等温微量热法在土壤微生物研究方面的进展

土壤微生物是陆地生态系统中分解者亚系统的主要组成部分, 参与了包括有机质降解、营养转化、 植物生长的促进或抑制以及各种土壤物理过程在内的一系列反应活动. 土壤微生物则是土壤质量重要的生物指标, 可以用来监控土壤质量的变化. 等温微量热法是一种简便、快速地测量微生物活性的方法, 在土壤微生物代谢热效应的研究领域中广泛应用. 就等温微量热法在土壤微生物活性中的研究进展进行综述: 等温微量热法的简介, 微量热方法与传统方法的比较, 等温微量热法在各种外界环境和土壤条件影响下的土壤微生物活性研究中的应用, 并对等温微量热法在土壤微生物和其它方面的研究进行了展望.     

退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤微生物活性研究——以贵州花江地区为例

退化喀斯特植被的恢复机理一直是近年来土壤学和生态学研究的热点。通过分析退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤微生物数量、土壤生化作用强度、土壤微生物生物量,研究了贵州花江喀斯特高原生态综合治理示范区内土壤微生物活性的变化。结果表明:退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤的微生物活性存在较大差异。随着退化喀斯特植被的恢复,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌三大微生物数量及微生物总数明显上升,表现为乔木群落阶段〉灌木群落阶段〉草本群落阶段〉裸地阶段,且细菌较真菌和放线菌相比占绝对优势,其在微生物总数中分别占95．95％,93．49％,92．32％和92．48％;各主要生理类群的数量呈上升趋势,且氨化细菌〉固氮菌〉纤维素分解菌〉硝化细菌,土壤生化作用强度增强;土壤微生物生物量碳明显增加,微生物生物量碳与土壤有机碳（P〈0．01）呈显著正相关关系。土壤微生物是表征退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中土壤质量的重要特征之一,反映出随着退化喀斯特植被的恢复土壤质量也在逐渐恢复。      

木里地区水合物轻烃微渗漏微生物群落及烃氧化菌响应特征研究

为了研究水合物轻烃微渗漏对近地表微生物群落的影响作用,采用二代测序技术,对木里冻土区见水合物钻孔DK1、DK9和无水合物孔DK6附近土壤中的微生物群落进行了研究。相对于无水合物钻孔DK6,水合物钻孔的微生物群落结构发生了改变,尤其是烃氧化微生物在水合物钻孔具有明显的数量优势;水合物钻孔DK1以烷烃氧化菌为优势烃氧化菌群,水合物钻孔DK9以甲烷氧化菌为优势烃氧化菌群,这与DK1和DK9的水合物气体组分差异表现一致,无水合物钻孔DK9则无明显优势烃氧化菌群。以丁醇为唯一碳源的选择培养也得到了一批常见的烃氧化菌,这些可培养烃氧化菌可用于水合物相关烃类微渗漏的指示。上述以烃氧化菌群为代表的微生物群落及可培养烃氧化菌对木里天然气水合物响应特征的研究说明了基于轻烃微渗漏模型的微生物勘探技术应用于木里天然气水合物勘探具有可行性。     

岩溶区与非岩溶区3种土地利用方式下土壤细菌群落结构比较

为研究岩溶区土壤微生物的特性,揭示其在岩溶土壤碳循环的作用,选取桂林毛村岩溶试验场为研究点,采集岩溶区、混合区与非岩溶区中的稻田、玉米和柑橘园表层土壤,采用高通量测序方法,对比细菌群落丰度、组成及多样性特征的异同。结果显示,在得到的48 159条序列中,共有2 602个OTUs。土壤细菌优势门（相对丰度>10%）为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）;优势纲（相对丰度>10%）为酸杆菌纲（Acidobacteria）和β-变形菌纲（β-proteobateria）。岩溶区土壤细菌门水平上的变形菌门和Latescibacteria的细菌和目水平上的酸杆菌亚群GP6的丰度均高于混合区和非岩溶区,而科水平上酸杆菌亚群GP1和目水平上的酸杆菌亚群GP2的相对丰度低于混合区和非岩溶区。冗余分析结果表明,土壤有机碳、pH和总氮等是引起细菌群落结构变化的关键因子。      

当地下水邂逅DNA:石油类有机污染及其生物降解

地下水科学与工程研究发展到今日,已经成为一门涉及多个领域的综合性学科。地下水污染的控制和修复研究更需要跨学科的技术和知识支持,而生物修复作为一种高效低耗修复的技术成为环境领域的研究热点。微生物因其自身特性及其对污染的降解主导特征对确定有机物污染场地的永续修复具有重要意义。简要地综述了地下水有机污染及其原位修复、有机污染物和地下环境微生物的交互作用,进一步聚焦生物降解机制、生物修复和细菌研究。在此基础上以某石油污染场地地下水为例,进行了地下水中分离微生物菌株及其降解特征的实验研究。结果表明:放线菌降解效果最好,细菌和真菌次之;两两组合降解效果好于单菌,表明存在协同作用;不同菌株混合降解率较低,表明具有拮抗作用。通过动力学实验得出对TPH的降解符合一级反应动力学方程及其降解速度和降解半衰期。就微生物对有机组分降解而言,烷烃和总石油烃降解规律相似;难降解组分降解率低,后期因烷烃转化使其浓度升高;苯浓度变化不大。微生物活性实验表明:活菌总数和脱氢酶活性与降解率呈正相关变化。运用生理生化及分子生物学方法鉴定得出了具体的菌种。     

