黄河上游地区降水雨滴谱特征分析

利用黄河上游地区不同降水云系31次降水的激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,对不同云系降水雨滴物理参量特征及滴谱的演变特征进行统计分析。结果表明:在黄河上游地区,层状云系降水和混合云系降水雨滴粒子呈单峰型分布,对流云系降水雨滴粒子呈双峰型分布。层状云系降水雨滴粒径峰值出现在0.4 mm,粒径范围较窄,雨滴数密度最大;对流云系降水雨滴粒径峰值出现在0.8 mm,粒径分布范围较宽,雨滴数密度最小;混合云系降水雨滴粒径峰值和粒径分布范围介于两者之间。雨滴各微物理参量(平均直径、均方根直径、平均体积直径、中值直径和体积中值直径)由大到小排序依次为对流云降水、混合云降水和层状云降水。降雨强度和雨滴数密度变化趋势一致,对流云和混合云降水强度和雨滴粒子数浓度有较好的相关性。通过雨滴谱特征的研究,有利于认识该地区降水微物理特性及成雨机制,为实施科学人工增雨提供一定的科学依据。     

陕北地区夏季降水性层状云系的宏观特征分

应用１９８０、１９８９和１９９１年飞机实测资料，综合研究了陕北地区降水性层状云系的宏观物理特征：水平尺度大，持续时间长，垂直厚度大．展状云系的降水过程以冷雨为主，其结构为混合性和阵性．层状云降水率与云顶高度呈正相关．     

陕西夏季不同区域层状云系水分转换研究

根据1980-1982年夏季（5—8月）陕西不同区域降水性层状云系15架次飞行探测资料．用层状云水分循环系数计算方案，对陕北、关中和陕南地区降水性层状云系的水分转换系数作了计算。讨论了3个区域降水性层状云系云水——雨水转化问题。初步得出，陕北、关中和陕南3个区域降水性层状云系平均水分转换系数分别为0．818、1．241和1．369。表明3个地区自然降水的发动和水分转换状况有着明显差异。自北向南呈递增趋势。     

河南春季一次层状云降水云物理结构分析

河南2000年4月14日的降水由冷锋和西南涡产生，降水云系分布不均匀，云图上云区间有带状云隙，雷达回波图上出现两条带状回波，云带内部分布也不均匀，垂直方向上降水云系有分层现象。分析了降水云系的微物理特征，根据可播度的PMS指标确定了航线上过冷水丰富的区域，结合卫星、雷达资料讨论了过冷水丰富区域的分布特征，还讨论了降水云系内部存在的对流不稳定。     

乌鲁木齐地区夏半年云系及其降水预报研究

应用静止气象卫星GMS－5的红外云图及其数字化资料对1998－2001年4－9月、2002年4月乌鲁木齐地区99场小量、8场中量、25场大量、11场暴量降水过程进行了分析，总结出造成乌鲁木齐地区降水的主要云系特征与路径分型，云系与天气系统配置关系、相应降水情况的概念模式以及在实际业务中应用静止气象卫星云图及其数字化资料制作降水预报应注意的问题。     

北疆地区干旱特征分析

采用1961～1994年北疆地区逐月降水距平资料，对北疆地区干旱指数进行了计算。统计分析了北疆干旱的特点，并对干旱指数进行EOF分解，得出了北疆地区干旱分布的四种基本类型。     

浅谈河套地区主要降水云系统的分类和预报

1河套地区的主要降水云系分类按其动力特征和外形特征可分为以下4种云系。1·1冷锋型降水云系外形特征为长条带状,伸展方向有经向的和纬向的。主要出现在30°N以北地区,以40°N附近地区活动最为频繁。1·2气旋型降水云系外形特征为圆的或带有旋臂的螺旋形云系,一般旋转较快,个体较大,有的有气旋眼,有的不明显或无气旋眼,生命周期一般都比较长。有气旋和反气旋两种,有时会成对出现,还有时多个同时出现。这种云系主要出现在40°N以北地区,直径在100km以上。个别由单体积雨云组成的气旋半径要小一些,而且可以出现在35°N附近。1·3冷涡型降水…     

