试论新疆成矿体系与时空演化模式

文章探讨了成矿体系的内涵,在以往研究成果和编制1∶1 500 000中国新疆维吾尔自治区矿床成矿系列图的基础上,根据先时间、后空间、再成因的总体思路,完善了新疆前寒武纪、早古生代、晚古生代、中生代、新生代五个时段成矿体系,初步构建了各时段成矿体系的时空演化模式,总结出5个时段成矿体系的特点是:前寒武纪为基底陆壳的形成与发展各具特色的成矿体系;早古生代板块体制早期发育具中亚成矿域特色的成矿体系;晚古生代板块体制晚期发育具中亚成矿域特色的成矿体系;中生代新疆北部发育板内西域成矿特色的成矿体系和新疆南部发育特提斯成矿域特色的成矿体系;新生代发育板内西域成矿特色的大陆成矿体系。     

秦岭地区主要金属矿床成矿系列的划分及区域成矿规律探讨

本文根据我国公路建设项目投资、融资体制改革的发展趋势，阐述了改进公路建设项目可行性研究财务评价工作的重要意义及改进财务评价方法的原则，提出改进财务评价方法的途径。针对当前公路建设项目可行性研究财务评价的现状，提出了财务评价工作应注意几个问题，供有关部门参考。     

西秦岭成矿带矿床成矿系列概论

对西秦岭成矿带总结了 11个矿床成矿系列:①早古生代沉积作用有关钼-钒-锰-磷-石煤-石灰岩矿床成矿系列.②晚古生代沉积作用有关铅-锌-铁-磷-石灰岩-白云岩-石膏-煤-黏土-砚石矿床成矿系列.③晚古生代岩浆作用有关铜-铅-锌-锡-铬-饰面超基性岩矿床成矿系列.④中生代沉积作用有关白云岩-石灰岩-煤-油页岩矿床成矿系列...     

秦岭造山带构造-成矿旋回与演化

构造与成矿活动是否具有旋回性是地质界长期争论的一个命题。本文根据矿床成矿系列理论和方法,论述了秦岭造山带构造-成矿活动,划分出新太古代-古元古代早期、古元古代晚期、中-新元古代、早古生代、晚古生代和中、新生代6个构造-成矿旋回,探讨了每个旋回的矿床成矿系列特征和成矿演化历史。指出该造山带的成矿作用既有长期性和连续性,也有间断性和旋回性;中、新元古代至早古生代和中、新生代两个时期是秦岭造山带中两个主要的成矿高峰期;构造-成矿作用可分为开裂、拼合及相对稳定三个阶段;成矿作用早期以幔源岩浆侵入及海相火山活动为主,晚期以壳幔混源-壳源的陆相中酸性岩浆侵入及火山活动为主;与火成活动及开裂作用有关的成矿活动在南、北两个成矿域之间具有振荡性演化的特征.      

Paleomagnetism of Late Paleozoic,Mesozoic, and Cenozoic rocks in Mongolia

Rock complexes in Mongolia experienced two remagnetization events. Almost all secondary remanence components of normal polarity were acquired apparently in the Cenozoic, after major deformation events, and those of reverse polarity were associated with intrusion of bimodal magmas during the Late Carboniferous–Permian reverse superchron. Active continental-margin sequences in some areas of Mongolia were folded prior to the Late Carboniferous–Permian magnetic event. The primary origin of magnetization in Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks has been inferred to different degrees of reliability. According to paleolatitudes derived from most reliable paleomagnetic data, the analyzed rocks were located far north of the North China block throughout the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. Mongolia, as well as Siberia, moved from the south to the north in the Paleozoic, back from the north to the south between the latest Triassic and the latest Jurassic, and remained almost within the same latitudes in Cretaceous and Cenozoic time. These paleolatitudes show no statistical difference from those for the Siberian craton at least since the latest Permian (275–250 Ma). Older Mongolian complexes (with ages of 290, 316, and 330 Ma) likewise may have formed within the Siberian continent, which makes their paleomagnetic determinations applicable to calculate the polar wander path for Siberia. The paleolatitudes of Early Carboniferous sediments in Mongolia differ significantly from those of Siberia, either because of overprints from the reverse superchron or because they were deposited away from the Siberian margin.     

