陕西紫阳地区茶园土壤氟形态测定及影响茶叶氟含量主要因素

氟在人体生长发育和骨骼代谢中起着重要作用,近年来通过饮茶摄入氟与人体健康的关系受到较大关注。本文以大巴山区紫阳县茶园土壤为研究对象,采集64组茶园土壤和对应茶叶样品,测定土壤理化性质、土壤氟形态、茶叶氟含量,通过多元回归分析建立了影响大巴山区茶叶氟含量的Freundlich模型,并检验了模型的预测精度。结果显示：(1)研究区茶园表层土壤氟含量范围为487.37～1120.78mg/kg,平均值为730.63mg/kg;研究区茶叶氟含量为31.23～112.49mg/kg,平均值为57.58mg/kg,所有样品均未超过农业标准(NY659—2003)限值;(2)研究区茶园土壤氟的形态分布为：残渣态>水溶态>有机态>铁锰结合态>可交换态,水溶态氟含量范围为5.27～23.15mg/kg,平均值为9.72mg/kg,远高于中国地氟病发生区水溶态氟的平均含量2.5mg/kg,说明研究区存在一定生态风险。土壤水溶态氟与茶叶氟含量有显著相关性(n=64,r=0.82,p<0.01),其余形态与茶叶氟含量无显著相关性;(3)以水溶态氟、CEC、交换性铝、有机质、pH五个...     

中国煤中的氟

氟是煤中所含微量元素中丰度较高的少数几种元素之一。对我国581个煤样分析数据的统计表明,多数样品氟含量处于20～300mg/kg,平均40mg/kg,个别超过1000mg/kg。氟在煤中赋存状态有:①独立的氟矿物;②以类质同象存在于矿物晶格内;③被矿物吸附;④以F-离子形式溶于水中。在煤中所含微量元素中,氟是对植物、动物和人体健康的影响面最大的元素。     

不同茶园茶叶氟含量及土壤氟的形态分布

通过对我国中西南产茶区12个茶园土壤样品和茶叶样品的采集,探讨了不同茶园茶叶氟含量和茶园土壤氟的形态分布规律。老叶和嫩叶氟含量分别为221～1 504 mg/kg和49.0～602 mg/kg,老叶氟含量是嫩叶的2.5～8.1倍。各形态氟含量随土壤层次加深没有统一变化规律,但各层土壤不同形态氟含量均为残渣态铁锰氧化物态＞有机结合态＞水溶态＞交换态。土壤pH值、有机质含量和阳离子交换量对茶园土壤氟的形态分布有不同程度的影响。老叶和嫩叶氟含量随水溶态氟含量的增加均呈显著增加趋势,但与其他形态氟含量没有显著的相关关系。     

高氟湖库底泥中氟的存在形态分析——以洋沙泡水库为例

论述了底泥中氟的存在形态及其浸提方法。通过洋沙泡水库底泥氟各种形态的分析实验,发现底泥氟形态的含量分布为残余态水溶态>有机态>铁锰结合态>可交换态;底泥各形态氟含量呈对数分布;水溶性氟质量分数为26.77~112.39 mg/kg,占总氟的2.699%~19.114%。底泥全氟含量、氟的来源、气候因素的影响、区域理化环境以及湖泊曾数度干涸是造成水溶性氟含量高的主要原因。     

