用CHAMP卫星资料反演地球中性大气参数

介绍了利用GPS掩星反演地球中性大气参数的原理.在实际解算中,总结出用迭代法解多普勒观测方程、数值积分法求大气折射指数、用最小二乘法模拟大气折射指数与高度的函数关系.对特定掩星事件的数据进行了反演计算,并对计算结果进行了分析.     

用CHAMP卫星资料反演地球中性大气参数

介绍了利用GPS掩星反演地球中性大气参数的原理.在实际解算中,总结出用迭代法解多普勒观测方程、数值积分法求大气折射指数、用最小二乘法模拟大气折射指数与高度的函数关系.对特定掩星事件的数据进行了反演计算,并对计算结果进行了分析.     

GPS-LEO掩星探测地球大气的方法

近年来伴随导航定位技术与无线电掩星技术的结合，一种崭新的遥感地球大气的方法-Global Positioning System/Meteoroloby(GPS/NET)应运而生，该方法可以有效地探测大气温、压、湿等气象参数。本文在介绍利用GPS-LEO掩星技术探测地球大气的原理，以及反演大气参数的方法、步骤的基础上，给出了模拟掩星数据反演出的温度廓线、密度廓线及部分GPS/NET实验数据的初步反演结果。通过分析可以看出，利用掩星技术反演出的温度廓线与大气实际情况相符，并且与ECMWF、NCEP的结果吻合较好。在干空气假设条件下，近地面大气的反演结果与实际情况还存在一定误差，有待深入研究解决。     

雾灵山山基掩星观测反演误差分析

运用山基GPS掩星探测技术对2005年8月河北雾灵山山基GPS掩星观测试验数据进行了处理,获得了接收机高度以下的大气折射率廓线;分析了掩星反演结果的内部符合情况,并利用同时进行的联合探空观测数据,将探空结果与掩星反演结果进行了比对分析.分析结果表明,山基GPS掩星反演大气折射率的内部符合精度优于1%,与常规探空结果的平均偏差为5.9%.反演结果偏小,标准偏差为5.6%.     

基于GPS掩星技术反演大气参数模型的优化

准确掌握地球大气中的水气分布，了解水气变化趋势对天气现象、全球气候变化、数值预报具有理论研究及实用价值。以无线电掩星技术为基础，利用掩星数据反演大气参数剖面。对原反演模型的不足进行了论证，并给出了反演个例。详细地论述了通过引入MM5先验温度T再通过线性迭代的方法反演对流层下部水汽廓线原理，给出了优化后模型反演个例。并对模型优化后反演廓线中存在的问题进行了分析，提出了下一步优化方向。     

山基GPS掩星反演大气对流层折射率系统组成及其程序实现

山基GPS掩星技术因具有较强的实用功能成为目前反演大气研究的热点。结合雾灵山山基GPS掩星试验数据，研究了山基反演大气折射率的主要组成部分，并详细介绍了几个模块的实现过程，最后用程序解算了一段掩星数据。     

2009年7月22日日全食-电离层响应分析

选取2009年7月22日发生的日全食前后的电离层垂测仪数据来分析日全食期间的电离层响应,并尝试通过掩星电离层反演方法探测本次日全食引起的电离层效应。结果显示,利用垂测仪和COSMIC掩星反演均能够探测到日全食期间受日食影响的电离层的显著变化,但利用COSMIC掩星反演提取的电离层效应所具有的时间分辨率还有待提高。     

激光掩星探测大气UTLS温度和水汽的方法及仿真

以高精度和高垂直分辨率探测大气区间对流层顶—平流层底UTLS（Upper Troposphere/Lower Stratosphere,5—35 km）的温度和水汽廓线是提高大气条件变化监测水平的关键,而利用激光掩星方法同时探测温度和水汽则是对现有探测技术的重要补充。本文研究了激光掩星协同探测和反演温度和水汽分子数密度的方法,其中重点研究了双吸收波长近红外激光反演温度的方法,具体为从近红外波段氧气吸收光谱中,选择2个不同跃迁能级对应的特征吸收峰,在每个吸收峰附近各选出1个吸收线,利用2个吸收线对应的双吸收波长激光以及参考线对应波长激光进行掩星探测,进而由探测数据反演出温度。整个温度和水汽协同反演步骤是先反演温度廓线,然后由温度廓线以及5 km参考高度处的压强先验值计算得到压强廓线,最后在温度和压强廓线基础上,结合水汽单吸收波长和参考波长激光掩星数据,反演得到水汽分子数密度廓线。此外,本文对探测和反演过程进行了模拟仿真,通过在近红外波段选择合适的氧气吸收波长和水汽吸收波长,模拟得到掩星透过率数据,以此反演得到温度和水汽分子数密度廓线。并通过对整个过程的分析,明确了反演过程中的误差项及其传递关系,结合数值仿真结果,说明了各个误差项的影响大小。结果显示,在UTLS区间内,温度反演误差总体小于1.05 K,水汽分子数密度反演误差总体小于4%,该误差范围说明了温度和水汽协同反演方法的可行性。     

