内蒙古西部北山-银额地区石炭纪-二叠纪层序地层与沉积演化

内蒙古西部北山-银额地区位于华北板块、塔里木板块和哈萨克斯坦板块的交汇带,构造背景复杂,一直是构造研究的热点地区。虽然研究区发育数千米以碎屑岩+火山岩+碳酸盐岩为特征的石炭系-二叠系,但层序地层与沉积演化研究十分薄弱,一定程度上制约了对构造背景的认识。本文通过石炭纪-二叠纪区域地层对比与层序地层研究,分别建立了北山和银额2个地区石炭纪-二叠纪层序地层格架,明确了不同构造单元石炭纪-二叠纪层序地层具有良好的对比关系,为统一构造环境沉积的地质体。通过沉积演化研究,明确了研究区石炭纪-二叠纪具有"两坳一隆"的构造格架,并控制着沉积相的展布,早石炭世晚期北山地区南部接受沉积,之后逐渐伸展,晚石炭世晚期-早二叠世早期盆地沉积范围最大,盆地演化达到鼎盛。早二叠世晚期盆地开始萎缩,晚二叠世海水基本退出研究区,仅银额东北部接受了海相沉积。总之,层序地层及沉积演化研究指示研究区石炭纪-二叠纪为相同构造环境下形成的统一的陆内(板内)裂谷盆地。     

松辽盆地东南缘营城组流纹岩类型及其在火山岩地层分析中的意义

松辽盆地深层火山岩已经成为油气勘探的重要目的层位,研究火山岩在地层分析中的作用具有一定意义。盆地东南缘九台营城组出露区的流纹岩是本次的研究对象。可以根据岩石中发育的原生构造将流纹岩划分为流纹构造流纹岩、气孔流纹岩、石泡流纹岩、块状流纹岩4种基本类型,它们具有不同的成因机制,并可以从野外露头、手标本以及岩石薄片对其进行区分。流纹岩作为流动单元的组成要素,其理想序列从下至上依次为气孔流纹岩-石泡流纹岩-流纹构造流纹岩-块状流纹岩-流纹构造流纹岩-石泡流纹岩-气孔流纹岩,但实际中常有缺失。根据流纹岩序列确定的流动单元可以作为火山岩地层研究的基本单位。     

内蒙古中部大青山-乌拉山地区早前寒武系研究的重要进展及对高级变质区开展地层工作的几点建议

介绍了1996-2003年期间,通过内蒙古大青山-乌拉山地区1:5万和1:25万区域地质调查,在本区早前寒武纪地层尤其是高级变质地层研究方面取得的重要进展.这些进展是:重建了一个由4个岩群12个岩组构成的早前寒武纪地层系统;发现了枣儿沟角度不整合面和新建了古元古代的美岱召岩群;提出了适合高级变质地层发育区地层工作的"构造-岩层-事件法"的工作思路和方法.在这一思路和方法指导下,明确了本区构造样式演化与高级区地层系统重建的关系,提出了主期构造决定岩石地层现今展布特征,早期构造造成地层组成、结构特征、空间叠置及接触关系性质,后期构造导致区内高级变质地层局部复杂化和再造的基本规律性的认识.最后对高级区开展地层研究提出4点建议.     

陕西凤太矿集区铅锌矿的矿体定位规律研究

文章从凤太矿集区铅锌矿床分布特征、地层岩性和构造对成矿的控制、矿体的空间产出特征等方面入手,运用定性和定量方法对凤太矿集区铅锌矿的矿体定位规律进行了系统研究.区内铅锌矿的形成明显受控于地层、岩性、同生断裂、同沉积背斜等致矿地质因素,矿体赋存于特定的地层-岩性-构造组合,空间展布具有规律性侧伏.     

西天山卡特巴阿苏矽卡岩型-破碎带蚀变岩型金铜矿床地质特征

卡特巴阿苏金铜矿床是新疆西天山近年来发现的特大型金铜矿床之一。本文对卡特巴阿苏金铜矿床矿体产出特征、矿石矿物组成及结构构造、围岩蚀变、成矿作用期次等进行了研究,对矿床的控矿因素进行了分析。通过对矿床野外地质特征研究,结合岩矿分析结果表明,矿体主要产于二长花岗岩中,受破碎带节理构造系统及岩体与大理岩地层接触带控制。节理系统中矿体为脉带状,矿石主要为细脉状、细脉浸染状、团斑状构造,蚀变以钾化、硅化、绢云母化、绿泥石化为主。岩体与大理岩地层接触带的矿体呈透镜状、似层状、巢状、串珠状,矿石主要为致密块状构造、脉状构造,蚀变以钙铝榴石化、透辉石化、透闪石-阳起石化、绿帘石化为主。矿区具有两期成矿作用,分别与二长花岗岩和闪长质岩脉有关,在空间上具有一定程度的叠加。矿床受地层、构造、岩浆作用的多重控制,为矽卡岩型-破碎带蚀变岩型矿床,研究成果为区域找矿提供了方向。     

