河北省兴隆县太平村钼矿地质特征及成矿潜力评价

位于华北板块北缘的燕辽成矿带中已发现了多处钼（铜）矿床（点）,兴隆县太平村钼矿位于燕辽成矿带中部,矿区内构造发育、岩浆活动频繁,具有多期岩浆热液活动特征,具有较好的找矿前景。目前所发现的钼（铜）矿床（点）多位于密云—青龙断裂北侧,而太平村钼矿位于该断裂南侧,该矿床的发现对密云—青龙断裂南侧寻找钼矿具有指导意义。     

云南东川播卡金（铜）矿区辉绿（辉长）-钠长岩系岩相学及其成矿意义

云南播卡金（铜）矿床构造上位于小江断裂西侧,新近勘查工作表明,其金（铜）矿体的赋存于辉绿（辉长）-钠长岩系有密切的成因联系。进一步研究表明,除构造控矿因素外,岩浆热液中碱金属元素（K、Na）的活动交代也是金（铜）矿床形成的重要因素。     

河南光山县千鹅冲铜钼多金属矿床地质特征及成因浅析

河南光山县千鹅冲铜钼多金属矿床是新发生的一个隐伏矿床。通过对区域地质背景矿区地质特征以及矿床特征等分析与研究,认为铜钼矿床为深部隐伏岩钟斑岩体。外接触带铜钼多金属矿床。矿体主要赋存于隐伏岩体顶上带中,矿床规模与隐伏（斑）岩体或隐伏（斑）岩体上方岩钟（成矿母岩）、隐伏岩体顶上带（赋矿围岩）及区域性断裂构造等密切相关。该矿床的发现对该成矿区带找矿隐伏有现实指导意义。     

青海省枪口南银多金属矿床地质特征、控矿因素及矿床成因

枪口南银多金属矿床地处东昆仑多金属成矿带东段,枪口—哈龙休玛海西-燕山期铁、银、铅、锌、铜、金、钼成矿亚带部分,成矿地质条件优越。枪口南银多金属矿区目前已圈定9条矿化带,21个矿体,主要矿种有金、银、铜、铅、锌、钼等,矿石类型主要为构造热液(脉)型铜铅锌银矿石、构造蚀变岩型金矿石。枪口南矿区构造-岩浆活动强烈,印支期—燕山期构造岩浆活动为矿区成矿提供了热源、成矿物质,区内NE向断裂控制区内金、铜、铅锌等矿体的产出,NW向断裂组控制着区内金、银矿(化)体。NW向断裂组,是区内重要控矿构造;区内中部发现的Ⅳ号含矿斑岩体,具有斑岩型矿床蚀变特征,显示其具有斑岩成矿条件。枪口南银多金属矿床成因有构造热液(脉)型、构造蚀变岩型和斑岩型。     

梅山铁矿外围金、铜、钼多金属矿地质特征

在梅山铁矿接替资源勘查中,首次发现了金、铜、钼多金属矿体,通过岩石学、流体包裹体及激光等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb同位素测年等手段初步研究了其成矿地质特征及矿床成因。金、铜、钼多金属矿体主要赋存在铁矿层顶部和外围硅化、黄铁矿化、碳酸盐化的"近矿指示蚀变带"中,属于燕山早期大王山旋回的产物,矿床成因类型为陆相火山-沉积期后热液交代充填型矿床。     

西藏甲玛矿区铅锌矿体成因研究及其找矿意义

西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床是近年来在冈底斯成矿带取得找矿突破的超大型矿床之一。本文通过甲玛铜多金属矿床与典 型喷流沉积矿床的对比研究,指出甲玛铜多金属矿床成因是与斑岩成矿作用有关的斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,由产于斑岩中的 钼（铜）矿体、产于矽卡岩中的铜多金属矿体、产于角岩中的钼铜矿体以及外围独立金矿体构成了完整的甲玛斑岩成矿系 统。甲玛矿床同典型喷流沉积矿床的主要区别在于：①地质特征：岩浆热液不仅在林布宗组与多底沟组扩容空间内可形成 层状矽卡岩,而且在林布宗组的泥质灰岩夹层中也可形成小规模、透镜状、囊状矽卡岩;矿区不存在喷流岩,前人认为的 喷流岩实际上是矽卡岩化角岩;矿床的主成矿年龄为14~16Ma,成矿与中新世冈底斯碰撞造山带发生拆沉、大规模的地壳 伸展作用及大规模斑岩体侵位有关;矽卡岩铜多金属矿体不存在喷流沉积矿床所特有的二元结构,矽卡岩顶部与顶板围岩 之间为渐变过渡关系;粗粒结构的矽卡岩亦是岩浆热液长时间补给而使矿物自形生长的结果。②地球化学特征：元素地球 化学特征方面成矿元素组合以Cu,Mo,Au,Ag为主,少量Pb,Zn;多底沟组灰岩中Mn相对于区域背景含量为负异常;甲玛铅 锌矿体的Zn/ （Pb+Zn）比值较低,主要集中在0~0.1和0.2~0.45两个区间内;矿床的矿化分带表现出：由岩体中心向四周Mo →Cu+Mo→Cu→Pb+Zn,为典型的斑岩铜钼矿成矿系统的矿化分带。同位素地球化学特征方面硫同位素比值主要呈负值且 变化范围很窄,而硅同位素比值则以正值为特征。此外,文章建议在念青唐古拉具有类似甲玛矿区成矿地质条件地区,以 岩浆热液矿床成因为指导,建立依据浅边部铅锌矿（化）体,向深部（中心）追索铜钼矿体或钨矿体的找矿模型。     

