep reservoir temperatures

Deep reservoir temperatures of 10 important geothermal systems of the world were estimated by applying 13 solute (Na/K) and 21 gas geothermometers. The predicted temperatures were comprehensively evaluated and compared with measured bottom-hole temperatures using geochemometric techniques. The present study reveals (1) high prediction performances in most of the Na/K geothermometers for the majority of the geothermal fields with liquid-dominated reservoirs, whereas low prediction performances were indicated for the geothermal fields with vapour-dominated and high-temperature reservoirs; (2) the gas geothermometers, in comparison to Na/K, are more successful in predicting the subsurface temperatures in high-temperature geothermal systems; (3) the geothermal systems for which Na/K geothermometers have indicated a high prediction performance, the gas geothermometers have specified a low prediction performances, and vice versa; (4) both Na/K and gas geothermometers, generally, overestimated the reservoir temperatures for the majority of the low-enthalpy geothermal fields and underestimated for the majority of the high-enthalpy geothermal fields; (5) the reservoir temperature predictions of gas geothermometers have more scatter than those temperatures inferred from Na/K geothermometers; and (6) in general, Na/K geothermometers seem to be a more successful geochemical tool in predicting reliable reservoir temperatures than gas geothermometers.     

Solute geothermometry of springs and wells of the Los Azufres and Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal fields,Mexico

Subsurface reservoir temperatures of two important Mexican geothermal systems (Los Azufres and Las Tres Vírgenes) were estimated by applying all available solute geothermometers for 88 and 56 chemical data measurements of the spring waters and fluids of the deep geothermal wells, respectively. Most of the chemical data for spring water of these two geothermal fields are for HCO₃ water, followed by SO₄ and Cl types. For the Los Azufres geothermal field (LAGF), the reservoir temperatures estimated by Na-K geothermometers for springs of HCO₃ and SO₄ waters, and by Na-Li and Li-Mg geothermometers for Cl water, are close to the average bottom-hole temperature (BHT) of the geothermal wells. However, all reservoir temperatures for spring waters from the Las Tres Vírgenes geothermal field (LTVGF) estimated by all solute geothermometers indicated significantly large differences (low temperatures) compared to the BHT. Evaluation of inferred reservoir temperatures for spring waters of the LAGF and LTVGF suggests that not all springs nor all solute geothermometers provide reliable estimation of the reservoir temperatures. Even though chemical equilibrium probably was not achieved in the water–rock system, Na-K geothermometers for HCO₃ water (peripheral water mainly of meteoric origin with little geothermal component) and SO₄ water (geothermal steam heated) and Na-Li and Li-Mg geothermometers for Cl-rich spring water (fully mature geothermal water) of the LAGF indicated reservoir temperatures close to the BHT. However, in comparison with the geothermometry of spring water of the LAGF and LTVGF, fluid measurements from geothermal wells of these two fields indicated reservoir temperatures in close agreement with their respective BHTs. For the best use of the solute geothermometry for spring water, it is advisable to: (1) chemically classify the springs based on water types; (2) identify and eliminate the discordant outlier observations by considering each water type as a separate sampled population; (3) apply all available solute geothermometers employing a suitable computer program such as SolGeo instead of using some specific, arbitrarily chosen geothermometers; and (4) evaluate the temperatures obtained for each solute geothermometer by considering the subsurface lithology, hydrological conditions, and BHTs or static formation temperatures whenever available.     

New gas geothermometers for geothermal exploration—calibration and application

Calibration of five gas geothermometers is presented, three of which used CO₂, H₂S and H₂ concentrations in fumarole steam, respectively. The remaining two use $\text{CO}{}_2\text{H}{}_2$ and $\text{H}{}_2\text{S}\text{H}{}_2$ ratios. The calibration is based on the relation between gas content of drillhole discharges and measured aquifer temperatures. After establishing the gas content in the aquifer, gas concentrations were calculated in steam formed by adiabatic boiling of this water to atmospheric pressure to obtain the gas geothermometry functions. It is shown that the concentrations of CO₂, H₂S and H₂ in geothermal reservoir waters are fixed through equilibria with mineral buffers. At temperatures above 230°C epidote + prehnite + calcite + quartz are considered to buffer CO₂. Two buffers are involved for H₂S and H₂ and two functions are, therefore, presented for the geothermometers involving these gases. For waters containing less than about 500 ppm chloride and in the range 230–300°C pyrite + pyrrholite + epidote + prehnite seem to be involved, but pyrite + epidote + prehnite + magnetite or chlorite for waters above 300°C and waters in the range 230–300°C, if containing over about 500 ppm.The gas geothermometers are useful for predicting subsurface temperatures in high-temperature geothermal systems. They are applicable to systems in basaltic to acidic rocks and in sediments with similar composition, but should be used with reservation for systems located in rocks which differ much in composition from the basaltic to acidic ones. The geothermometry results may be used to obtain information on steam condensation in upflow zones, or phase separation at elevated pressures.Measured aquifer temperatures in drillholes and gas geothermometry temperatures, based on data from nearby fumaroles, compare well in the five fields in Iceland considered specifically for the present study as well as in several fields in other countries for which data were inspected. The results of the gas geothermometers also compare well with the results of solute geothermometers and mixing models in three undrilled Icelandic fields.     