Lithostratigraphic and sedimentary evolution of the Kom Ombo (Garara) sub-basin,southern Egypt

Southern Egypt is mostly covered by clastic sediments belonging to the Paleozoic and the Mesozoic. The Precambrian basement rocks bound the Etbai area to the east and Gabgaba area to the west. The basement extends further west forming dissected small and major exposures in southern Egypt, south of latitude 23° 30′ N but are covered by Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary sediments further north, the Western Limestone Plateau. The clastic sediments in southeast Egypt, on the western side of the basement rocks in-between latitudes 22° N and 24° 35′ N, built two sub-basins, Kom Ombo (Garara) sub-basin in the north and south Nile Valley sub-basin in the south. These are separated by a dissected basement wall. The two sub-basins have different lithostratigraphic successions, Paleozoic (Early to Late) in the south Nile Valley sub-basin whereas Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic-Tertairy in the Kom Ombo sub-basin. The platform clastic sediments within both sub-basins were possibly supplied from an easterly located Paleotethys extending to North Gondwana. The Oxfordian opening of the Indian Ocean associated with rise in sea level supplied more waters to the north and sediments by passed the filled southern Nile Valley sub-basin and reached the adjacent Kom Ombo sub-basin defining a depositional shift. On the other hand, during the Jurassic, Northern Egypt received Neotethys waters that filled deeper sub-basins (e.g., the Maghara sub-basin), hence the difference in lithology between Jurassic northern and southern sediments. Since the Jurassic, most of Egypt received Tethys waters. In the drilled wells studied, the younger top sediments surrounding the well sites are related to the Tethys geostratigraphy. The sub-basins in southern Egypt are controlled by N-S faults defining constant subsiding basins. The E-W Guinea–Nubia Lineament bounds the northern side of the Kom Ombo sub-basin, where it is closed by a northern basement arch.     

中国东北部地区埃达克岩及其成矿意义

中国东北部地区埃达克岩分布较广，以吉林居多，内蒙古东部和黑龙江较少。本区埃达克岩分别形成于古亚洲洋、蒙古一鄂霍茨克洋和环太平洋三个构造带，时代为早古生代中期一中生代。区内以埃达克岩为成矿主岩的热液矿床矿种主要为Au和Cu，其次为Mo；成因类型主要为斑岩型、岩浆热液型和浅成低温热液型；成矿时代主要为早古生代中期、晚古生代晚期及中生代中晚期。依据本地区埃达克岩和与其相关的热液矿床特征及产出的构造部位，将本区以埃达克岩为含矿岩的热液矿床划分为大兴安岭北部、蒙吉黑和吉黑东部3个成矿区。     

全球铝土矿中稀土和钪的资源潜力分析

本文在对前人资料的收集、整理及汇总等工作的基础上,按铝土矿标准对全球铝土矿中稀土和钪的资源潜力进行了综合分析。结果显示:铝土矿成矿时代主要集中在古生代、中生代及新生代;由老至新,铝土矿主要矿物类型具有由硬水铝石→一水软铝石→三水铝石演变的规律。但铝土矿的矿物组合特征变化不大;矿床中的稀土矿物以镧、铈及钇三族矿物为主。此外,中生代稀土元素的资源潜力最大,新生代次之,古生代最小。而在区域上,由单个矿床构成的地区中,黑山(Zagrad)的潜力最大,澳大利亚(Darling Range)最小。而由多个矿床构成的地区(如中国、意大利、伊朗)中,其资源潜力大致相同。而另一关键元素钪不同时期资源潜力的差异不明显;但区域上,相对巴西等国,俄罗斯、黑山及西班牙等国的资源潜力更大。而我国铝土矿主要发育在古生代(石炭纪和二叠纪),其中稀土资源潜力从南至北表现出增大的趋势;同时,相对于其它单个稀土元素,铈是地质历史时期中资源潜力最大的关键元素。在我国铝土矿矿床中,以广西平果矿床中钪的资源潜力最高,而贵州省普遍低。     