滇黔“燃煤污染型”氟中毒重症区粮食氟和砷污染的主要途径

滇黔地区室内燃煤污染所致慢性氟中毒是我国特有的长期困扰我国的主要环境健康问题之一。为了探讨滇黔"燃煤污染型"氟中毒重症区粮食氟和砷含量及污染的主要途径和改灶降氟炉的使用状况及氟中毒防治效果等,从2005年至2008年11月,连续在云南省和贵州省氟中毒较严重的地区——昭通市的镇雄、威信、大关、彝良、昭阳区以及贵州威宁石门坎、毕节、郝章和非病区昭通巧家、鲁甸县等地,调查了当地500余户改灶降氟炉的使用状况、生活习惯及粮食干燥和保存方式、儿童氟斑牙患病率等,系统采集和分析测定了改灶降氟炉使用区和非使用区烘烤前后粮食的氟和砷等含量。结果发现:无论重病区或非病区,未烘烤粮食的新鲜玉米的氟含量均低于4μg/g,一般为1～2μg/g,砷含量低于0.1μg/g,一般在0.01～0.05μg/g之间;而敞炉快速烘烤(10～15天)的玉米氟含量比烘烤前增加4～200倍,一般在10倍以上,含量在10～20μg/g之间;辣椒氟含量比烘烤前增加了30～100倍,最高达1274.39μg/g;烘烤辣椒的含氟量一般高于玉米的氟含量,均高于20μg/g;砷的含量也10～40倍地增加,增加幅度与氟相当。被调查的500余户烘烤粮食的居民中,无论改灶降氟炉使用户或非使用户,只要是需要烘烤粮食的用户,没有一户是单独使用改灶降氟炉烘烤粮食,全部用2～3个以上的敞炉烘烤粮食,其烘烤后的粮食的氟和砷污染程度相当。结论:滇黔"燃煤污染型"氟中毒区重症区大多数新鲜玉米和辣椒的氟和砷的含量低于或稍高于国家标准;无论烘烤粮食的煤及拌煤黏土中氟和砷含量的高低,烘烤后的玉米和辣椒的氟含量全部超标,砷含量增加十倍以上,敞炉快速烘烤粮食是滇黔氟中毒重症区的粮食氟和砷污染的主要路径和主要成因。改灶降氟炉的推广,不能降低滇黔"燃煤污染型"氟中毒区粮食的氟污染、根治燃煤污染型氟中毒症发生的主要原因,是当地潮湿多雨,气候阴冷,而改灶降氟炉的火力太小,无法在短期内快速烘烤干粮食,所以,无论改灶降氟炉使用区或非使用区,全部用敞炉烘烤粮食。因而在阴冷潮湿的滇黔山区,仅仅推广火力较小的改灶降氟炉,无法隔断烘烤粮食时的氟污染源,对防治滇黔"燃煤污染型"氟中毒是远远不够的。     

阿坝州饮水中硒和氟元素与大骨节病关系研究

通过测定阿坝州四个大骨节病县饮用水中微量元素硒、氟的含量情况,探讨大骨节病与饮用水硒与氟元素的相关关系,为防治大骨节病提供科学依据。采集阿坝州病区与非病区水样,测定其中硒、氟元素含量,并运用SPSS17.0软件对测定结果进行分析统计。研究表明:阿坝州饮用水中硒、氟元素平均含量为0.47 ug/L～2.32ug/L,0.08 mg/L～0.38 mg/L,病区饮用水中硒、氟与非病区有明显差异(t分别是2.12,3.26,p<0.01),病区硒、氟元素与大骨节患病率之间有明显负相关关系。阿坝州大骨节饮用水中硒元素和氟均与大骨节病有密切关系,建议除进行必需的补硒措施防治大骨病以外,还应该辅助性的增加水氟含量已保证人体需要。     

安溪县光德村地氟病区生态地球化学特征

在安溪县光德村地氟病区进行生态地球化学调查发现,岩石、土壤、饮用水、水稻、蔬菜中F含量较高,而Cu、Mo、Ca等人体必需的元素严重缺乏;饮用水中F严重超标, F-高达4.18 mg/L,达地下水Ⅲ类标准的4倍之多,且水质pH低于饮用水标准的下限6.5,属酸性水质,不适合饮用,该地区特殊的生态地球化学环境是导致地氟病的主要原因。     

