Analysis of evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water at a burial depth of 0 m in an arid area

High-salinity phreatic water refers to which with total dissolved solids(TDS)30 g/L. Previous studies have shown that high salinity phreatic water evaporation is different at different depths. High salinity phreatic water evaporation under 0 m depth is the basis of the high salinity phreatic water evaporation studies. In this study, evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water at a burial depth of 0 m in arid area was investigated. New insights were gained on evaporation mechanisms via experiments conducted on high-salinity phreatic water with TDS of 100 g/L at 0 m at the study site at Changji Groundwater Balance Experiment Site, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China, where the lithology of the vadose(unsaturated zone) was silty clay. Comparison was made on the data of high-salinity phreatic water evaporation, water surface evaporation(E_(Φ20)) and meteorological data obtained in two complete hydrological years from April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2014. The experiments demonstrated that when the lithology of the vadose zone is silty clay, the burial depth is 0 m and the TDS is 100 g/L, intra-annual variation of phreatic water evaporation is the opposite to the variation of atmospheric evaporation E_(Φ20) and air temperature. The salt crust formed by the evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water has a strong inhibitory effect on phreatic water evaporation. Large volumes of precipitation can reduce such an inhibitory effect. During freezing periods, surface snow cover can promote the evaporation of high-salinity phreatic water at 0 m; the thicker the snow cover, the more apparent this effect is.     

淮北平原裸地潜水蒸发计算公式比较

依据安徽省五道沟水文试验站观测资料,比较了不同公式在浅埋区黄潮土与砂姜黑土的潜水蒸发计算中的表现.建议使用彭曼公式计算的蒸发能力代替实测水面蒸发以提高拟合效果.对于黄潮土建议采用阿维里扬诺夫公式、沈立昌双曲线公式、叶水庭指数公式和幂函数公式计算潜水蒸发.对于砂姜黑土建议采用阿维里扬诺夫公式、沈立昌双曲线公式、叶水庭指数公式和反logistic公式计算潜水蒸发,不推荐在淮北地区使用清华大学公式.列出了各公式的拟合参数.     

高盐度潜水蒸发试验研究现状及展望

多年来,许多专家学者对干旱区潜水蒸发的机理和规律做了大量研究工作,并取得了明显进展.但这些传统意义上的蒸发研究均未考虑潜水矿化度对潜水蒸发的影响,将在淡水条件下得出的潜水蒸发有关参数直接用于极端干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发的计算必将产生偏差.虽然部分学者注意到矿化度对于潜水蒸发的影响,但开展的研究只限于一般矿化度(小于10 g...     

Analysis of phreatic evaporation law and influence factors of typical lithology in Hebei Plain

Based on three typical mediums (sandy loam, loam and sandy clay loam) in Hebei Plain, this paper designs phreatic evaporation experiments under different lithology and phreatic depth. Based on the analysis of experimental data, the phreatic evaporation law and influencing factors of three mediums were studied. The results showed that: (1) The shallower the phreatic depth, the larger the phreatic evaporation. (2) Sandy clay loam has the biggest response to the increase of the phreatic depth, sandy loam is the second and loam is the smallest. (3) The limit depth of phreatic evaporation of sandy clay loam is about 3 m and that of loam and sandy loam is about 2 m and 3 m, seperately. (4) By fitting the daily evaporation of phreatic water and phreatic depth, the results showed that sandy loam and sandy clay loam are exponential functions and loam is power functions.     

干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律初步分析

为分析干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律,于2012年4月1日~2014年3月31日在新疆昌吉地下水均衡试验站开展了不同总溶解固体 (0.8 g/L、30 g/L和100 g/L)、不同包气带岩性(细砂和粉质黏土)和不同潜水埋深(0 m、0.5 m、1.0 m、2.0 m和3.0 m)潜水蒸发量的监测工作。结果表明:当潜水埋深大于0.5 m时,包气带岩性对高总溶解固体(Total Dissolved Solids, TDS)潜水蒸发量的影响与淡水基本一致;潜水埋深0.5 m、TDS为30 g/L时,包气带岩性的差异对潜水蒸发量的影响远小于由于潜水的TDS和外界大气蒸发能力对潜水蒸发共同造成的影响;潜水位埋深为0 m、TDS为100 g/L、包气带为粉质黏土时,年内潜水蒸发趋势与大气蒸发能力E_Φ20的趋势相反;潜水埋深0.5~1.0 m时,在非冻结期随着TDS的升高,潜水蒸发量逐渐减小;当潜水埋深为3.0 m时,TDS的变化对潜水蒸发抑制作用存在滞后性。     