Evolution of manganese ore genesis in the earth’s geological history and the role of the biosphere

The formation of manganese rocks and ores occurred during the whole geological history of the Earth. Five metallogenic epochs (Early to Middle Proterozoic, Late Proterozoic, Early to Middle Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, and Meso-Cenozoic) and 7 very important phases (Early, Middle, and Late Proterozoic, Early to Middle Paleozoic, Late Paleozoic, Late Mesozoic, and Meso-Cenozoic) can be distinguished. The phases of manganese ore genesis at many stratigraphic levels are closely related to the global climatic and tectonic reconstructions (the breakup of the continent of Gondwana and periods of glaciations and aridization) and biotic events (mass extinction of organisms). Based on carbon isotopic composition in manganese carbonates, participation of oxidized organic carbon is established.     

Geochemistry of bauxites of Belgaum (Karnataka) and Yercaud (Tamil Nadu) areas

The major chemical components of bauxite deposits of Belgaum (76° 24′E : 15° 54′N) and Yercaud (78° 14′E : 11° 48′N) areas have been determined. A chemical continuity between parent rocks (zone I) to bauxites (zone IV) via clay (zone II) and laterites (zone III) clearly indicates that bauxites have been derived byin situ weathering of the respective parent rocks.     

150 Million year history of North China Craton disruption preserved in Mesozoic sediments of the Ordos basin

ABSTRACT

The Ordos Basin, situated in the western part of the North China Craton, preserves the 150-million-year history of North China Craton disruption. Those sedimentary sources from Late Triassic to early Middle Jurassic are controlled by the southern Qinling orogenic belt and northern Yinshan orogenic belt. The Middle and Late Jurassic deposits are received from south, north, east, and west of the Ordos Basin. The Cretaceous deposits are composed of aeolian deposits, probably derived from the plateau to the east. The Ordos Basin records four stages of volcanism in the Mesozoic–Late Triassic (230–220 Ma), Early Jurassic (176 Ma), Middle Jurassic (161 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (132 Ma). Late Triassic and Early Jurassic tuff develop in the southern part of the Ordos Basin, Middle Jurassic in the northeastern part, while Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks have a banding distribution along the eastern part. Mesozoic tectonic evolution can be divided into five stages according to sedimentary and volcanic records: Late Triassic extension in a N–S direction (230–220 Ma), Late Triassic compression in a N–S direction (220–210 Ma), Late Triassic–Early Jurassic–Middle Jurassic extension in a N–S direction (210–168 Ma), Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous compression in both N–S and E–W directions (168–136 Ma), and Early Cretaceous extension in a NE–SW direction (136–132 Ma).     

合肥盆地基底构造属性

根据合肥盆地及周边地表地质、地震剖面、同位素测年及MT等新资料的综合研究,提出中-新生代合肥盆地的基底是一个不同构造类型基底的叠合与复合.上古生界以前的基底以六安断裂为界,其北为华北板块陆壳型-过渡壳型结晶基底及其上的华北克拉通-被动大陆边缘盆地沉积的上元古-下古生界基底;其南为大别型结晶基底及其上的北淮阳弧后盆地沉积的上元古-下古生界变质基底,而上古生界基底属于弧后前陆盆地型沉积.六安断裂是合肥盆地部位北大别弧、北淮阳晚元古-早古生代弧后盆地在早古生代晚期-晚古生代早期与华北板块的弧-陆碰撞缝合线.     

