Mitochondrial DNA variation reveals distinct lineages in Penaeus semisulcatus (Decapoda,Penaeidae) from the Indo‐West Pacific Ocean

Penaeus semisulcatus, the green tiger prawn, is an ecologically and economically important penaeid shrimp in the Indo‐West Pacific region, especially in rice‐shrimp farming and capture fisheries in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, respectively. Genetic variation and phylogeography of samples of this species from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka were studied utilizing different mitochondrial DNA markers, i.e. cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), control region (CR) and 16S rRNA genes. No evidence of population structure was observed in Bangladesh, but distinct variations were found among the Sri Lankan samples (Φ_ST = 0.04, p = .002; F_ST = 0.07, p = .001), with the western sample differing from the northwestern and southern samples. The Bangladesh population had lower genetic diversity than two of the three Sri Lanka populations. The phylogeography of P. semisulcatus revealed two distinct mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages, one in the Western Pacific Ocean and second in the Indian Ocean. The Bangladesh samples showed highest levels of similarity with samples from Sri Lanka, India and Malaysia, with the Bangladesh and Sri Lanka populations sharing the most common recent ancestry. Among the Indian Ocean samples, high levels of variation were observed in the samples from Iran, indicating admixture of two distinct mtDNA lineages, one shared by the populations from the Bay of Bengal and the other possibly originating from Eastern Africa. The genetic and phylogeographic information obtained in this study will be useful in appropriate planning for management and conservation of shrimp fisheries in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and in the Indo‐West Pacific region.     

铜藻的分类地位、生物地理分布以及2016年底黄海漂浮铜藻源头的初步分析

通过对我国沿海多次野外实地考察以及文献报道，对铜藻进行了分类地位及生物地理分布特征介绍。结合分子数据，目前由过去单一的狭义铜藻Sargassum horneri和线形马尾藻Sargassum filicinum结合而成广义铜藻。其生物地理分布区系由西北太平洋扩大到东北太平洋的有限区域。根据我国沿海铜藻底栖和漂浮种群的发生季节变化，初步判断我国可能存在2个以上的底栖铜藻种群：春季成熟型、夏季成熟型和/或秋季成熟型。结合铜藻的自然生境、底栖分布区系以及海流等水文资料，本文对2016年底黄海漂浮铜藻种群的源头进行了初步分析，其最可能地域源头为渤海海峡区及其邻近水域，最可能的种群来源为夏季成熟型。     

Phylogeography of the mud crab (Scylla serrata) in the Indo‐West Pacific reappraised from mitochondrial molecular and oceanographic clues: transoceanic dispersal and coastal sequential colonization

The widespread mud crab, Scylla serrata, of the Indo‐West Pacific is an excellent model species to demonstrate how the colonization history of a species can be influenced by complex oceanographic conditions. Through the combination of ecological data (fossil records and paleo‐oceanographic conditions) and molecular data (coalescent simulations, network analysis, and nucleotide diversity tests), the phylogeographic history of S. serrata was re‐analyzed. Based on the analysis of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I sequences, two major clades were identified for S. serrata, including a widespread clade (Clade I) with three disjunct geographic clusters (IA, IB and IC) and an endemic Northwest Australian clade (Clade II). Moreover, a significant phylogeographic structure corresponding to four subpopulations was revealed: Northwest Australia, West Indian Ocean, Red Sea‐South China Sea and West Pacific. A colonization history of a Northwest Australia origin for S. serrata followed by westward transmarine dispersal across the Indian Ocean for Clade I and sequential colonization from the West Indian Ocean to Red Sea‐South China Sea and West Pacific was corroborated. The Pleistocene fluctuations of paleo‐oceanographic conditions including surface circulations and physical topography in the Indo‐West Pacific might be responsible for the wide distribution, colonization history and genetic divergence of this species.     

Arietellus unisetosus-a new species of calanoid copepod from the tropical waters of the central Pacific Ocean

A new species, Arietellus unisetosus n. sp, (Copepods, Calanoida, Arietellidae, Arietellus) sampled from the tropical waters of the central Pacific Ocean is described. It is easily distinguished from the other known congeneric species by the following some characters (female):the caudal rami asymmetrical, the outer margin of left ramus swollen, knob-like; leg 5:both knob-like endopods each with a long apical seta; both lobate exopods without any terminal spine, etc.     