微山湖流域高氟地下水的成因分析

依据2006—2016年间采集的区内475件地下水无机分析数据以及钻探岩心易溶盐测试数据,详细研究了微山湖流域高氟地下水的分布特征和富集机制。结果表明:微山湖流域高氟地下水的分布有明显的东西分区特征,湖西冲积、湖积平原区有大范围的高氟地下水,在深度0—40 m的浅层孔隙地下水中,氟含量以1~2 mg/L为主,仅现代黄河影响带地下水氟含量小于1 mg/L,金乡、单县、嘉祥局部超过3 mg/L,最大值9.5 mg/L;在深度150—400 m的深层孔隙地下水中,氟含量以1~1.5 mg/L为主,菏泽—单县条带氟含量超过2 mg/L,最大值3.5 mg/L。微山湖东冲积、洪积平原浅层孔隙地下水、深层岩溶地下水氟含量均小于1 mg/L。湖西冲积、湖积平原沉积物中可溶性氟含量随深度增加而降低。微山湖流域湖西高氟地下水形成受物质来源、淋滤和蒸发浓缩等三方面因素共同控制,CaF_2的溶解平衡是控制地下水F–含量的重要因素。     

松嫩平原氟中毒区地下水氟分布规律和成因研究

自中新生代以来,在松嫩平原巨大的断陷盆地内沉积了巨厚的古近-新近系和第四系沉积物,形成了由潜水和承压水组成的大型蓄水构造。该区潜水和第四系承压水氟含量较高,在194个样品中,氟的均值为3.45mg/L,范围值为0.25～14mg/L。饮用高氟地下水导致氟中毒大规范流行。研究表明高氟地下水主要分布在山前补给区-蒸发排泄区的过渡带和盆地中部地下水强烈蒸发带,地下水化学类型为HCO3-Na·Mg和HCO3-Cl·Na型,总溶解性固体含量为689.84～2005.6mg/L。高氟水的形成与气候、水文、地质构造、岩石与土壤、水文地质和水化学条件等自然因素有关,同时受不合理开采地下水等人为因素的影响。开展氟病区地下水环境特征和高氟水成因研究对于有效实施安全供水有重要意义。     

桂林市菜地土壤-蔬菜系统汞污染研究

对桂林市九片菜地土壤和蔬菜进行了系统取样,共取土样186个,菜样118个。菜样取样对象以桂林种植广泛,其生长和供应期均较长的老菜（薹菜）为主,兼采枸杞、大白菜、小白菜、芹菜、包菜、黄瓜、苦瓜和四季豆等。蔬菜与土壤对应取样。采用流动注射．冷原子吸收光谱法,研究土壤的不同粒级和植株的不同部分（根、茎、叶和果）中汞（Hg）的含量,并运用连续浸提方法对土壤中不同形态Hg含量进行分析。结果表明,桂林市菜地土壤、蔬菜中均存在一定的Hg污染,土壤Hg含量平均值为0．099～0．546nag／kg,为我国11种土壤Hg平均含量（0．071mg／kg）的1．39～7．68倍,根据GB15618-1995,多数片区土壤属于二级质量水平。蔬菜Hg含量平均值为0．046～0．132mg／kg,局部片区蔬菜已存在一定的Hg污染。土壤Hg和蔬菜Hg污染呈对称分布,总体上由市区→远离市区,Hg含量由高→低。不同蔬菜对Hg的富集特征不同,多年生蔬菜〉季节性蔬菜,叶菜类〉瓜果类。同一菜种的不同部位对Hg的富集能力也不相同,叶菜类植物Hg含量分布为：叶〉根〉茎;而瓜果类植物Hg含量分布为：根〉茎叶〉果。土壤№形态分析结果显示,残渣态〉腐殖酸络合态〉难氧化降解有机质结合态〉易氧化降解有机质结合态〉碳酸盐铁锰氧化物结合态〉水溶态〉交换态。土壤中直接被植物吸收利用的Hg量并不很高。但根Hg与腐殖酸结合态Hg相关性强,后者约占土壤Hg形态总量的五分之一,在适宜的条件下可释放出Hg为植物所吸收。土壤Hg的来源首先归因于下石炭统岩关组碳质页岩形成的本区土壤Hg的高背景,其次是城市化过程带来的Hg污染。土壤Hg是蔬菜Hg的重要来源,然而,大气Hg污染亦是蔬菜Hg污染的另一种重要来源。大气Hg污染的相对增加显然与燃煤、燃气和燃油Hg燃烧释放有关?     