北祁连盆地群构造运动特征

北祁连盆地群位于青藏高原北部,长期处于欧亚大陆的边缘活动带,对构造运动有着敏感的反应,各次构造运动在该区都有表现。现今北祁连盆地群经历多次构造运动的改造,先后经历了早古生代大陆裂谷阶段、晚古生代稳定陆内沉积盆地阶段、中生代的板内变形阶段和伸展断陷阶段、新生代挤压变形与前陆盆地发育阶段,是各个时期盆地叠合的产物。     

论西昆仑大陆边缘构造演化及塔里木西南盆地类型

中元古代至早古生代塔里木板块与羌塘－扬子板块发生解体。晚古生代至三叠纪西昆仑演化为活动大陆边缘,自南而北形成了公洛尔－桑株塔克、库尔浪－卡尔隆沟、弧、盆体系,塔里木西南则于这一时期发展成为克拉通坳陷型盆地。三叠纪末塔里木板块与羌塘－扬子板块碰撞,以及中、新生代以来特提斯开与合的“手风琴“式运动施加的影响,使西昆仑发生了强烈的变质、变形和变位。     

中国浅成低温热液金矿床

浅成低温热液金矿床在中国传统上称为陆相火山岩型金矿床,主要发现在中国东部,后来在北疆地区也有新的发现.根据产出的大地构造背景,它们集中分布在3个带,并分属于3个成矿时期.它们包括:(1)新生代台湾东部岛弧带;(2)晚古生代北疆岛弧带;(3)中生代沿中朝克拉通北界的大陆边缘带;(4)中生代中国东南沿海地区的大陆边缘带.绝大多数矿床是低硫化型的,只有3个是高硫化型的,另有1个是与碱性岩系有关的Au-Te型矿床.除了中国最大的金矿床金瓜石矿床外,迄今为止中国大陆上的浅成低温热液金矿床总的来说只有较小的经济重要性.在中国东部发现的浅成低温热液金矿床的总储量,与区内广泛分布的中生代陆相火山岩十分巨大的体积极不相称.较古老的成矿年龄,中国东部的中生代和北疆的晚古生代,是中国大陆浅成低温热液金矿床的一个鲜明的特点.根据中国的成矿条件和保存条件的分析,以及与美国西部和俄国东部的对比,提出了中国浅成低温热液金矿床成矿潜力的一个初步评估.北疆可能有较大的寻找浅成低温热液金矿床的潜在重要性.     

柴达木盆地北缘第四纪左旋斜冲推覆构造运动

柴达木盆地北缘第四纪发育比较强烈的左旋斜冲构造运动,形成长达百余公里、宽度超过30km的大型推覆构造,由斜冲断层、逆冲岩席和褶皱构造等组成。根据野外观测相关资料,柴达木盆地北缘第四纪发生两期构造变形： 早更新世不同规模的逆冲岩席如中新元古代中深变质岩、古生代浅变质岩与中生代沉积地层沿北西西－北西向断层发生左旋斜冲构造运动,导致下伏中新统和上新统湖相沉积地层强烈褶皱变形,上覆不同规模的逆冲岩席; 晚更新世中晚期构造运动导致中晚更新世砾石层发生宽缓褶皱变形。估算柴达木盆地北缘第四纪斜冲推覆构造运动产生的最小缩短量约为 17～18km,平均缩短速率约为 6.6～6.9mm/a。柴达木盆地北缘第四纪斜冲推覆构造运动是青藏高原北部新生代逆冲推覆构造运动自南向北扩展迁移的重要表现形式。     

