Γ型地貌瞬时单位线探讨

在地貌瞬时单位线中作者假定沿任一“路径”的等待时间密度函数成Γ型分布。本文讨论了Γ型地貌瞬时单位线的推导、参数确定和特点。并取蛇家口、三川口流域的突测资料验证,计算洪峰值和涨洪历时与实测值十分接近。     

地貌气候单位线的一个算例

本文基于地貌气候单位线的理论,提出了合理的分析与计算方法。并举一个实例,以资参考。     

辐射沙脊群地貌结构遥感解析

针对辐射沙脊群动力地貌结构问题,在近海地形与动力资料匮乏的条件下,利用卫星遥感影像,采用地貌骨架特征线的方法,研究了辐射沙脊群潮流沙脊的地貌结构要素,包括沙脊线走向、沙洲走向、偏移方式、方向、角度等,揭示了辐射沙脊群特殊的羽翼状地貌结构。该研究从地貌特征线入手,深化了对辐射沙脊群地貌的认识,对进一步探究动力地貌演变提供了依据。     

风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征比较

为进一步认识风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征的异同,在风洞中分别对风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线进行了测量,风速采集时间间隔缩短至0.01s,分析了风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速、瞬时摩阻风速和瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的变化特征。结果表明：相同来流条件下,风沙流中水平风速脉动强度高于净风场,风沙流中瞬时摩阻风速、瞬时空气动力学粗糙度以及它们的脉动幅度均大于净风场;风沙流和净风场中瞬时摩阻风速概率密度分布均可以表示为正态分布,但其正态分布的特征值却存在一定差别;净风场中瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的概率密度分布表现出单调递减分布,而风沙流中瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的概率密度分布呈现出单峰分布。因此,在相同主流风速下风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征有明显差别。     

浅析地貌演化过程的人类活动

地貌形态是内外营力过程瞬时对抗作用的结果.人类历史与地貌演化的过程相比,不过是非常短暂的瞬间,但是,自从人类诞生以来,由于人类活动的干扰,自然的地貌演化过程发生了改变.本文以侵蚀过程为例,通过人类活动对土壤侵蚀影响的定量分析,从一个侧面分析人类活动在地貌演化中的作用。     

基于Srtm-DEM与遥感的长白山基本地貌类型提取方法

基于中国1∶100万数字地貌制图工作,以吉林省长白山区为试验区,对基于Srtm-DEM与遥感提取基本地貌类型方法进行了探讨。研究表明,基于Srtm-DEM派生的各种模型对基本地貌类型自动提取具有很大的实效性:其中坡度3.5°是实现该区平地和山地宏观地貌单元自动提取的最佳断点,高程模型及起伏度模型相结合,可初步实现基本地貌类型的自动提取,其结果可很好的反应区域地貌宏观规律;在此基础上,基于30 m空间分辨率的遥感影像,综合运用区域地质、土地利用、植被、土壤等多地理要素信息及制图综合知识,以及地貌单元的完整性特征,以山脊线、坡折线和山麓线为地貌单元的标志线,基于地貌知识的专家修正,可获得研究区完整的基本类型地貌单元,实现了基于Srtm-DEM与遥感的基本地貌类型的智能化提取;最后,以研究区内1∶50万地貌图为准,对提取结果进行定性、定量评价分析表明,其提取总体精度达76%,面积相差较小;该方法在一定程度上改进了传统手工和野外调查为主的提取方法,实现了地貌信息的数字化、定位化及定量化,为全国1∶100万数字地貌信息提取与集成奠定了基础。     

中国地貌图西宁幅样图制图试验进入室内制图阶段

由中国科学院地理研究所、兰州大学地质地理系、中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所、青海省农牧业区划研究所和青海省科委等单位十八名地貌和地图专业人员组成的“中国地貌图西宁幅样图制图试验工作组”,在完成了1981年年五月—九月野外地貌调查与地貌制图的任务以后,同年10月份开始进入了室内地貌制图研究和样图制印的试验。     

多尺度数字地貌等级分类方法

参考已出版的全国各级各类比例尺的地貌类型图的分类方案及图例表达,探讨了中国1：100 万数字地貌的等级分类方法,采用基于形态、成因、物质和年龄等地貌要素,综合反映地貌特征的等级分类指标和分类体系,初步构建了中国多个国家基本比例尺（即1：400 万、1：100 万、1：50 万、1：25 万、1：5 万）数字地貌等级分类方法,发展了由连续分布的多边形图斑反映形态成因类型,以及由离散的点、线和面图斑共同反映形态结构类型的数字地貌类型数据组织方式,构建了多尺度数字地貌类型的编码方法。该研究可为发展多尺度地貌类型图的编制提供方法基础,也可为当前正在进行的地理国情监测工程的大比例尺地貌类型信息普查提供分类规范和技术支持。     