环青海湖地区降水云系及影响系统的初步分析

本文分析了造成环青海湖地区降水的高空天气系统、地面形势、天气系统维持时间以及≥5.0mm以上各量级降水所属云系出现频率等。通过分析认为:(1)、影响环青海湖地区的天气系统主要是巴尔咯什湖横槽型(概率为40%)、西风气流多波动型(概率为32%);(2)、造成环湖地区区域性大到暴雨的降水过程天气形势下主要是稳定的经向型环流和稳定的纬向型环流;(3)、在西风槽型和切变线型高空形形势下,环湖地区出现中到大雨的云系以Cbcap;Cbcap Asop;Cbcap Scop为主;(4)、各主要降水云系维持时间中,产生≥5.0mm降水的Cbcap、Asop云系维持时间最长,产生≥25.0mm降水的Cbcap云系维持时间最短。     

环青海湖地区5～9月降水与云层关系的分析研究

本文统计分析了1995—2004年（5～9月）对环青海湖（以下简称“环湖”）地区的天峻、剐察、海晏、共和4站降水≥5．0mm、≥10．0mm、≥25．0mm出现的次数、时间、性质、强度及降水云层的特征、出现概率，地理分布和总、低云量与降水的关系。分析结果表明：环湖地区的降水次数由北向南呈递减趋势，共和为低值区；降水出现概率夜间大于白天；降水性质以阵性降水为主，强度刚察最大；主要降水云系是以积云为主的混合云系；降水日数与总云量日数成正比，总云量≥8成、低云量≥4成时，降水出现的概率刚察最大，天峻最小。     

北疆降雹云团卫星云图特征的分类研究

北疆降雹云团按其卫星云图特征分为对流性和系统性两大类，又将对流性降雹云团按尺度大小分为雷暴云和对流云，系统性降雹云团按所处位置分为冷云核、云系云区和云系边缘。据此方法对1998-2001年4-9月期间北疆出现310个降雹云团进行归类分析。北疆降雹云团以对流性云团为主，它们尺度小、形状不规则、云顶亮温较高。主要出现在北疆西部和北疆沿天山中段。各类降雹云团在各地区的出现机率不同。     

云和辐射 （I）:云气候学和云的辐射作用

本文介绍与气候变化研究有密切关系的云的辐射作用的有关工作。这一部分从云微物理特性和云粒子光学性质入手，介绍了水云、冰云的太阳和红外辐射特性的理论和实测工作以及云的不均匀性对云辐射特性的影响。此外，还介绍了云气候学及云对辐射收支影响方面的工作。     

对流云增雨作业效果回波对比分析

人工催化对流云的效果检验是一个非常复杂的科学难题，它受当前科研水平、仪器装备水平、研究对象复杂性等多方面的制约。该文通过运用加密雷达资料对一次对流云催化作业个例的效果进行分析，采用目标云和对比云比较分析的方法，探讨了根据雷达回波各种参数的变化来判断催化作业效果的途径。结果表明，目标云在降水、生命期特征、回波垂直特征参数变化等方面都表现出与对比云明显的差异，从而推断本次作业达到了增加降雨的效果。     