1961-2014年黄河源区蒸发皿蒸发量变化的多尺度特征及突变分析

基于黄河源区相关气象站1961-2014年蒸发皿蒸发数据,利用线性倾向分析、滑动平均法、Mann-Kendall法等方法,对黄河源区各分区及整个源区蒸发皿蒸发量变化进行多尺度变化特征及突变分析。结果表明：近50余年来,空间上,黄河源区年平均蒸发量经历了从上游到下游先减小后增加的过程,季节蒸发量变化稍有差异;时间上,黄河源区季节及年平均蒸发量总体呈上升趋势,各分区略有差异,各分区及整个源区蒸发量年代际变化具有较好的一致性。各分区及整个黄河源区年平均及季节平均蒸发量突变点基本一致,均出现在2000年前后,且年与季节平均蒸发量在突变前均值大部分小于突变后的均值。位于源区下游的玛曲-兴海平均蒸发量发生突变的时间较早,且跳跃幅度较小,位于源区中游的达日-玛曲平均蒸发量发生突变的时间较晚,且跳跃幅度较大。对各气象因子的相关分析表明,影响源区年蒸发量变化的主要因子为平均温度。     

Effect of climate change on the trends of evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil in Huaibei Plain,China

When the soil condition and depth to water table stay constant, climate condition will then be the only determinant of evaporation intensity of phreatic water from bare soil. Based on a series of long-term quality-controlled data collected at the Wudaogou Hydrological Experiment Station in the Huaibei Plain, Anhui, China, the variation trends of the evaporation rate of phreatic water from bare soil were studied through the Mann-Kendall trend test and the linear regression trend test, followed by the study on the responses of evaporation to climate change. Results indicated that in the Huaibei Plain during 1991-2008, evaporation of phreatic water from bare soil tended to increase at a rate of 5% on monthly scale in March, June and July while in other months the increase was minor. On the seasonal basis, the evaporation saw significant increase in spring and summer. In addition, annual evaporation tended to grow evidently over time. When air temperature rises by 1 °C, the annual evaporation rate increases by 7.24–14.21%, while when the vapor pressure deficit rises by 10%, it changes from-0.09 to 5.40%. The study also provides references for further understanding of the trends and responses of regional evapotranspiration to climate change.     

西北内陆盆地潜水与土壤水转化关系研究

在天山北麓昌吉地下水均衡试验场,选择天山北麓平原的三种代表性岩性(粘土、细砂、砂砾石)进行天然条件下的潜水入渗补给和潜水蒸发模拟试验研究。观测不同岩性的潜水入渗补给量和潜水蒸发量,计算潜水补耗差,分析岩性和潜水埋深对潜水补耗差的影响。研究成果对于认识西北内陆干旱平原区土壤水与潜水的转化关系、涵养和保护地下水资源具有重要意义。     

改进的无作物潜水蒸发经验公式

根据安徽省五道沟水文水资源实验站砂姜黑土和砂壤土2种原状土样1992-1994年的潜水蒸发实验观测数据,在分析无作物条件下潜水蒸发与各种影响因素关系、潜水蒸发系数与水面蒸发关系的基础上,采用非线性最小二乘法,以决定性系数、残差均值和方差为性能指标,对已有的潜水蒸发经验公式-阿维里扬诺夫公式和叶水庭公式进行了非线性回归拟合优度比较,并提出了2个公式的改进形式。结果表明,采用改进后的经验公式进行潜水蒸发的拟合和预测,较原有公式精度有明显提高。     