Influence of high-fluorine environmental background on crops and human health in hot spring-type fluorosis-diseased areas

Drinking water-type fluorosis is the most harmful endemic disease in China with the largest number of sufferers. Although the implementation of the policy to alter water sources to lower fluoride level has effectively controlled the spread of this kind of endemic disease, its prevalence could not thoroughly be stopped because the high-fluoride environmental background in these endemically diseased areas could still do harm to human health through food chain. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a more deep-going study on the drinking water-type fluorosis. To investigate the effect of high fluorine environmental background on crops and human health in the hot spring-type fluorosis-diseased areas, local water, paddy soil, rice, whole vegetables and soils around their roots were sampled for analysis. The results were compared with those of the control groups in fluorosis-free areas which are similar to the fluorosis-diseased areas both in natural background and in social background. It is indicated that rice and vegetables can accumulate water-soluble fluorine either in soils or in irrigating water, and different crops have different abilities of fixing fluorine. The contents of fluorine in different parts of vegetables in the fluorosis-diseased and fluorosis-free areas were statistically categorized. The results showed that the fluorine contents of roots, tubers, leaves and flowers of vegetables in the fluorosis-diseased areas are 3.56, 1.17, 3.07 and 3.23 mg/kg, respectively. However, comparisons showed that in the fluorosis-free areas, the fluorine contents are 2.17, 0.70, 1.91 and 2.52 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, different parts of a crop also show significantly different fluorine fixation abilities. It is demonstrated that the fluorine contents of the strongly metabolic parts are relatively high. For example, the fluofine contents of roots, leaves and flowers of vegetables are much higher than those of stems. The fluorine fixation ability of seeds is very weak. In order to reduce the risk of human body＇s     

Environmental geochemistry and health of fluorine in Chinese coals

Fluorine is one of the potential hazardous trace elements in coal. Fluorine may be released into atmosphere mostly during coal combustion process. When the coal is burning indoors without any controlling methods (chimney), the fluorine will pollute the room and is absorbed by food fired (dried) over stoves. Now many people have suffered from fluorosis due to coal burning indoors in Southwest China. In this paper, the concentration, distribution, mode of occurrences and impact factors of fluorine in Chinese coals are analyzed. The environmental impacts and typical features of fluorosis are studied. It is concluded that the value of fluorine in Chinese coals ranges from 20 to 300 mg/kg, and with average value of 122 mg/kg from 5,603 coal samples. It is higher than the average value of the world coals (80 mg/kg). In provincial coalfields of the SW China, the content of F is highest and many people have been affected due to coal combustion indoors.     

南四湖流域水文地球化学环境分析

南四湖流域许多地段浅层地下水中氟含量明显超出国家标准,最高含量达16．4mg／L,地方性氟中毒病分布范围广．为流域内主要的环境地质问题。从自然地理环境、地质环境、水文地质条件、水文地球化学环境等方面对地氟病成因进行了分析研究,认为湖东泰沂隆起区出露的岩浆岩和各类变质岩提供了丰富的氟源．岩石中的氟矿物通过表面扩散的反应动力学机制向地下水中传递,氟元素则通过对氟矿物的溶解和溶滤进入地下水中。南黄河冲洪积、湖积作用形成的粘土、亚粘土和粉细砂为主的含水层,氟的含量较高,其氟矿物以云母为主,粘性土巾有大量吸附性氟。地下水的垂向与侧向补给条件差,交替滞缓,氟存水中的集聚作用以蒸发浓缩为主,有利于氟元素富集。     

The levels of fluorine in the sediments of the aquifer and their significance for fluorosis in coastal region of Laizhou Bay,China