以醋酸为共代谢基质时四氯乙烯的生物降解初步研究

四氯乙烯（PCE）是一种广泛用于干洗和脱脂的有机溶剂,是地下水中常见的污染物.在本实验中,将某肉联厂厌氧污泥接种到土壤中,进行微生物培养.当系统中的微生物活性较高时,以醋酸为共代谢基质,进行驯化实验,当系统中的微生物适应浓度为120μg/L的PCE之后,对PCE在厌氧条件下的降解情况进行研究.研究结果表明,将厌氧污泥接种到土壤中培养的微生物,在以醋酸为共代谢基质的条件下,可以使PCE很快转化为三氯乙烯（TCE）,并可以进一步转化为二氯乙烯（DCEs）.PCE在天然地下水中的半衰期为108d,本实验PCE降解的半衰期为2.95d,反应速率常数为0.2342d^-1.     

岩溶土壤的生态地球化学特征及其指示意义——以贵州贞丰—关岭岩溶石山地区为例

岩溶石山地区土壤退化与恢复的成因和机理一直是近年来土壤学和生态学研究的热点。以贵州西南部贞丰—关岭岩溶石山区为对象，选择了区内退化地、农用地、恢复地等生态样块以及与未退化地为对照，采集了其中的表层和亚表层土壤，分别进行了土壤的养分库量、微生物活性与功能和土壤酶活性等化学分析。研究表明土壤养分库是土壤中微生物活性基础，微生物量碳随土壤养分库容的退化或恢复而相应变化，退化岩溶地植被恢复3~6年后，主要养分总库容得到明显恢复(恢复程度55%~65%)，因而带动了微生物量碳的恢复（平均恢复程度60%以上），但养分的活性（有效磷）、微生物的功能（呼吸熵及土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性）并没有得到相应程度的恢复（平均恢复程度仅在25%~40%）。这些结果提示，限制性养分活性和微生物功能的恢复是植被恢复下生态系统健康水平的重要指示。因此，在分析岩溶土壤和生态系统退化过程的本质以及评价生态恢复的效应时，不仅应将微生物量碳和总养分库指标作为岩溶土壤退化恢复的指标，更应将微生物区系的质量和功能指标纳入关键评价内容。      

川西北某铀矿区微生物分布规律及核素固化研究

为了更好的发挥微生物在放射性污染环境中的环境净化作用,本研究选择川西北某铀矿区为研究对象,利用生物学方法研究其中两个代表性铀废矿石堆中的微生物多样性及其在放射性污染环境中的分布规律。结果表明:在该铀矿区中主要赋存着细菌、放线菌及霉菌三种菌,其中以细菌占绝对优势;对优势微生物——细菌分离鉴定获得3种优势菌株,鉴定结果为玫瑰色库克菌(Kocuria rosea strain)、短杆菌(Brevibacteriumsanguinis)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subilis/atropheaus),研究认为玫瑰色库克菌(Kocuria rosea strain)在当地的放射性核素耐受性最好。     

短期原油污染致使冻土活动层细菌群落显著改变——以加格达奇冻土活动层为例

生物降解与土著微生物群落结构、功能及其变化密切相关. 目前, 对于东北冻土土壤中的适冷降解菌了解不足. 新建成的中俄输油管道穿越中国东北的多年冻土区, 为相关研究提供了契机. 实验利用454高通量测序分析了加格达奇冻土活动层土壤在受控原油污染前后的微生物群落结构. 结果显示: 污染后的Proteobacteria和Firmicutes相对丰度显著升高, 优势类群包括Alicyclobacillus、Sphingomonas、Nevskia以及Bacillus. 群落以芳烃降解菌或者耐受油污环境的细菌为主. 这种变化与原油(尤其是芳烃)组分的生态毒害作用有关. 较高浓度的原油污染下, 群落中可耐受油污环境的细菌丰度相对更高.     

粪产碱杆菌在不同电极电势下的生长

粪产碱杆菌是土壤中最常见的异养微生物之一(Gamble等,1977),为革兰氏阴性杆菌,直径约0.7～1.0μm,周生鞭毛运动(丘元胜,1981),主营化能异养,亦可营兼性化能自养(李信等,1989),在微氧情况下具有固氮功能(尤崇杓,1983)。该菌不仅能联合水稻根部固氮,还能降解     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)