Genetic structure of the reef grouper Epinephelus merra in the West Indian Ocean appears congruent with biogeographic and oceanographic boundaries

The reef fauna connectivity of the West Indian Ocean (WIO) is one of the least studied globally. Here we use genetic analyses of the grouper Epinephelus merra (Bloch 1793) to determine patterns of connectivity and to identify barriers to dispersal in this WIO marine area. Phylogeographic and population‐level analyses were conducted on cytochrome b sequences and microsatellites (13 loci) from 557 individuals sampled in 15 localities distributed across the West Indian Ocean. Additional samples from the Pacific Ocean were used to benchmark the WIO population structure. The high level of divergence revealed between Indian and Pacific localities (of about 4.5% in sequences) might be the signature of the major tectonic and climatic changes operating at the Plio‐Pleistocene transition, congruently with numerous examples of Indo‐Pacific speciation. In comparison, the E. merra sequences from the Indian Ocean constitute a monophyletic clade with a low average genetic distance (d < 0.5%). However both genetic markers indicated some structure within this ocean. The main structure revealed was the isolation of the Maldives from the WIO localities (a different group signature identified by clustering analysis, great values of differentiation). Both marker types reveal further significant structure within the WIO, mainly the isolation of the Mascarene Islands (significant AMOVA and isolation‐by‐distance patterns) and some patchy structure between the northernmost localities and within the Mozambique Channel. The WIO genetic structure of E. merra appeared congruent with main biogeographic boundaries and oceanographic currents.     

Eocene drill holes in cold-seep bivalves of Hokkaido, northern Japan

Four specimens of the thyasirid Conchocele bisecta (Conrad) and one small specimen of the vesicomyid Hubertschenckia ezoensis (Yokoyama), each with a drill hole made by a naticid gastropod, were found at a cold‐seep site in the upper Eocene Poronai Formation of Hokkaido. This is apparently the oldest record not only of drill holes, but also of predation scars, in a cold‐seep fauna. In addition, drilled vesicomyids are known from several Miocene cold‐seep sites in Japan. We suggest that the Eocene and Miocene chemoautotrophic bivalves were drilled only in the shallow‐water settings preferred by most naticids. The lack of drill holes in Oligocene chemoautotrophic bivalves in the northwestern USA suggests that this innovation, which allowed naticids to prey upon highly toxic bivalves, first appeared in the western Pacific during the Eocene.     

Distribution of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the Central Pacific Ocean

The plate culture method using the two formulae for non-nitrogenous media was adopted in this investigation for the purpose of counting and isolating nitrogen-fixing bacteria distributed in the open sea. Sea water samples were collected at eighteen different stations in the region of Lat. 50°N–15°S along Long. 155°W and two other stations in the Pacific Ocean. In order to compare with those samples from the open sea, water samples were also obtained at four stations in Suruga and Sagami Bays. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria appear to be widely but very unevenly distributed at all depths in sea water, in numbers approximately ranging from nil to 10⁴ per 100 ml of sea water, and denser vertical populations have been found in the area of Lat. 40°N and 5°N along Long. 155°W, even at depths from 2,000 to 3,000m. A conparatively denser population of bacteria was found in sea water from Suruga Bay and Sagami Bay. The bacteria associated with plankton were abundantly demonstrated, in numbers ranging from 10⁶ to 10⁸ per 1 ml settling volume of plankton, in many plankton samples collected at four stations in the southern parts of the Pacific Ocean. Almost all the bacteria isolated from the samples of blue green algal colonies,Trichodesmium, sp., were able to grow on nonnitrogeneous media.     

Estimates of non-tidal exchange transport between the Sea of Okhotsk and the North Pacific

The outflow from the Sea of Okhotsk to the North Pacific is important in characterising the surface-to-intermediate-depth water masses in the Pacific Ocean. The two basins are separated by the Kuril Islands with numerous straits, among which the Bussol and the Kruzenshterna Straits are deeper than 1000 m. The physics governing the transport between the two basins is complicated, but when the semidiurnal and diurnal tides are subtracted, the observed density and velocity structures across the Bussol Strait suggest a significant contribution from geostrophic balance. Using a two-layer model with the interface at 27.5σ _θ , part of the upper layer transport that is not driven by tides is estimated using two previously unexplored data sets: outputs from the Ocean General Circulation Model for Earth Simulator (OFES), and historical hydrographic data. The Pacific water flows into the Sea of Okhotsk through the northeastern straits. The greatest inflow is through the Kruzenshtern Strait, but the OFES results show that the contributions from other shallower straits are almost half of the Kruzenshtern inflow. Similarly, the outflow from the Sea of Okhotsk is through the southwestern straits of the Kuril Islands with the largest Bussol Strait contributing 60% of the total outflow. The OFES and hydrographic estimates agree that the exchange is strongest in February to March, with an inflow of about −6 to −12 Sv (negative indicates the flow from the North Pacific, 1 Sv = 10⁶ m³s⁻¹), and an outflow from the Sea of Okhotsk of about +8 to +9 Sv (positive indicates the flow from the Sea of Okhotsk), which is weakest in summer (−3 to +1 Sv through the northeastern straits and +0 to +3 Sv through the southwestern straits). The estimated seasonal variation is consistent with a simple analytic model driven by the difference in sea surface height between the two basins.     