GF-5 AIUS水汽廓线反演算法研究

针对红外掩星载荷的分层探测特性,本文在Rodgers提出的LM（Levenberg-Marquardt）最优估计算法的基础上进行修改,构建一种适合掩星探测的水汽廓线反演算法。首先,考虑到红外掩星的高光谱数据在反演时存在通道信息冗余的问题,相关的干扰成分信息对反演精度也有严重影响。使用通道选择和敏感性分析选择合适的反演通道,从而减轻计算负担并提高反演效率。其次,采用分层平滑因子修正Rodgers的LM最优估计算法,使算法更适合红外掩星载荷的分层探测特性。最后,为了验证修正算法的可靠性,分别对ACE-FTS观测数据和GF-5AIUS模拟光谱数据进行水汽廓线反演,并对同次迭代的反演结果进行对比。结果表明：对于ACE-FTS观测数据,修正后算法的反演总体相对偏差从±10％降低到±6％;对于GF-5 AIUS模拟光谱数据,修正后算法的反演总体相对偏差从±9％降低到±5％。此外,在部分高度层中相对偏差明显减小,对于ACE-FTS的反演实验,在不同高度层中修正后算法减小的相对偏差百分比超过25.17％;对于GF-5 AIUS反演实验,不同高度层减小的相对偏差百分比超过48.26％,表明修正后的算法使反演效果得到了改善,证实了该算法的有效性。因此,本文提出的算法可以为今后掩星探测水汽廓线的研究提供参考,为预测降雨、天气灾害、维持全球生态平衡等领域的研究提供高质量的水汽基础数据。     

COSMIC掩星观测数据反演电离层电子密度廓线

利用COSMIC掩星观测数据,将Abel积分方法和"洋葱分层"反演方法反演得到的电子密度廓线与传统电离层观测方法的观测结果进行了对比。结果表明,通过两种反演方法计算得到的电子密度廓线与垂测仪的结果在整体趋势和结构上符合得较好,反演计算得到的foF2与垂测仪的观测结果有较高的一致性,但hmax仍存在较大的误差。     

Improving the Abel transform inversion using bending angles from FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC

The FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellite constellation has become an important tool toward providing global remote sensing data for sounding of the atmosphere of the earth and the ionosphere in particular. In this study, the electron density profiles are derived using the Abel transform inversion. Some drawbacks of this transform in LEO GPS sounding can be overcome by considering the separability concept: horizontal gradients of vertical total electron content (VTEC) information are incorporated by the inversion method, providing more accurate electron density determinations. The novelty presented in this paper with respect to previous works is the use of the phase change between the GPS transmitter and the LEO receiver as the main observable instead of the ionospheric combination of carrier phase observables for the implementation of separability in the inversion process. Some of the characteristics of the method when applied to the excess phase are discussed. The results obtained show the equivalence of both approaches but the method exposed in this work has the potentiality to be applied to the neutral atmosphere. Recent FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC data have been processed with both the classical Abel inversion and the separability approach and evaluated versus colocated ionosonde data.     

Quality assessment of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 GPS radio occultation data derived from single- and double-difference atmospheric excess phase processing

This study evaluates the quality of GPS radio occultation (RO) atmospheric excess phase data derived with single- and double-difference processing algorithms. A spectral analysis of 1 s GPS clock estimates indicates that a sampling interval of 1 s is necessary to adequately remove the GPS clock error with single-difference processing. One week (May 2–8, 2009) of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 data are analyzed in a post-processed mode with four different processing strategies: (1) double-differencing with 1 s GPS ground data, (2) single-differencing with 30 s GPS clock estimates (standard COSMIC Data Analysis and Archival Center product), (3) single-differencing with 5 s GPS clocks, and (4) single-differencing with 1 s GPS clocks. Analyses of a common set of 5,596 RO profiles show that the neutral atmospheric bending angles and refractivities derived from single-difference processing with 1 s GPS clocks are the highest quality. The random noise of neutral atmospheric bending angles between 60 and 80 km heights is about 1.50e−6 rad for the single-difference cases and 1.74e−6 rad for double-differencing. An analysis of pairs of collocated soundings also shows that bending angles derived from single-differencing with 1 s GPS clocks are more consistent than with the other processing strategies. Additionally, the standard deviation of the differences between RO and high-resolution European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) refractivity profiles at 30 km height is 0.60% for single-differencing with 1 and 5 s GPS clocks, 0.68% for single-differencing with 30 s clocks, and 0.66% for double-differencing. A GPS clock-sampling interval of 1 s or less is required for single- and zero-difference processing to achieve the highest quality excess atmospheric phase data for RO applications.     