香港吐露港汀角砂砾质海岸红树林生物地貌过程研究

香港吐露港汀角砂砾质海岸硬底型红树林面积８７７ｈｍ２,由窄条状密集灌丛与小乔木组成,其分布与群落结构受地貌、底质和潮汐浸淹频率的显著控制,其捕沙促淤生物地貌功能对红树林潮滩沉积和地貌过程有显著影响。硬底型红树林生物地貌功能比软底型红树林弱,但同属于海岸生态关键区而应加以妥善保护。     

基于地貌特征的青藏高原边缘泥石流沟分类

青藏高原地形急变带受构造运动、极端降水等因素的影响,呈现泥石流高发、群发的特点。对泥石流沟地貌特征的科学分类有利于探索泥石流发生机制、确定防治对策,对山区防灾减灾和生态修复具有重要意义。本文以青藏高原边缘7个泥石流高发流域为研究对象,开展地貌测量和统计分析。通过非度量多维尺度分析,将泥石流沟分为3种类型：I型是基岩下切区暴雨型泥石流;II型是基岩下切区冰川融水型泥石流;III型是沉积盆地下切区暴雨型泥石流。通过Kruskal-Wallis检验进一步分析3类泥石流沟地貌差异性,从地质、地貌与气候等方面探讨了3类泥石流沟的松散物来源与水沙输移特性。在气候变暖的影响下,II型泥石流的活跃性将增大;随着极端降雨频率的增加,I型和III型泥石流活跃性也将增加。     

Angular Dispersion Due to Random Magnetization

Summary. The angular probability distribution generated by adding a set of randomly oriented vectors to a set of constant parallel vectors has been studied. If one random vector of constant length is added to each constant vector, the resultant angular probability distribution departs widely from the distribution used by Fisher as the basis for palaeo-magnetic analysis. However, if n random vectors of equal length are added to each constant vector and if n > 6, the resulting angular probability distribution is nearly identical to that proposed by Fisher over most of the range of angular dispersions encountered in palaeo-magnetic investigations. Equations are developed from which the mean intensity of random magnetization can be calculated, given the mean total intensity and the angular dispersion. These parameters, in turn, are related to the ratio of random to non-random magnetization for each ferromagnetic mineral grain in a rock specimen.     

基于多智能体的城市人口分布模型

人口是城市发展中最为活跃的因素,快速增长的人口给城市安全、经济和生态环境带来了深远的影响,获取不同尺度的高精度人口空间分布信息对于城市安全管理、提高资源环境的综合管理能力具有非常重要的意义。针对常用的城市人口空间分布模拟方法存在的不足,构建了基于多智能体的城市人口分布模型,模型由影响要素、智能体、决策规则等组成。在两个不同尺度区域进行了模型应用实验,并以重力模型进行了对比分析。实验结果表明,与重力模型相比,此模型所模拟的结果具有更高的精度,且接近于实际的人口空间分布,为城市人口分布模拟提供了新的思路。     

SWAT模型参数敏感性分析及应用

地理信息系统(GIS)支持下的SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool)分布式水文模型以流域离散化空间参数来描述流域水文变化特性,从物理意义上表达流域内的水文过程,但众多不确定的参数影响了模型的应用效果,因此有必要对参数进行敏感性分析。将SWAT模型应用到祁连山黑河上游山区流域,进行了11年(1990-2000年)逐日径流模拟,通过一个简便的敏感性分析方法,将模型影响水文过程的参数分成4类敏感级别,最后确定模型的参数。在11年的逐日模拟中,1990-1995年为参数敏感性分析期和模型率定期,1996-2000年为模型的检验期,模拟结果显示,在黑河山区流域,丰水年逐日出山径流的模型效率系数R2达到0.8以上,平水年和枯水年R2在0.51~0.79之间。     

Constructal view of scaling laws of river basins

River basins are examples of naturally organized flow architectures whose scaling properties have been noticed long ago. Based on data of geometric characteristics, Horton [Horton, R.E., 1932. Drainage basin characteristics. EOS Trans. AGU 13, 350–361.], Hack [Hack, J.T., 1957. Studies of longitudinal profiles in Virginia and Maryland. USGS Professional Papers 294-B, Washington DC, pp. 46–97.], and Melton [Melton, M.A, 1958. Correlation structure of morphometric properties of drainage systems and their controlling agents. J. of Geology 66, 35–56.] proposed scaling laws that are considered to describe rather accurately the actual river basins. What we show here is that these scaling laws can be anticipated based on Constructal Theory, which views the pathways by which drainage networks develop in a basin not as the result of chance but as flow architectures that originate naturally as the result of minimization of the overall resistance to flow (Constructal Law).     