一次对流云团过程结构特征的观测和模拟研究

为了解2015年8月22日发生在北京东部的一次对流云团的生消演变过程及微物理特征,使用耦合了CAMS云微物理方案的WRF中尺度云分辨模式对此次过程进行数值模拟。由于研究的对流云团尺度较小,对时空分辨率要求较高,把LAPS(Local Analysis and Prediction System)局地分析和预报系统同化多源观测资料后输出的高分辨率的中尺度分析场作为模式的初始场。将模拟结果与FY-2F卫星、北京SA波段多普勒天气雷达、地面雨量站等观测资料进行对比分析。同时,研究了对流云团中的微物理含量分布,深入分析此次过程的降水机制。结果表明:模式能够较好地模拟出对流云团在生成、发展、成熟和消散的四个不同阶段的演变规律,整个对流云系的发展持续4 h左右,对北京有直接影响的对流单体的生命时长在1 h左右;模拟的自然云云带分布和演变规律、小尺度云团的尺度、位置、形状和垂直结构都与观测资料有较好的一致性;模式也能模拟出降水落区和量级及强中心的位置。此次对流云过程主要为冷暖混合云系结构,云中过冷水丰沛,降水机制以冷云降水为主,暖区供水云对降水的发展有促进作用,霰融化为雨滴是主要的成雨过程。     

Evaluating the Impacts of Cloud Microphysical and Overlap Parameters on Simulated Clouds in Global Climate Models

The improvement of the accuracy of simulated cloud-related variables, such as the cloud fraction, in global climate models (GCMs) is still a challenging problem in climate modeling. In this study, the influence of cloud microphysics schemes (one-moment versus two-moment schemes) and cloud overlap methods (observation-based versus a fixed vertical decorrelation length) on the simulated cloud fraction was assessed in the BCC_AGCM2.0_CUACE/Aero. Compared with the fixed decorrelation length method, the observation-based approach produced a significantly improved cloud fraction both globally and for four representative regions. The utilization of a two-moment cloud microphysics scheme, on the other hand, notably improved the simulated cloud fraction compared with the one-moment scheme; specifically, the relative bias in the global mean total cloud fraction decreased by 42.9%–84.8%. Furthermore, the total cloud fraction bias decreased by 6.6% in the boreal winter (DJF) and 1.64% in the boreal summer (JJA). Cloud radiative forcing globally and in the four regions improved by 0.3%?1.2% and 0.2%?2.0%, respectively. Thus, our results showed that the interaction between clouds and climate through microphysical and radiation processes is a key contributor to simulation uncertainty.     

Observational Diagnosis of Cloud Phase in the Winter Antarctic Atmosphere for Parameterizations in Climate Models

The cloud phase composition of cold clouds in the Antarctic atmosphere is explored using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instruments for the period 2000--2006. We used the averaged fraction of liquid-phase clouds out of the total cloud amount at the cloud tops since the value is comparable in the two measurements. MODIS data for the winter months (June, July, and August) reveal liquid cloud fraction out of the total cloud amount significantly decreases with decreasing cloud-top temperature below 0oC. In addition, the CALIOP vertical profiles show that below the ice clouds, low-lying liquid clouds are distributed over ～20% of the area. With increasing latitude, the liquid cloud fraction decreases as a function of the local temperature. The MODIS-observed relation between the cloud-top liquid fraction and cloud-top temperature is then applied to evaluate the cloud phase parameterization in climate models, in which condensed cloud water is repartitioned between liquid water and ice on the basis of the grid point temperature. It is found that models assuming overly high cut-offs (》-40oC) for the separation of ice clouds from mixed-phase clouds may significantly underestimate the liquid cloud fraction in the winter Antarctic atmosphere. Correction of the bias in the liquid cloud fraction would serve to reduce the large uncertainty in cloud radiative effects.     

Calculating the Climatology and Anomalies of Surface Cloud Radiative Effect Using Cloud Property Histograms and Cloud Radiative Kernels

Cloud radiative kernels (CRK) built with radiative transfer models have been widely used to analyze the cloud radiative effect on top of atmosphere (TOA) fluxes, and it is expected that the CRKs would also be useful in the analyses of surface radiative fluxes, which determines the regional surface temperature change and variability. In this study, CRKs at the surface and TOA were built using the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM). Longwave cloud radiative effect (CRE) at the surface is primarily driven by cloud base properties, while TOA CRE is primarily decided by cloud top properties. For this reason, the standard version of surface CRK is a function of latitude, longitude, month, cloud optical thickness (τ) and cloud base pressure (CBP), and the TOA CRK is a function of latitude, longitude, month, τ and cloud top pressure (CTP). Considering that the cloud property histograms provided by climate models are functions of CTP instead of CBP at present, the surface CRKs on CBP-τ histograms were converted to CTP-τ fields using the statistical relationship between CTP, CBP and τ obtained from collocated CloudSat and MODIS observations. For both climate model outputs and satellites observations, the climatology of surface CRE and cloud-induced surface radiative anomalies calculated with the surface CRKs and cloud property histograms are well correlated with those calculated from surface radiative fluxes. The cloud-induced surface radiative anomalies reproduced by surface CRKs and MODIS cloud property histograms are not affected by spurious trends that appear in Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) surface irradiances products.     