利用GPS/MET与CHAMP掩星资料反演地球中性大气参数的比较

采用Abel积分反演算法 ,在干大气模式下 ,分别针对GPS/MET与CHAMP特定掩星事件的Level2数据进行处理 ,得到了相应的折射指数与大气参数廓线。分别将反演结果与UCAR和GFZ公布的结果进行比较 ,证明了反演算法的正确性与通用性。分析了两个温度反演结果都存在系统误差和CHAMP温度反演结果误差较大的原因 ,并提出了改进建议     

GPS与INSAR数据融合研究展望

分析了GPS与INSAR数据融合的必要性与可行性 ,讨论了GPS与INSAR数据融合存在的主要问题 ,进一步探讨了利用GPS数据改善INSAR相位解缠算法 ,利用GPS与INSAR数据融合建立水汽模型和大气层延迟误差改正模型 ,以及GPS高时间分辨率和高平面位置精度与INSAR高空间分辨率和高高程变形精度有效统一的问题。     

Performance of the improved Abel transform to estimate electron density profiles from GPS occultation data

The Abel inversion is a straightforward tool to retrieve high-resolution vertical profiles of electron density from GPS radio occultations gathered by low earth orbiters (LEO). Nevertheless, the classical approach of this technique is limited by the assumption that the electron density in the vicinity of the occultation depends only on height (i.e., spherical symmetry), which is not realistic particularly in low-latitude regions or during ionospheric storms. Moreover, with the advent of recent satellite missions with orbits placed around 400 km (such as CHAMP satellite), an additional issue has to be dealt with: the treatment of the electron content above the satellite orbits. This paper extends the performance study of a method, proposed by the authors in previous works, which tackles both problems using an assumption of electron-density separability between the vertical total electron content and a shape function. This allows introducing horizontal information into the classic Abel inversion. Moreover, using both positive and negative elevation data makes it feasible to take into account the electron content above the LEO as well. Different data sets involving different periods of the solar cycle, periods of the day and satellites are studied in this work, confirming the benefits of this improved Abel transform approach.     

断层区域的GPS监测点布设及其探测效果

本文根据弹性位错理论和顾及先验信息的断层运动参数反演方法,通过数值试验研究了断层区域的GPS监测点布设方案及其对断层运动参数反演结果的影响,检验了不同形式的GPS网对于探测断层活动的效果,讨论了GPS观测的点位随机误差和粗差对探测断层活动的影响。     

Artificial ionospheric wave number 4 structure below the F2 region due to the Abel retrieval of radio occultation measurements

We analyzed the effect of the Abel inversion on the wave number 4 (WN4) structure from the GPS radio occultation (RO)–measured electron densities by using the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F-3/C) observations under the equinox condition. The Abel-retrieved electron density from both the F-3/C observations and the simulated results by an empirical model with an imposed WN4 structure in the F layer are investigated. It is found that the Abel inversion can reproduce the real WN4 structure well in the F2 layer. However, it will result in pseudo and reversed-phase WN4 structure in the lower altitude (F1 and E layers). Quantitatively, relative ±15% WN4 signature in the F2 layer can produce ±40% artificial WN4 in the E and F1 layers. Analysis on the F-3/C data shows about ±15% WN4 signature in the F2 layer and ±50% WN4 with reversed-phase in the E and F1 layers. The F-3/C-observed WN4 structure in the E and F1 layers might be the combinations of the real WN4 signature and the artificial effects of Abel retrieval.     

GPS天线相位中心改正方法研究

由于天线本身的特性及机械加工等原因,GPS卫星和接收机天线相位中心与其几何中心不重合,从而产生相位中心偏差。某些类型的天线该偏差甚至可达数cm,直接影响高精度GPS测量的精确可靠性[1]。讨论了GAMIT软件在高精度GPS数据处理中进行天线相位中心改正的原理、方法和策略,结合美国IGS观测站及南加州区域站观测数据,对改正方法及策略进行了实验对比与分析。结果表明:对接收机天线相位中心和卫星天线相位中心采用模型改正,而卫星天线相位中心偏移不改正,所得到的基线解算结果较好[2];地面接收机天线方位角的变化对U方向的基线解算结果有较大影响,在高精度GPS测量中,必须进行天线方位角的变化改正。     

Contribution of ionospheric irregularities to the error of dual-frequency GNSS positioning

This paper investigates the third-order residual range error in the dual-frequency correction of ionospheric effects on satellite navigation. We solve the two-point trajectory problem using the perturbation method to derive second-approximation formulas for the phase path of the wave propagating through an inhomogeneous ionosphere. It is shown that these formulas are consistent with the results derived from applying perturbation theory directly to the eikonal equation. The resulting expression for the phase path is used in calculating the residual range error of dual-frequency global positioning system (GPS) observations, in view of second- and third-order terms. The third-order correction includes not only the quadratic correction of the refractive index but also the correction for ray bending in an inhomogeneous ionosphere. Our calculations took into consideration that the ionosphere has regular large-scale irregularities, as well as smaller-scale random irregularities. Numerical examples show that geomagnetic field effects, which constitute a second-order correction, typically exceed the effects of the quadratic correction and the regular ionospheric inhomogeneity. The contribution from random irregularities can compare with or exceed that made by the second-order correction. Therefore, random ionospheric irregularities can make a significant (sometimes dominant) contribution to the residual range error.