Global crustal thickness from neural network inversion of surface wave data

We present a neural network approach to invert surface wave data for a global model of crustal thickness with corresponding uncertainties. We model the a posteriori probability distribution of Moho depth as a mixture of Gaussians and let the various parameters of the mixture model be given by the outputs of a conventional neural network. We show how such a network can be trained on a set of random samples to give a continuous approximation to the inverse relation in a compact and computationally efficient form. The trained networks are applied to real data consisting of fundamental mode Love and Rayleigh phase and group velocity maps. For each inversion, performed on a 2°× 2° grid globally, we obtain the a posteriori probability distribution of Moho depth. From this distribution any desired statistic such as mean and variance can be computed. The obtained results are compared with current knowledge of crustal structure. Generally our results are in good agreement with other crustal models. However in certain regions such as central Africa and the backarc of the Rocky Mountains we observe a thinner crust than the other models propose. We also see evidence for thickening of oceanic crust with increasing age. In applications, characterized by repeated inversion of similar data, the neural network approach proves to be very efficient. In particular, the speed of the individual inversions and the possibility of modelling the whole a posteriori probability distribution of the model parameters make neural networks a promising tool in seismic tomography.     

SHORT COMMUNICATION THE USE OF TOPOLOGICAL MODELS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

In the present paper,the possible analytical applications of two topological models,the DARC modeland the group contribution model,are discussed.Both models are applied to obtain calibration laws,which relate UV and IR characteristics with the chemical structure of ethylene oxide condensates.The group contribution model is also applied to determine the contribution of each part of thedifferent compounds involved in a chemical interaction process,having established the sensitizationparameters of benzodiazepines and anionic surfactants from the micellar enhancement fluorescence.     

A consistent framework for Horton regression statistics that leads to a modified Hack's law

A statistical framework is introduced that resolves important problems with the interpretation and use of traditional Horton regression statistics. The framework is based on a univariate regression model that leads to an alternative expression for Horton ratio, connects Horton regression statistics to distributional simple scaling, and improves the accuracy in estimating Horton plot parameters. The model is used to examine data for drainage area A and mainstream length L from two groups of basins located in different physiographic settings. Results show that confidence intervals for the Horton plot regression statistics are quite wide. Nonetheless, an analysis of covariance shows that regression intercepts, but not regression slopes, can be used to distinguish between basin groups. The univariate model is generalized to include n > 1 dependent variables. For the case where the dependent variables represent ln A and ln L, the generalized model performs somewhat better at distinguishing between basin groups than two separate univariate models. The generalized model leads to a modification of Hack's law where L depends on both A and Strahler order ω. Data show that ω plays a statistically significant role in the modified Hack's law expression.     

平原河网地区河流结构特征及其对调蓄能力的影响

平原河网地区是河流高度发育并受到城市化深刻影响的区域。本文以上海为例,基于上海及周边城市普遍采用的河流分类和水利片管理系统,分析不同城市化水平地区河流结构的共同特征及其差异性,探讨河流结构对河网调蓄能力的可能影响,提出估算河网调蓄能力的方法。研究表明,平原河网地区河流结构指标反映了该地区河流数量、长度以及低等级河流高度发育的自然地理特征,城市化在达到一定程度后即会干扰河流结构的自身发育规律,并表现为河流发育能力的下降;河流结构在城市化影响下表现出由复杂到简单、由多元到单一的变化趋势;河网调蓄能力受低等级河流数量及结构的影响更大,并随着城市化水平的提高而下降;就整体而言,城市化对河网调蓄能力的影响大于对河流结构的影响;以水面数量和河流结构两项指标作为参数能够更准确地估算河网调蓄能力。     

灌区渠系特征与灌溉水利用系数的Horton分维

灌区渠系和自然河流水系存在着诸多相似之处,因此,对于灌区渠系体系是否存在及在何种程度下满足Horton 河系定律值得研究。以2010 年广东省53 宗样点灌区为研究对象,分类进行了适用性分析,发现只有四级渠系类灌区满足Horton 河系定律。在此基础上计算了各级渠系类灌区的渠系特征参数和分维值,并利用2007-2011 年实测数据,对其与灌溉水有效利用系数之间的作用关系进行了定性和定量分析,结果表明：渠系工程状况参数（0.1084） >下垫面参数（-0.3554） >渠系结构参数（-0.5189） >面积尺度参数（-0.5392） >渠系分维特征参数（-0.5536）。本研究对于定量表征灌区形态和渠系特征对灌溉水有效利用系数的影响提供了新的途径,研究结果对于指导灌区渠系规划建设,提高用水效率具有积极现实意义。