关于多波束声速剖面改正问题的探讨

简要介绍了声线跟踪计算中比较精确的常梯度声线跟踪算法,针对实际声速剖面测量中可能出现的随机误差和整体偏差两种情况,分别设计了相对应的模拟声速剖面,然后采用常梯度声线跟踪算法计算波束脚印,分析声速剖面误差对波束脚印计算的影响,给出了实际多波束测量作业中声速剖面测定密度和间隔的建议。     

多波束测量声速剖面采样间隔优化选取

针对多波束测量声速剖面采样间隔合理选取问题,首先介绍了常声速分层声线跟踪法与常梯度分层声线跟踪法基本原理及实现方式,其次基于两种声线跟踪方法分析了声速剖面采样间隔对多波束测深的影响规律,并利用三次样条插值法对声速剖面进行了层化处理以获取不同采样间隔声剖数据,最后结合限差要求,对采样间隔进行了优化选取,实验结果表明,常声速分层声线跟踪法较常梯度分层声线跟踪法对声剖采样间隔更为敏感,在给定限差范围内合理确定采样间隔,既能保证测量的精度又能提高算法运行效率,分析结果对多波束测深数据采集质量的实时监控和实时声线跟踪具有一定指导作用。     

一种等效声速梯度的迭代计算方法

等效声速剖面法将实际复杂的声速剖面用一个简单的声速剖面等效替代,在声线跟踪时可以提高计算效率。但在多波束测深系统归位计算中,由于地形的起伏,对每ping各个波束使用单一的等效声速剖面会影响计算精度。通过仿真实验分析了地形起伏对等效声速剖面法计算精度的影响,提出了一种等效声速迭代算法,通过实验发现,相比于常梯度声线跟踪算法,迭代算法可达到同等精度水平,并有更高的计算效率。     

一种多波束测深声线跟踪自适应分层方法

为解决声线跟踪精度与计算量之间的矛盾,在常梯度分层声线跟踪法的基础上,提出了一种适用于多波束测深的声线跟踪自适应分层方法,即利用Douglas-Peucker算法对原始声速剖面数据进行筛选分层。给出了不同阈值的分层结果,并对等间隔分层与自适应分层的声线跟踪结果进行了比较。实验结果表明,自适应分层法能够顾及到声速结构变化规律,有效提取声速变化节点,克服了人工选点的不足;在相同计算量情况下,自适应分层法声线跟踪精度要优于传统的等间隔分层法。本方法能够有效解决声线跟踪精度与计算量之间的矛盾,具有良好的工程应用价值。     

声速剖面EOF表示对多波束水深数据的影响研究

基于实测数据,将测区内声速剖面进行EOF表示,进而采用常梯度分层声线跟踪法对EOF表示的声速剖面和实测声速剖面进行比对,统计有效波束比。比对结果表明:采用EOF表示的声速剖面进行的水深数据改正能够满足多波束水深测量的精度指标要求,论证了采用EOF方法表示多波束勘测水深声速剖面场的有效性。     

一种适用于深海长基线定位的自适应分层声线跟踪法

在深海定位中,声线传播距离长,声速剖面层数多,采用分层等梯度怕线跟踪法运算量大,会明显降低定位的计算效率。针对这一问题,提出了一种自适应分层声线跟踪法,根据声速梯度的变化情况对声速剖面数据进行自适应分层,保留主要声速层以减少运行时间。实验表明,该方法在保证定位精度的前提下显著地提高了计算效率。     

内波对多波束测深影响仿真研究

为了研究内波对多波束测深的影响,通过对内波建模,分别对四个区间的声线跟踪情况进行了研究分析。在此基础上,推导了针对曲线型梯度结构的声线跟踪模型,并根据该模型进行了仿真分析。仿真简单模拟了采用常梯度声线跟踪模型对曲线型梯度结构声速剖面进行声速改正的声线跟踪过程。采用仿真数据绘制了声线跟踪前后的声线示意图,并对归算前后的波束脚印位置进行了比较分析。仿真结果说明内波会给多波束的边缘波束带来大量尖峰状的浅点,而这些浅点难以用传统的声速改正模型消除。推导的针对曲线型梯度结构的声线跟踪模型可为内波的进一步研究提供理论依据,最后对未来的研究进行了展望。     

多波束水深测量中声速误差的楔形表示法

针对多波束水深测量时声速剖面对测深精度的控制问题,提出了一种声速误差楔形表示法。基于两个声速剖面,采用常梯度声线跟踪法分别对不同声速剖面下换能器照射区域内水深点位置进行模拟计算,最后通过比对得到波束覆盖范围内各水深点对应的测深误差估计值;将其采用楔形图进行表示,并对超出水深限差的水深区域进行标注,为评价声速剖面对水深精度的控制能力提供参考。     

多波束测深系统声线跟踪方法对比分析

多波束测深系统的声学原理和海水的不均匀性,使得声波在传播过程中发生声线的折射现象,对波束测点位置的计算带来较大误差。针对多波束数据后处理常用的几种声线跟踪方法,通过模型分析,仿真实验,对比分析得出了各个方法的优缺点,估计了各种跟踪方法的模型精度,证明等效声速法与常梯度法应用价值较高。     

海道测量多波束声速改正精确模型研究

在严格推导常梯度声线跟踪法的基础上,提出了基于常梯度声线跟踪法的多波束声速改正精确模型,并初步推证了CARIS软件的声速改正方法。计算结果表明,精确模型计算结果与CARIS 6.1计算结果一致,并通过声线姿态改正算法比较,给出了声线姿态补偿法和直接法的适用角度范围。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.