基于CloudSat资料的东北地区降水云及非降水云垂直结构特征对比分析

利用2007—2010年CloudSat和CALIPSO卫星资料,首先通过大量个例分析并结合地面逐小时降水量观测资料验证CloudSat卫星识别降水云指标的合理性。在此基础上,统计分析了东北地区(39°~53°N、119°~135°E)的云垂直结构参数,着重分析了降水云系和非降水云系的垂直结构差异和季节差异。结果表明:东北地区云量廓线呈双峰分布特征,有明显的昼夜及季节差异。东北地区以单层云为主,降水也主要产生于这类云系,是东北地区人工增雨作业的主要对象。单层降水云以低云、冷云、冰云或混合云为主,主要云类别是雨层云。双层降水云以高低云或中低云配置为主,且都为冷云;高层以冰云为主,主要类型是卷云和高层云;低层以混合云或冰云为主,主要类型是雨层云、层积云、积云。降水云系与非降水云系存在显著的垂直结构差异,双层云的降水由低层产生。云底高度较低、云体较厚且夹层厚度更薄的云易产生降水。同时,降水云云底温度更高,分布呈现出季节差异。     

宁夏三类降水云的时空分布及环流特征分析

利用宁夏24个测站1971—2000年常规地面观测中云状、总云量、低云量、天气现象、降水量等资料,对宁夏30年中层状云、对流云及混合云降水的时空变化特征进行了分析。同时,利用NCEP/NCAR(1971—2000年)全球再分析资料,对宁夏三类降水云的环流特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明:30年中层状云降水次数明显多于对流云和混合云降水次数,是宁夏降水的主要类型,而混合云降水是宁夏大雨以上降水的主要类型;宁夏南部地区以层状云降水为主,北部地区对流云和混合云降水次数相对较多;三类降水云的月、年际和年代际变化特征及所对应的环流背景和影响系统具有明显的差异。     

Verification and Correction of Cloud Base and Top Height Retrievals from Ka–band Cloud Radar in Boseong,Korea

In this study,cloud base height(CBH) and cloud top height(CTH) observed by the Ka-band(33.44 GHz) cloud radar at the Boseong National Center for Intensive Observation of Severe Weather during fall 2013(September-November) were verified and corrected.For comparative verification,CBH and CTH were obtained using a ceilometer(CL51) and the Communication,Ocean and Meteorological Satellite(COMS).During rainfall,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar were lower than observed by the ceilometer and COMS because of signal attenuation due to raindrops,and this difference increased with rainfall intensity.During dry periods,however,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar,ceilometer,and COMS were similar.Thin and low-density clouds were observed more effectively by the cloud radar compared with the ceilometer and COMS.In cases of rainfall or missing cloud radar data,the ceilometer and COMS data were proven effective in correcting or compensating the cloud radar data.These corrected cloud data were used to classify cloud types,which revealed that low clouds occurred most frequently.     

A Statistically-Based Low-Level Cloud Scheme and Its Tentative Application in a General Circulation Model

1. Introduction Clouds are active factors in the climate system, and have significant influences on the global hydrolog- ical and thermal budgets. More and more the climate model developers and researchers have realized the im- portance to appropriately describe the interactions be- tween cloud and radiation in the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). It is well known that cloud is one of the contributing factors to the uncertainties in the simulation of climate by AGCM. Especiall…