运用溴离子示踪法评价玛纳斯河流域平原区潜水蒸发

潜水蒸发是干旱内陆盆地区地下水的主要排泄方式,但其定量评价存在很大的不确定性,是水均衡分析和水资源评价的难点.在新疆玛纳斯河流域平原区,以溴离子为示踪剂于2017年5月在不同土地利用类型区试验点投溴化钠,分别于2017年8月和2018年8月采样测定溴离子垂向分布,根据溴离子垂向运移速率确定潜水蒸发速率.试验点溴离子的浓度在垂向剖面上的分布呈现单峰形态且峰值上移,根据其峰值上移距离计算得出非沙漠区年平均潜水蒸发量为33.59 mm;不同土地利用类型潜水蒸发由强至弱依次为棉田、荒地、林地和沙漠,年平均蒸发量分别为41.71 mm、34.01 mm、11.28 mm、8.58 mm.溴离子示踪法评价潜水蒸发量的结果与前人相符;潜水蒸发速率与土地利用类型、包气带岩性、土壤体积含水量和潜水埋深有关,岩层粘粒含量越高、含水量越高、越靠近细土平原低地势区,潜水蒸发作用越强.      

“蒸发悖论”在中国的规律分析

利用全国353个气象站1956-2005年的气象资料,系统分析了过去50年间蒸发皿蒸发量、气温及降水的变化趋势,重点对"蒸发悖论"在中国的规律进行分析,并研究了蒸发皿蒸发量与降水的长期变化趋势的关系。研究结果表明:(1)过去50年间,全国范围内气温增加显著、蒸发皿蒸发量呈下降趋势,总体上存在"蒸发悖论";(2)"蒸发悖论"具有空间上和时间上的不一致,表现在:随着气温增加,东北地区蒸发皿蒸发量呈上升趋势,20世纪80年代中期以后全国范围蒸发皿蒸发量呈上升趋势;(3)过去50年间,降水量变化趋势不明显,降水量与蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势在空间分布上大体呈逆向关系。     

1960-2000年中国蒸发皿蒸发量的气候变化特征

利用中国664个气象站1960-2000年20 cm口径蒸发皿资料,借助地理信息系统Arc GIS,分析了中国蒸发皿蒸发量的气候变化趋势.结果表明,就中国平均而言,1960-2000年中国蒸发皿蒸发量呈明显下降趋势,年蒸发皿蒸发量在20世纪80～90年代较60～70年代下降了99.8 mm,下降幅度为5.8%;不同季节对照发现,蒸发皿蒸发量的下降主要表现在春季、夏季和冬季,秋季不明显;对蒸发皿蒸发量气候变化的空间分析表明,年蒸发皿蒸发量的下降主要表现在华东和中南地区;对蒸发皿蒸发量下降的原因分析表明,日照百分率下降从而导致太阳总辐射的下降可能是近年来蒸发皿蒸发量下降的主要原因.     

黄淮海流域蒸发量的变化及其原因分析

利用研究区1956-2000年117个气象台站的小型蒸发皿观测资料,分析了黄淮海流域蒸发量的变化趋势及其可能原因。结果表明,近50年来本区蒸发量减少十分显著,其变化速率一般在-50 mm/10a,平原地区最大变化速率达到-80mm/10a以上。蒸发量下降最明显的季节是春季和夏季,其中春季减少最大区域主要在海河流域的东南部和黄河下游,而夏季的减少主要在淮河流域。造成蒸发量减少的直接气候原因可能是日照时数及太阳辐射的减少,平均风速和气温日较差的降低可能也起着重要的作用。     

Numerical modeling the role of rubber dams on groundwater recharge and phreatic evaporation loss in riparian zones

Rubber dams have been widely built for their advantages in increase of flooding resources utilization in the north arid and semiarid plain regions of China. Rise in river water stage by the dams, particularly during the drought periods, increases lateral seepage of river water into groundwater, and thus groundwater table and phreatic evaporation loss in the riparian zones. In this study, a riparian area of the Baihe River in Nanyang of Henan Province, China was selected for investigation of influences of the river dams on the groundwater recharge and evaporation loss. A hydraulic model, HEC-RAS, was used for simulation of the river stage variations along the Baihe River, and a numerical groundwater model, MODFLOW, was applied for simulation of groundwater dynamics and estimation of river flow seepage into aquifer and evaporation loss. The results show that the dams increase river stages of 2–3 m during January 2000–December 2002. The increase in the captured groundwater recharge was 7.15–34.06 million m³/a and the increased phreatic evaporation loss occupies 10% of the increased recharge when four rubber dams were built.     

