降水和雾同时存在时纪要栏记录浅析

民航地面气象观测手册中规定 ,当影响能见度变坏的天气现象有数种时 ,则有效能见度的演变记录在主要影响能见度和一种天气现象的后边。在实际工作中 ,洛阳机场同时出现的天气现象多为雾现象和降水现象 ,而大多数同志纪要栏记录时都将能见度的演变记在雾现象的后边 ,这不准确 ,应从以下几个方面进行综合分析判断。1　从降水强度进行判断1 1　当降水强度为中等及其以上时 ,因为中等以上降雨 (雪 )时 ,根据降水现象强度的判定标准 ,雨 (雪 )滴落如线 ,雨 (雪 )滴不易分辨的情况看 ,很明显中等以上降水影响了能见度的变化 ,那么应判定为中等以…     

雾和水平能见度观测中存在的问题

台站观测和百班验收中,发现能见度和天气现象记录中存在问题：①能见度观测记录偏小,如在记录中湿度不是很大但有雾记录;②云量较多的低云与雾并存,如有10成的Scop或St与雾同记;③有较大降水影响能见度时记录了短时雾。     

雾的误区

在市局组织的测报复评中发现 ,有的站在雾的记录与发报中存在一些模糊认识和误区。其一 ,能见度 <1ｋｍ有雾时 ,天气加密报中现在天气现象电码应从 42～ 49中选择。有的站只要观测时有雾 (有其他天气现象时除外 ) ,现在天气现象电码就固定编报 42。但如云量纪录为 1 0 / 1 0 ,云状栏记雾 ,现在天气现象电码仍编为 42 ,显然电码反映的天空状况(电码 42反映天空可辨明 )与实际天空状况 (完全不可辨 )不一样。其二 ,有的站能见度记 0 .0ｋｍ ,而云量记为 0 / 0 ,即天空完全可辨 ,这种情况极为少见。出现这种情况可能是观测员对雾的记录判断存在…     

绵阳机场低能见度气候统计特征

利用绵阳机场最近10年逐时能见度资料,对低能见度的气候特征进行了统计,并对造成低能见度障碍的天气现象和影响系统作了普查分折.结果表明:绵阳机场低能见度有明显的季节变化和闩变化:造成低能见度障碍的天气现象主要是雾.     

洛阳市低能见度特征分析

统计分析了洛阳地区水平能见度<1000 m(低能见度)的时空分布气候特征,讨论了地形地貌、沙尘天气、雾等因素对洛阳地区低能见度的影响,得出影响洛阳地区低能见度的主要天气现象是雾的结论.     

绵阳机场低能见度气候统计特征

利用绵阳机场最近10年逐时能见度资料，对低能见度的气候特征进行了统计，并对造成低能见度障碍的天气现象和影响系统作了普查分析。结果表明：绵阳机场低能见度有明显的季节变化和闩变化：造成低能见度障碍的天气现象主要是雾。     

洛阳市低能见度特征分析

统计分析了洛阳地区水平能见度 <10 0 0m(低能见度 )的时空分布气候特征 ,讨论了地形地貌、沙尘天气、雾等因素对洛阳地区低能见度的影响 ,得出影响洛阳地区低能见度的主要天气现象是雾的结论。     

能见度的观测与天气现象的关系

测报上的能见度通常是指有效水平能见度,即四周视野中二分之一以上的范围都能看到的最大水平距离。影响能见度的因子有三:<1>大气透明度;<2>目标物和背景的亮度比;<3>观测员的视觉感应能力。第一个因子是影响能见度的直接因子,也就是能见度变化的实质。它是随着天气现象变化的。因此,能见度与天气现象关系十分密切,在“规范”规定观测的三十四种天气现象中,与能见度有关的就有十一种,其中九种是直接以能见度为标准划分的,有些现象(沙尘暴、吹雪、毛毛雨、雪、阵雪)的强度是由能见度来决定的。能见度观测的准确与否,直接影响这些天气现象电码的选择。象毛毛雨,当能见度1.O千米以上算轻毛毛雨,报电     

武汉天河机场低能见度现象的气候特征分析

利用武汉天河机场1996—2005年共10 a的地面气象观测资料,对该机场低能见度现象的年变化、日变化等气候特征进行了统计分析,结果表明低能见度现象在冬季出现得最多,夏季最少。春、秋、冬三季低能见度出现频率较高的时段比较接近。在对影响能见度的天气现象和低能见度的持续时间进行研究后发现雾是造成低能见度形成的最主要原因,而春、秋、冬三季低能见度的持续时间在2~4 h之间的居多。     

白云机场低能见度气候的统计特征

利用白云机场最近１０年逐时能见度资料,对低能见度的气候特征进行了统计,并对造成低能见度障碍的天气现象和影响系统作了普查分析。结果表明：白云机场低能见度有明显的季节变化和日变化;低能见度平均出现次数与持续时间明显成反比;造成低能见度障碍的天气现象仅有雾和雨;弱高压脊是冬半年造成恶劣能见度的主要系统,锋后极少出现恶劣能见度。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...