灾难后的心灵拯救

地震频发,海啸来袭……随着环境与气候的日益恶化,大自然已经给人类的生存环境亮起了“红灯”,灾难不断降临,心理问题也日益突出,每一场天灾人祸,都是一场“心灵灾难”。心理救助已成为灾害救援中非常重要的组成部分。     

基于ArcGIS的历史数据管理

当前,信息系统在越来越多的单位和企业中得到了广泛的应用。如何能够方便快速地实现系统中历史数据的管理、更新和查询,是信息系统分析设计的主要问题。作者结合自己的工作经验,讨论了ArcGIS在历史数据的归档以及管理方面所提供的技术支持。     

控制论应用于地震预报研究的广阔前景

当代科学技术的发展主要有两种趋势,一是纵向深入,学科分离越来越专门化;另一是横向跨越,学科串通越来越普遍化。控制论(Cybernetics)属于后者,是一门横向新学科。它是本世纪四十年代末期,在自动调节,通讯技术、电子计算机、近代数学和神经生理学等多学科相互渗透基础上形成的。“控制论”的奠基人N·维纳(Norbert Wiener)把它定义为:在机构、有机体和社会中控制、通讯和调整的科学。“控制论”认为世界由能量、物质和信息三种成份构成,把系统作为研究对象,认为一切系统都是信息系统且都是反馈系统,强调系统内部以及包围它们的介质之间的相互作用和整体联系,强调在运动和发展中考察系统,并建立     

底层框架砖房的震害预测方法

随着城市建设的发展和人口密度的增大，地震对人类的危害变得越来越大，做好建筑物震害预测工作具有非常重要的现实意义，根据“合肥市防震减灾信息系统”中合肥市中市区底层框架砖房的抗震调查资料，用结构易损性分析方法对该类房屋的未来震害进行了预测分析。     

HAZ-China地震灾害损失评估系统设计及初步实现

过去三十多年里,我国在震害预测、地震应急救援、地震现场工作和灾后恢复重建等领域取得了丰硕的研究成果,完成了三十余个城市和大型企业的震害预测工作并建立了相应的信息管理与辅助决策系统,构建了较为完善的地震现场工作标准体系,基本建成了覆盖中国大陆的全国一体化的地震应急指挥技术系统网络,在应对汶川和玉树两次重特大地震的应急救援行动中发挥了积极作用,为国务院和各级政府防震减灾规划和地震应急指挥决策提供了重要依据和有力的技术支撑。然而,目前的国内研究仍存在以下问题:各类震害防御和应急指挥系统琳琅满目,系统重复建设造成资源浪费和闲置,维护更新困难;系统软/硬件建设投资费用大,部分用户无力承担;部分信息系统的结果展示和辅助决策效果不佳,许多已建成系统被束之高阁没有发挥应有的作用;大多数信息系统都是基于/模式开发,服务范围小;多局限于某城市的具体     

熟悉而又“神秘”的外来物种

正外来物种入侵问题涉及重要的生物安全领域,得到越来越多国家和生态保护组织的重视,一直在提醒人们要高度重视外来物种入侵对区域野生动物和生态环境带来的严重威胁。因此,外来物种在人们心目中蒙上了一层负面的印象。似乎一提起外来物种,许多人就谈之色变,联想到的恐怕都是些非洲大蜗牛、红耳龟、福寿螺和水葫芦之类的危险生物,以为所有的外来物种都会带来灾难。     

不恰当的植被恢复导致水资源减少

日益绿化的地球无疑有利于减缓大气中CO₂浓度的上升,但其对水资源的影响却具有较大的不确定性,因而受到广泛关注.中国作为世界上人工植被恢复最大、最成功的国家,自然是人们关注的焦点.文章在前期研究的基础上,分析了气候和流域特征对水资源影响的机理,解释了各种与水文有关的结果和现象,建议了降低水资源消耗的人工植被恢复途径;同时,从水资源可持续性的角度提出了流域尺度人工植被恢复的指导性原则,强调在探讨“林水”机制时,需要更多的“自上而下”的方法.     

工业企业震害预测信息系统建设

大型工业企业的地震灾害具有经济损失高、破坏性强、次生灾害突出、受影响范围广等特点。依据大型工业企业的生产特点，结合工业企业防震减灾的需求，分析了工业企业的震害预测信息系统结构和特征，详细阐述了使用地理信息系统应用软件ArcView为开发平台，建立工业企业GIS震害预测信息系统的基本方法和步骤，并阐明了系统的主要功能和特点。     

国家防震减灾中心地震速报应急触发系统的设计与实现

介绍了中国地震局“九五”重点项目“地震应急快速响应信息系统”中的地震速报应急触发系统的软件设计思路、实现方法和工作流程。实现此功能是系统集成中的一项工作，通过此项功能可以将地震台网中心和地震应急指挥中心的处理系统连接起来，共同完成地震应急触发快速自动处理的任务。     

一个指挥系统的信息网络地震安全计划与实施

根据收集的美国FEMA等机构有关地震中信息网络运行的经验教训资料,综述了自然灾害和人为事件对信息网络系统冲击的对策研究。介绍了对一个灾难中指挥系统地震信息安全计划的自我风险评估。通过制定地震信息安全收集和传播计划,有效降低信息网络管理的风险。详细介绍了指挥系统信息网络的地震信息安全计划、突发事件响应计划和灾难恢复计划的编制程序。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.