Genetic differentiation of the soft shore barnacle Fistulobalanus albicostatus (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Balanomorpha) in the West Pacific

This study examined the phylogeography of the barnacle Fistulobalanus albicostatus, which inhabits mangroves and estuarine shores in the West Pacific. Differentiation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 12S ribosomal RNA (12S) genes of 401 specimens of F. albicostatus was examined in samples from 16 locations in the West Pacific, ranging from Honshu to Southern China. Our results revealed that F. albicostatus comprises two major clades exhibiting a COI divergence ranging from 1.25% to 2.8%. Clade A demonstrated the widest distribution, ranging from Japan to China, and was divided into three subclades occurring in the South China Sea (A1), Okinawa (A2), and Honshu, Korea and Qingdao (A3). Clade B was determined to be endemic to Okinawa; i.e. two endemic lineages occur in this island. Thus, F. albicostatus resembles several inter‐tidal species in having clades that are endemic to Okinawan waters. Nevertheless, in contrast to the rocky inter‐tidal barnacles Tetraclita spp. and Chthamalus malayensis, F. albicostatus was not found to be separated into continental and oceanic populations, but instead is divided into northern and southern clades, probably because of the Yangtze River discharge, which limits gene flow between the northern and southern populations.     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)的体型月间变化及环境效应

为了掌握茎柔鱼体型生长变化及其与栖息环境因子的效应关系, 2017年2—4月和6—8月,在东太平洋赤道海域逐月随机采集了3 628尾茎柔鱼样本,进行体质量、胴长的月间变化分析和胴长与海表温、叶绿素a浓度的效应关系研究。结果显示,雌性个体胴长分布范围为163—468mm,体质量分布范围为123—3034g;雄性个体胴长分布范围为171—475mm,体质量分布范围为145—2 681 g。不同月份之间,雌性、雄性个体的胴长和体质量均存在显著性差异,雌雄性个体胴长、体质量均以2月份的最大, 6—8月份的较小。然而,每个月份雌性、雄性个体的胴长分布均为单峰值区间分布。体质量-胴长幂函数关系显示,2—4月份雌雄性个体多倾向于匀速生长、体征较差,6—8月份个体则以负异速生长为主、体征较为良好。雌性、雄性个体胴长与采样海域海表温、采样纬度呈显著的正效应关系,采样海域叶绿素a浓度对雌性胴长产生正效应影响。研究表明,东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼体型的月间差异性显著,体型变化与采样海域海表温、采样纬度关系密切,并且雌性体型与海域叶绿素a浓度呈正效应关系。     

印度洋、西北太平洋龟螺属和小龟螺属种类的分类及DNA条形码鉴定

近来的研究表明，一些所谓的环球或环极地分布的广布种实际上包含着一些局限性分布的隐存种，物种多样性可能被低估。本文采用形态学和DNA条形码技术相结合的方式，对印度洋和西北太平洋海域的龟螺属(Cavolinia)和小龟螺属(Diacavolinia)的种类进行了分类学研究和物种鉴定。结果表明，线粒体16S rRNA基因数据不支持小龟螺属形态种的划分，分布于西北太平洋的D. grayi、D. vanutrechti、D. pacifica、D. elegans、D. angulosa等多个形态种可能属同一个种，即长吻小龟螺(D. longirostris)。COI基因数据也不支持钩龟螺(C. uncinata)亚种和变形的划分。许多形态特征不能作为种或种下分类单元的区分依据。钩龟螺、球龟螺(C. globulosa)和长吻小龟螺在COI系统树中均形成2个地理支系，其内部可能存在隐存种。西北太平洋海域长吻小龟螺的核基因组中存在线粒体假基因，对DNA条形码分析产生严重干扰。     