内蒙古北山地区斑岩型钼矿的成岩成矿时代和形成环境探讨

内蒙古北山地区近年来发现了一条近东西向的斑岩型钼(铜)矿带,其中规模较大的矿床有流沙山、额勒根乌兰乌拉和小狐狸山钼矿,这3个矿床的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线测年分别为(260±10) Ma(中二叠世)、(332.0±9.0) Ma(早石炭世晚期)和(220.0±2.2) Ma(晚三叠世),显然,不同的成矿时代,反映了矿床形成的环境不同。本文在补充与成矿有关斑岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄和岩石、矿石地球化学工作基础上,从区域地壳演化角度分别揭示了3个矿床形成的地质环境。在早古生代时期,3个矿床的原始位置均处于哈萨克斯坦板块中,到晚古生代,由于在红石山—百合山—蓬勃山一带裂谷发展成洋盆后,流沙山钼矿所处位置被割裂到塔里木板块中,额勒根乌兰乌拉和小狐狸山钼矿仍处于哈萨克斯坦板块中,其中,流沙山和额勒根乌兰乌拉钼矿床均处于南、北陆缘活动带的岛弧中,由于俯冲机制及下伏基底的差别,二岛弧中的构造岩浆活动有所不同,塔里木北缘活动陆缘带中的岩浆活动异常强烈,从石炭纪一直延续到二叠纪末,成矿作用早期以铁为主,晚期形成了钼(铜)矿产。哈萨克斯坦板块南侧陆缘带的岩浆活动稍逊于塔里木板块北缘,而且主要集中于石炭纪,并在这种环境形成了额勒根乌兰乌拉钼矿。二叠纪末,北山地区分裂的板块又拼贴成统一的大板块,从此,北山地区进入到一个陆内地壳活动环境,拉伸-挤压构造和由此引发的偏酸-偏碱性的岩浆侵入活动成为中生代地壳活动特色方式,小狐狸山钼矿及稀有金属矿床就是在这种环境中产生的。     

济阳坳陷稀土元素特征及其在物源对比中的应用

物源是控制沉积物中REE组成最主要的因素，济阳坳陷区岩石稀土元素特征表明：①济阳坳陷古生界与华北地台其他地区同时代地层岩石的REE分布特征具有极大的相似性，这体现了晚古生代济阳坳陷区所处的整个华北地台区为一稳定的克拉通沉积盆地，地层横向分布稳定，具有一致的物源和构造背景；②济阳坳陷古生界为中生界的物源，反映了济阳坳陷区由古生代稳定地台型沉积到中生代山间盆地沉积的转变，中生代洼陷区的沉积主要来自对附近凸起区古生代地层的剥蚀；③新生界样品与中生界样品的REE分布模式具有很大的相似性，从一个侧面反映了济阳坳陷中生代与新生代的构造格局的转变，中生代接受沉积的部分洼陷区至古近纪成为供给物源的凸起区。     

A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Copper Deposits in China

Copper resources in China are rich, but imported copper products are still required. Researches on metallogenic regularity of major types of copper deposits by geologists have involved in worldwide classification, significant copper belts, representative copper deposits, etc. Studies on metallogenic regularity of copper deposits in China also have made achievements with a long-term work. Combined with latest exploration advances obtained in recent ten years, this review aims to conclude the achievements of researches on copper metallogenic regularity in China. Based on data of 814 copper deposits and other ore (mineralized) occurrences, ten prediction types of copper deposits have been suggested. Porphyry and skarn copper ores are taken as the key targets. Porphyry copper deposits are the most important one which concentrate in Gangdese, Changdu-Sanjiang, Dexing and East Tianshan. The Cenozoic and Mesozoic are the major metallogenic epochs. Four main metallogenic epochs are been studied based on the copper ore geochronological data including Precambrian Era (Archean and Proterozoic), Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era and Cenozoic Era. Based on the study of metallogenic series of ore deposits in China, twenty-seven metallogenic series of copper deposits are proposed. This is suggested to deepen the study of metallogenic regularity of copper ore and provide the theory guide for copper resources prediction in China.     

The age of predictable primary diamond sources in the northeastern Siberian Platform

The U–Pb (SHRIMP) age was determined for zircons collected from 26 observation and sampling sites of diamonds and index minerals in the northeastern Siberian Platform. This part of the region hosts 15 low-diamondiferous Paleozoic and Mesozoic kimberlite fields, excluding the near economic Triassic Malokuonapskaya pipe in the Kuranakh field. Four epochs of kimberlite formation (Silurian, Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous, Middle to Late Triassic, and Middle to Late Jurassic) of the Siberian Platform, including its northeastern part, are confirmed as a result of our studies. Most observation points, including economic Quaternary diamond placers, contain Middle to Late Triassic zircons, which confirms the abundant Late Triassic volcanism in this region. The positive correlation of diamonds and major index minerals of kimberlites (mostly, garnets) at some observation sites indicates the possible Triassic age of the predictable diamondiferous kimberlites.