贵州石阡-花桥断裂构造特征及其对地热资源的控制作用

石阡地区具有丰富的地热资源,在石阡-花桥断裂带及其次级构造中形成了一系列的温泉群。断裂构造对地热资源具有严格的控制作用。本文通过对石阡-花桥断裂带显微构造、运动学等构造地质特征和该地区地热特征,系统分析石阡-花桥断裂带构造特征及其对地热资源的控制作用。研究认为,石阡地区地热资源的主要热源为地温梯度增温,地热资源的分布严格受控于石阡-花桥断裂。石阡断裂为逆冲兼左行平移断层,为地热水的传导和储集提供了有利空间。花桥断裂带发育拉张裂隙、扭裂隙及分枝状断层,圈闭了含水岩系,在拉裂破碎带上形成热储。温泉大多沿主要控热、导热断裂出露,平面上呈线状分布于石阡和花桥断裂上盘及花桥断裂的断夹块中。     

轮南油田深埋风化壳储集层地质条件对地层水混合的控制作用

碳酸盐岩深层风化壳油气藏普遍出水,严重影响油气的开采,因此地层水赋存规律及其与储集层的关系对于油气的勘探开发具有重要意义。本研究以轮南风化壳油气藏为例,选取构造位置具有明显差异的轮古7和轮古2井区进行地层水的对比研究,并对地质条件与地层水特征的关系进行了讨论。在14个月的跨度内,对研究区各开采井地层水进行了6次采样及分析测试工作。结果表明,同轮古2井区相比,构造高部位的轮古7井区各钻井同一时间出水特征相对集中,且不同时间各钻井出水特征的变化不大;同时具有明显偏高的氯溴比及脱硫系数。表明构造高部位的轮古7井区储集层连通性更好,同时开放性更强,与上部地层盐岩溶解水的混合作用更为明显。不同构造位置的地层水特征明显受地质条件的控制,并反映出地层水所在储集层埋藏越深,石炭系砂泥层厚度越大,储集层的开放性及连通性越差。     

东南亚中南半岛与中国西南邻区地层分区及沉积演化历史

本文通过对东南亚中南半岛的缅甸、泰国、柬埔寨、老挝、越南五国及毗邻的中国西南地区地层的对比研究,依据研究区构造演化、沉积岩石组合和古生物群特征将整个区域划分为5个地层分区:冈瓦纳型的印度地层区、过渡型亲冈瓦纳的滇缅马地层区、过渡型亲华南的印支地层区、属劳亚大陆的扬子地层区和华夏地层区。论述了地层区的基本特征,并进一步对各地层区间做了沉积演化对比,进而阐明了区域的重要构造事件与洋盆沉积演化历史。     

西秦岭-松潘构造结古洋地幔地球化学特征及构造归属探讨

西秦岭-松潘构造结是中国大陆中重要的构造转换域,为探讨不同陆块及古洋幔的构造归属提供了非常有利的条件。该构造结早古生代蛇绿岩单元内变质玄武岩的地球化学特征表明:其源区不具有高场强元素(HFSE)相对于大离子亲石元素(LILE)亏损的特征;稀土元素(REE)及其它不活泼元素特征表明蛇绿岩形成于与岛弧无关的环境。变质玄武岩的 Sr 同位素组成受到海水热液蚀变或后期变质作用的影响而有所改变。Nd-Pb 同位素组成特征表明其地幔源区具有典型的印度洋MORB 型同位素组成特征(传统意义上的"Dupal"异常),从而说明其地幔源区属于原特提斯构造域。西秦岭-松潘构造结古洋幔构造归属的研究不仅为研究该构造结内各微陆块构造归属提供重要的约束,也为研究有关陆块间造山带的性质、发展与演化提供了动力学背景。     

钦-杭成矿带南段(广东廉江)南和地区区域地质特征及构造演化分析

南和地区位于钦-杭成矿带南段的广东廉江幅范围内,该地区的地质特征记录了钦-杭结合带南段的构造演化过程。根据对地层沉积建造的统计,发现研究区沉积地层形成的水动力环境主要为滨海相、浅海相和深海相3种海相沉积以及少量河流相与沼泽相沉积。研究区的岩浆活动具有明显的多期多阶段特征,总体可划分为加里东期和燕山期两个大的构造岩浆旋回。从研究区的岩性变化可以得到南和地区的变质作用规律,岩浆的参与程度因迁移距离的增加而降低,导致距离越远的变质作用与岩浆的关系越低,形成了变质程度逐级降低的混合岩→片岩→千枚岩(图幅外)→变质砂岩。上述区域地质特征反映南和地区主体经历了伸展-挤压地质演化过程,也指示了钦-杭成矿带南段与北段、中段具有类似的大地构造演化历史,即整体"两开、三合"历程。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.