西北太平洋围线海绵科(海绵动物门:六放海绵纲:双盘海绵目)一新种

本文记录了西太平洋深海围线海绵科1新种——扭形白须海绵。该海绵共含2个标本，其中1个采集于雅浦海山932米处，另1个采集于卡罗琳海山775.3米处。该新种含有椭圆形大双盘骨针、3种类型的双盘骨针、棒状骨针和节杖骨针，使其很容易与该属下的现有8种区分开。该种为西北太平洋报道的第4种白须海绵属的种。     

热带西南印度洋上升流区季节和年际变化研究及与印太系统海气相互作用

用59年Ishii再分析温度资料,讨论了热带西南印度洋(SWTIO)上升流区的季节和年际变化以及与上升流区有关的温度距平的变化,同时分析了其与热带印太海气系统的关系,结果显示SWTIO 上升流在南半球冬、夏季比较强,春季最弱。它的范围在5°~1°S,在东西向从50°E可以伸展到90°E。该上升流区的变化与温跃层的温度距平有密切的关系,并存在明显的5 a振荡周期。SWTIO上升流区温度距平的5 a周期振荡是由热带东印度洋温度距平在最大垂直温度距平曲面(MTAL)上向西沿着11.5°~6.5°S传播过来的,它与热带太平洋的温度距平传播方式不同。SWTIO上升流是热带印太海气系统的一个重要组成部分,印度洋偶极子 超前SWTIO上升流区温度变化5个月,最大相关系数达到0.57,NINO3区指数超前SWTIO上升流区指数2个月达到0.49。当热带印太区域的大气风场改变,影响热带太平洋和印度洋表层SSTA,出现ENSO和DIPOLE,进一步向西传播到SWTIO次表层,导致SWTIO上升流区出现改变。     

Picocyanobacterial abundances and diversity in surface water of the northwestern Pacific Ocean

To understand picocyanobacterial distribution patterns in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, their abundances and genetic diversity were studied using flow cytometry and a barcoded amplicon pyrosequencing approach. At open ocean stations affected by the North Equatorial Current, Prochlorococcus was the predominant picocyanobacteria, and a high-light-adapted ecotype (HLII) made up most of the population. In contrast, at stations in shelf areas of the East China Sea (ECS) and South Sea, Synechococcus was the predominant picocyanobacteria and clade II was dominant. At other ECS stations affected by the Kuroshio Current, both Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus made up similar proportions of the picocyanobacterial community. These results indicate that picocyanobacterial diversity differs among oceanic regions, and that physicochemical properties related to dominant water masses, seem to be important in determining picocyanobacterial diversity.     

The numerical criteria and characteristics of El Nino and La Nina

-By using the sea surface temperature (SST) index of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean provided by Climate Analysis Center of U. S. A. , the numerical criteria of El Nino and La Nina events and their quantitative characteristics were calculated. Results show that the El Nino event was characterized with strong intensity, shorter life cycle and significant mature phase; however, the La Nina event has longer live cycle, weak intensity, insignificant mature phase. Through teleconnection analysis, it is found that the intensity index of SST over the Equatorial Pacific Ocean leads the intensity index of subtropical high by six months or so. During the El Nino years, the tropical cyclone over the northwestern Pacific is fewer than normal but stronger, and its genesis area shifts southeastward apparently; while in the La Nina years the number of tropical cyclones are larger.     

热带东印度洋-西太平洋海域OLR季节内振荡空间分布特征

利用卫星观测的ＯＬＲ（Ｏｕｔｇｏｉｎｇ Ｌｏｎｇｗａｖｅ　 Ｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎ）候平均资料（１９７９－１９９３年）分析热带东印度洋－西太平洋海域大气对流季节内振荡的空间分布特征。发现热带东印度洋－西太平洋海域（３５°Ｎ－３５°Ｓ,７５°Ｅ－１８０°Ｅ）大气对流运动的季节内振荡在４个区域中表现较明显：（１）热带东印度洋大气对流季节内振荡信号最强,显著的振荡周期集中在６．５－１２．５候;（２）澳大利亚西北洋面季节内振荡强信号主要周期表现为９．５－１５．５候;（３）澳大利亚东北洋面振荡周期集中在６．５－９．５候和９．５－１５．５候,南半球的大气对流活动季节内振荡显著区沿１０°Ｓ呈纬向带状分布;（４）南海北部、吕宋海峡附近及日本群岛以南的西北太平洋区域。ＩＳＯ振荡周期集中在６．５－１２．５候,南海南部季节内振荡周期集中在６．５－１５．５候。     