塔里木盆地北东缘潜水蒸发研究

通过试验,分析了潜水蒸发的特征,潜水蒸发的影响因素有气候条件(如温度、湿度、风速等),潜水埋深和土壤质地、结构及作物植被情况等。运用灰色系统等理论建立了潜水蒸发与埋深关系的GM(1.1)模型和潜水蒸发与面积关系的衰减幂函数模型。     

基于中国气象资料的趋势检验方法对比分析

结合全国317个气象站1956-2005年气象资料,分别利用普通Mann-Kendall、预置白Mann-Kendall、去趋势预置白Mann-Kendall趋势检验方法分析了年降水量、年平均气温和年蒸发皿蒸发量的趋势检验结果及自相关系数变化规律。其中,年降雨序列的自相关性不显著,3种趋势检验方法的分析结果差异不大;年平均气温和年蒸发皿蒸发量自相关性显著,其3种方法的检验结果差异性较大,需要剔除自相关性后进行趋势检验;空间特征上,北方站点气象要素的自相关显著性较高。数据分析和数学推导表明,序列正自相关性会放大序列趋势的显著性,序列的趋势项会增大计算的自相关系数。     

1971—2006年珠穆朗玛峰地区蒸发皿蒸发量的变化及其影响因素

升温率略高于平均最高气温的升温率.珠峰地区日照时数和平均风速的显著下降,以及相对湿度的明显增加可能是蒸发皿蒸发量下降的主要原因.     

长江流域20cm蒸发皿蒸发量的时空变化

利用长江流域107个气象站1951-2000年的20cm口径蒸发皿逐日蒸发资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法和IDW反距离权重空间插值法分析了近50年来,尤其是20世纪90年代长江流域的年和季节蒸发皿蒸发量的时空变化.50年来,长江流域以年平均、夏季和秋季蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降为主要特点,尤以20世纪90年代最为显著,是年平均和夏季蒸发皿蒸发量最小的时期,比前0年平均值分别低-25.9mm和-36.1mm,这种趋势中下游地区比上游地区明显得多,尤其是在鄱阳湖流域.     

A moving‐mesh finite‐volume method to solve free‐surface seepage problem in arbitrary geometries

The main objective of this work is to develop a novel moving‐mesh finite‐volume method capable of solving the seepage problem in domains with arbitrary geometries. One major difficulty in analysing the seepage problem is the position of phreatic boundary which is unknown at the beginning of solution. In the current algorithm, we first choose an arbitrary solution domain with a hypothetical phreatic boundary and distribute the finite volumes therein. Then, we derive the conservative statement on a curvilinear co‐ordinate system for each cell and implement the known boundary conditions all over the solution domain. Defining a consistency factor, the inconsistency between the hypothesis boundary and the known boundary conditions is measured at the phreatic boundary. Subsequently, the preceding mesh is suitably deformed so that its upper boundary matches the new location of the phreatic surface. This tactic results in a moving‐mesh procedure which is continued until the nonlinear boundary conditions are fully satisfied at the phreatic boundary. To validate the developed algorithm, a number of seepage models, which have been previously targeted by the other investigators, are solved. Comparisons between the current results and those of other numerical methods as well as the experimental data show that the current moving‐grid finite‐volume method is highly robust and it provides sufficient accuracy and reliability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于原状土蒸渗仪的潜水蒸发昼夜变化及差异性比较

为探究潜水蒸发昼夜变化及差异,利用五道沟水文实验站蒸渗仪群,进行了砂姜黑土和黄潮土两种代表土壤裸地及种植小麦和玉米三种情景下的实验。结果表明:有作物时,不同需水阶段昼夜潜水蒸发差异明显。需水大时,受蒸腾作用影响,潜水蒸发较大,两种土壤均为白天大于夜间。玉米生长初期需水小,但夏季白天气温较高,均为白天大于夜间。而小麦生长初期,冬季气温低,砂姜黑土昼夜差异不明显,各有大小,黄潮土则为夜间较大。裸土时,黄潮土受夜间水汽凝结及白天毛管断裂影响明显,夜间会大于白天。砂姜黑土则反之。