高温地热系统中粘土矿物形成对Na-K和K-Mg地球化学温标准确性的影响

传统地球化学温标在估算高温地热系统内浅层热储温度(一般为100～200℃)时存在局限性,其中应用广泛的Na-K温标和K-Mg温标出现误差的原因仍不清楚.在收集了全球代表性热田内采自地热井的201个流体样品的水文地球化学数据后,利用软件WATCH将井口流体地球化学数据还原为热储条件下的对应值;在此基础上,对Na-K温标和K-Mg温标进行了评价,发现钾长石和常见富钾双八面体粘土矿物均可能对浅层热储内地热流体中的钾含量产生影响,富镁双八面体粘土矿物也可达到与地热流体的平衡,而地热流体中钠含量则受水-岩相互作用的影响很小.因此,浅层地热流体的Na-K比值与热储温度不具有对应关系,而K-Mg温标在计算浅层热储温度时虽然具有一定指示意义,但仍无法得到足够准确的结果.      

惰性气体同位素确定地热流体循环深度

地热系统惰性气体同位素地球化学是地热成因研究的重要手段。许多惰性气体同位素都可用于地热系统的研究中,主要目的为揭示热田的热源性质、深-浅层地热流体的内在联系和循环深度等。本文从惰性气体理化特点、样品采集、测试技术及数据等若干方面介绍了惰性气体研究方法,重点探讨了在自由气和溶解气两种形态下,热泉、喷气孔、热水井不同环境下的惰性气体采样方法,还介绍了成熟的惰性气体同位素的测试方法,即利用磁偏转静态真空质谱计分析测试方法,最后基于世界各地典型地热系统的惰性气体测试数据,讨论地热系统的气体来源判别,不同气源的混合比例计算等,进而确定地热流体循环深度。     

地球化学温标估算长白山地热系统热储温度

长白山地区地热系统的研究目前还处于初级阶段,热储温度仍然是具有争议的问题。为进一步明确其高温地热成因机理,本文对该区域的4个温泉点与2口地热井进行了离子及气体组分测定与分析,并应用地球化学温标估算了热储温度。Na-K-Mg三角图和部分矿物I_S值指示长白山地区地热水与围岩未达到水岩平衡状态,稀释作用明显,仅石英、玉髓和部分含Ca²⁺矿物达到饱和并发生沉淀。根据本文及前人的研究,研究区同时存在高温喷气孔、高_ρ(Cl^-)水和高_ρ(SO_4^2-)水,这符合White汽-液分离模式提出的地热地表显示组合,因此推断长白山地区下部流体发生汽-液分离作用(沸腾)且地热系统为双相地热系统。由于双相地热系统的存在制约了水化学温标与部分气化学温标在研究区热储温度估算中的应用,因此本文结合研究区气组分特征,选取CO_2/H_2温标作为可靠温标,估算出热储温度在234.5～284.7℃之间。将长白山天池地区地质特征与地热流体特征结合,建立了长白山地区地热成因模式。     

Hydrogeochemistry of high-temperature geothermal systems in China: A review

As an important part of the Mediterranean-Himalayas geothermal belt, southern Tibet and western Yunnan are the regions of China where high-temperature hydrothermal systems are intensively distributed, of which Rehai, Yangbajing and Yangyi have been investigated systematically during the past several decades. Although much work has been undertaken at Rehai, Yangbajing and Yangyi to study the regional geology, hydrogeology, geothermal geology and geophysics, the emphasis of this review is on hydrogeochemical studies carried out in these geothermal fields. Understanding the geochemistry of geothermal fluids and their environmental impact is critical for sustainable exploitation of high-temperature hydrothermal resources in China. For comparison, the hydrogeochemistry of several similar high-temperature hydrothermal systems in other parts of the world are also included in this review.