新疆伊宁县克峡希铜矿床地质特征及找矿前景

克峡希铜矿位于博罗科努金、铜、钼、铅、锌成矿带西侧。矿体赋存于成群产出的辉石闪长岩、闪长岩及花岗闪长岩等小岩体组成的杂岩体中,受NE向密集剪切劈裂带控制。铜矿成矿经历岩浆晚期残余气液矿化和岩浆期后热液成矿二个阶段,早期为细脉浸染斑岩型,沿外接触带发育矽卡岩型,晚期为热液脉型,具有金、铜、钼矿化特征,空间上具有明显分带性,属于复合成因的斑岩型铜矿床,构成了本矿床的斑岩型金、铜、钼矿的成矿系列,预测具有大型矿床的找矿前景。     

粤东北仁差盆地察甘火山岩型铀-多金属矿床成矿特征及其成矿机理探讨

察甘矿床是粤东北地区仁差火山岩盆地中已查明的火山岩型铀-多金属矿床,其矿化以铀、钼、金、银为主。通过对矿床成矿特征的分析,将成矿分为3个主要阶段。深部矿体受隐伏断裂破碎带控制,为岩浆热液型矿床,与壳内重熔岩浆有关,包括两个成矿阶段,即白垩世晚期形成金、银、钼等硫化物矿床,古近纪形成铀矿床,两者在同一空间紧密共生;浅部矿体受层间裂隙控制,与表生作用有关,在古近纪晚期之后形成铀钼沉积型矿床。     

青海祁漫塔格成矿带骆驼峰铜钼矿床地质特征及成因探讨

骆驼峰铜钼矿床是祁漫塔格成矿带新发现的斑岩型铜钼矿床,位于柴达木盆地西南缘,区内出露地层主要为古元古界金水口岩群片麻岩类;岩浆岩以印支期花岗闪长岩类为主,花岗闪长岩为区内主要含矿岩性;构造以北东向张性断裂为主,为区内主要的控矿构造。区内地表及外围矿体以热液脉型铜多金属矿为主,深部矿体以斑岩型钼矿为主,总体形成以含钼斑岩体为中心的斑岩型钼矿,外围为热液脉型铜多金属矿的岩浆热液成矿系列,从地表向深部总体具绿泥石化—钾化—硅化+绢英岩化的矿化蚀变分带特征,初步建立了“上铜下钼”的成矿模式,今后的找矿思路是加强对斑岩体时空分布、成矿物质来源及成矿对比的研究,进一步建立找矿模型,为祁漫塔格地区乃至东昆仑地区铜钼多金属矿床的找矿拓宽思路。     

铜陵矿集区铜金矿床叠加改造过程中的排金效应

通过对铜陵地区各矿田内的矿床的观察发现，它们均含铜、金，但各矿床含铜、金的差异性比较大。该区海西期同生沉积的SEDEX型块状硫化物矿床和燕山期岩浆热液矿床的成矿物质来源具有二元性。在峙门口(铜金)硫铁矿、水竹岭金铜矿和虎山金矿(牛山硫铁矿)等较为典型的海西期块状硫化物矿床中，可圈出独立的金(铜)矿体；以凤凰山铜矿田、小金山金矿、笠帽山金矿等为典型代表的燕山期岩浆热液矿床，也具有较高的金、铜品位，可形成工业矿体。但无论是海西期同生沉积矿床还是燕山期岩浆热液矿床，规模都比较小。有些矿床尽管存在海西期同生沉积成矿作用和燕山期岩浆热液成矿作用，但铜、金分配明显不同，品位差异悬殊。导致水平方向或垂直方向上铜、金分配差异的原因可归结为矿床叠加改造过程中的温度场控制的“排金效应”，形成“下铜上金”、“内铜外金”(储国正等，1992)的矿床分布格局。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.