北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟

低营养级浮游生物生态动力过程对环境变化的响应非常敏感。随着全球气候变化加剧，北冰洋正在经历快速的环境变化。厘清北冰洋低营养级浮游生物季节分布与变化特征是探究北冰洋生态系统对环境快速变化响应的前提，也是评估北极海区固碳能力的重要依据。基于此，本文构建了海洋–海冰–生物地球化学循环模型，并对北冰洋叶绿素浓度以及浮游生物结构的时空变化特征进行了模拟，结果表明:(1)北冰洋表层叶绿素浓度的峰值主要出现在5月，且太平洋一侧叶绿素浓度高于大西洋一侧；随着海水层化，表层受营养盐限制的海区呈现次表层叶绿素浓度最大值现象，且由陆架向海盆，次表层叶绿素浓度最大值层逐渐加深；9月，叶绿素浓度高值重回水体上层，太平洋一侧海区表层叶绿素浓度呈现较为明显的次峰值。(2)由于太平洋和大西洋入流营养盐浓度及结构的不同，北冰洋表层浮游生物群落结构存在明显空间差异。太平洋一侧，硅藻和中型浮游动物占优，硅藻在5月和9月出现生物量峰值，微型浮游植物在3月、5月和6月维持相对较高生物量；而大西洋一侧，在早春－春末夏初－夏秋经历了微型浮游植物－硅藻－微型浮游植物的演替，总体而言，微型浮游植物和微型浮游动物占优。此外，两侧海区浮游动物浓度峰值相较浮游植物滞后约半月。     

西太平洋巴特柔鱼放射性核素活度浓度测量与辐射剂量评估

为进一步认识日本福岛核事故对海洋生物体内放射性水平及公众辐射剂量的影响,本研究对日本福岛核事故后采集自西北太平洋的巴特柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)器官组织中总α、总β放射性活度进行了测量分析,结果表明:巴特柔鱼各内脏器官中总α和总β的活度浓度明显高于其他软组织,其中以肝脏最为明显;巴特柔鱼各内脏...     

Distribution and size composition of the arctic lamprey Lethenteron camtschaticum in the North Pacific

Results of the long-term study of the spatial and vertical distribution of the parasitic anadromous Arctic lamprey Lethenteron camtschaticum (Tilesius, 1811) (Petromyzontidae) in the North Pacific and data on its size composition are given. This species is most frequent in the northwestern Sea of Japan and the western Bering Sea. The maximum concentrations are noted in waters of southern Primorye, southwestern Sakhalin, the northwestern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, and the northern part of the Bering Sea, which is probably explained by the increased number of its victims, Pacific salmon. Near the bottom, Pacific lampreys are extremely few and are primarily encountered at depths less that 400 m, and in the Pelagic zone, in the 100-m layer. The catches have contained Arctic lampreys having a total length of 15–79 cm. The lampreys of several size groups in the catches may indicate that L. camtschaticum spends not less than four years in the sea. No relationship has been found between the body length and the capture depth. Analyzed are the relationships between the body length and weight and the body length and the condition factor. The seasonal dynamics of these indices are considered.     

Decadal variations of the transport and bifurcation of the Pacific North Equatorial Current

Decadal variations of the transport and bifurcation latitude of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) in the northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean over 1959–2011 are investigated using outputs of the Ocean Analysis/Reanalysis System 3 prepared by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The results indicate that the NEC transports at different longitudes have different decadal fluctuations, which are strongest around 139°E. The NEC bifurcation latitude (NBL) has its largest decadal variations around 150 m. Extremes of the decadal NEC transport and NBL before 1975 correspond to different circulation anomalies from those after 1975. The regression map against decadal NBL exhibits negative sea surface height (SSH) anomalies and a cyclonic gyre anomaly over the northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean, while that against the decadal NEC transport exhibits a dipole structure, with positive/negative SSH anomalies to the north/south of about 13°N. Furthermore, decadal variations of the NEC transport and NBL over the whole period have different correlations with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability (TPDV). Generally, the decadal NEC transport shows higher correlations with PDO than with TPDV, while the NBL has higher correlations with TPDV than with PDO. The high correlation of decadal NEC transport with PDO mainly comes from that of its northern branch with PDO, while its southern branch shows higher correlation with TPDV.