The levels of fluorine in sediment cores obtained from Changyi County (PZ core) and Laizhou County (TS core) are used to discuss the fluorine sources in groundwater and its enrichment dynamics. The sediments in the aquifer are mainly constituted of granite gravels. The levels of fluorine in the PZ and TS cores range from 130 to 468 mg/kg, 139–528 mg/kg, with average values of 324, 348 mg/kg, respectively, which show relatively lower levels than the national average of fluorine in the soil or sediment. Thus, the fluorosis in this area should not be attributed to the levels of fluorine in sediments. The average fluorine concentrations in the aquifer from top to bottom are 154, 139, 200, 222 mg/kg for the TS core, and 154, 130, 266, 272 mg/kg for the PZ core, respectively, which are the lowest of the cores and extremely lower levels than the fresh granites. Such a fact indicates that a vast amount of fluorine has been leached into the groundwater. Moreover, the fluorine leachability is estimated to be approximately 70 %, although the previous documents showed fluorine contents of the granite surrounding Laizhou Bay were almost equal to or even lower than the average levels of fluorine in fresh granites. Meanwhile, a simulation experiment also reveals that fluorine release from rocks increases with the addition of seawater and brine water. Therefore, the seawater intrusion may potentially enhance the fluorine leachability, and should be an important dynamic of fluorine enrichment.     

地下水中氟含量与温度、pH值、(Na++K+)/Ca2+的关系——以河南省永城矿区为例

氟是人体必须的元素之一,人体氟的主要摄入来源是饮用水.永城矿区是饮用水型地氟病发病区.地下水中氟的含量与水温、pH值以及地下水的水化学成分有关.从定性和定量方面讨论了矿区地下水中氟从固相转入液相的过程,详细讨论了水温、pH值以及地下水的水化学成分对该过程的影响.     

陕西潼关金矿区农田土壤Hg污染的环境效应

以潼关金矿区农田土壤Hg污染区的小麦、蔬菜、水果中的Hg含量为重点研究对象,与尚未污染的农田土壤区进行对比,研究土壤Hg污染的农作物效应.评价区小麦样本Hg的超标率为78.57%,小麦Hg超标与土壤Hg污染的关系明显.评价区萝卜样本超标率为40%,叶菜、西红柿、苹果、红薯中样本超标率均为100%,对照区果蔬类也全部超标,但明显低于评价区.评价区农作物Hg超标倍数从大到小依次为:青菜＞油麦菜＞萝卜叶＞西红柿＞苹果＞红薯＞小麦＞萝卜.土壤Hg污染的环境效应极为严重,矿区环境污染防治刻不容缓.     

Geological sources of boron and fluoride anomalies in Silurian–Ordovician aquifer system,Estonia

The objective of this study was to examine the possible natural sources of fluorides and boron in Silurian–Ordovician (S–O) aquifer system, as the anomaly of these elements has been distinguished in groundwater of western Estonia. Water–rock interactions, such as dissolution and leaching of the host rock, are considered to be the main source of high fluoride and boron concentrations in groundwater. Altogether 91 rock samples were analysed to determine if high F⁻ and B levels in groundwater could be attributed to certain aquifer forming rock types. Fluorine and boron contents in limestones and dolomites vary from 100 to 500 mg/kg and 5 to 20 mg/kg, reaching up to 1,000 and 150 mg/kg in marlstones, respectively. K-bentonites, altered volcanic ash beds, are rich in fluorine (400–4,500 mg/kg) and boron (50–1,000 mg/kg). Thus, clay-rich sediments, providing ion-exchange and adsorption sites for F⁻ and B, are the probable sources of both elements in S–O aquifer system in western Estonia.     

贵州西部氟中毒地区氟来源地质背景研究

贵州省西部广泛分布上二叠统煤系地层,燃煤型氟中毒严重影响当地居民的身体健康。引起氟中毒的氟是多来源的,影响氟中毒的因素是多方面的。高氟含量的岩石粘土岩、煤、页岩等是氟的初始来源体;高氟含量土壤是氟第二个层次的来源;高氟含量土壤中种植的农作物是第三个层次的来源;燃煤烟尘直接排放室内空气中和用燃煤烘烤食物等,使空气、食物和水中氟含量增高,是一重要的人为氟来源。人通过呼吸高氟含量的空气和食(饮)用高氟含量的食物(水)将氟沉淀在体内,造成氟中毒。