Abnormal Phenomena Recorded by Several Earthquake Precursor Observation Instruments Before the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan,Sichuan Earthquake

Abstract: The paper introduces the anomalies observed by digital tiltmeter, cross-fault deformation meter, 4-component borehole strainmeter and geothermometer before May 12, 2008, Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan. The digital tiltmeter installed in the epicentral region in Shifang County recorded the tilt anomalies 15 days before the earthquake with variation amplitude of 3.7 times larger than the annual deviation of 2007. The cross-fault deformation meter installed at Zimakua station on the Xianshuihe-Anninghe fault zone detected displacement anomaly occurring since 2006 with the variation amplitude exceeding the cumulative value of the last ten years. Five borehole strainmeter stations in the Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir area observed unconventional strain changes occurring in the period from May 1 through 12, 2008. Among them, the strainmeter at Wanzhou station recorded the great compression strain rate on the EW component at 14:00 o'clock of May 10, and the anomaly amplitude was so large that the instrument output exceeded its dynamic range, corresponding to a level of ~104 nanostrains. The geothermometers installed in Xi’an, Chongqing and Xichang recorded the sudden temperature changes from November 2007 to January 2008 with the variation amplitudes several times larger than the ordinary deviation. The above phenomena and the criteria for distinguishing the anomalies from background fluctuations are discussed in this paper.     

Process Analysis of In-situ Strain during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake-Data from the Stress Monitoring Station at Shandan

There were huge life and property losses during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Strain fluctuation curves were completely recorded at stress observatory stations in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its surroundings in the process of the earthquake. This paper introduces the geological background of the Wenchuan earthquake and the profile of in-situ stress monitoring stations. In particular, data of 174 earthquakes (Ms4.0-Ms8.5) were processed and analyzed with various methods, which were recorded at the Shandan station from August 2007 to December 2008. The results were compared with other seismic data, and further analyses were done for the recoded strain seismic waves, co-seismic strain stepovers, pre-earthquake strain valleys, Earth's free oscillations before and after the earthquake and their physical implications. During the Wenchuan earthquake, the strainmeter recorded a huge extensional strain of 70 seconds, which shows that the Wenchuan earthquake is a rupture process predominated by thrusting. Significant precursory strain anomalies were detected 48 hours, 30 hours, 8 hours and 37 minutes before the earthquake. The anomalies are very high and their forms are very similar to that of the main shock. Similar anomalies can also be found in strain curves of other shocks greater than Ms7.0, indicating that such anomalies are prevalent before a great earthquake. In this paper, it is shown that medium aftershocks (Ms5.5-6.0) can also cause Earth's free oscillations. Study of free oscillations is of great significance to understand the internal structure of the Earth and focal mechanisms of earthquakes and to recognize slow shocks, thus providing a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of geological disasters and the prediction of future earthquakes.     

汶川8.0级地震前BSQ型数字垂直摆倾斜仪观测到的地形变异常现象

地倾斜连续观测是地壳形变观测研究中重要内容。汶川8.0级地震前,布设在四川德阳金河测点的新型BSQ型数字垂直摆倾斜仪观测到了明显的地形变异常现象。分析其观测结果可知,汶川8.0级地震前约半月时间内德阳金河测点的地倾斜运动速度较过去的平均运动水平提高了数十倍,且震前地表快速倾斜的方向在N25°W左右。除此之外,德阳金河BSQ型数字垂直摆倾斜仪测点还观测到较为完整的,对应于可以反映地表应力集中、释放过程的震前地表破裂过程。上述现象为今后研究强震孕育机理提供了重要的信息。介绍与分析了布设在龙门山断裂带附近的其它类型地倾斜仪在震前的观测结果。事实证明,BSQ型数字垂直摆倾斜仪在强震前的浅表过程监测中具有重要意义,值得在今后的地震前兆台网工作中进行推广。     

Process Analysis of In-situ Strain during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake—Data from the Stress Monitoring Station at Shandan

Abstract: There were huge life and property losses during the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Strain fluctuation curves were completely recorded at stress observatory stations in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and its surroundings in the process of the earthquake. This paper introduces the geological background of the Wenchuan earthquake and the profile of in-situ stress monitoring stations. In particular, data of 174 earthquakes (Ms4.0-Ms8.5) were processed and analyzed with various methods, which were recorded at the Shandan station from August 2007 to December 2008. The results were compared with other seismic data, and further analyses were done for the recoded strain seismic waves, co-seismic strain stepovers, pre-earthquake strain valleys, Earth’s free oscillations before and after the earthquake and their physical implications. During the Wenchuan earthquake, the strainmeter recorded a huge extensional strain of 70 seconds, which shows that the Wenchuan earthquake is a rupture process predominated by thrusting. Significant precursory strain anomalies were detected 48 hours, 30 hours, 8 hours and 37 minutes before the earthquake. The anomalies are very high and their forms are very similar to that of the main shock. Similar anomalies can also be found in strain curves of other shocks greater than Ms7.0, indicating that such anomalies are prevalent before a great earthquake. In this paper, it is shown that medium aftershocks (Ms5.5-6.0) can also cause Earth’s free oscillations. Study of free oscillations is of great significance to understand the internal structure of the Earth and focal mechanisms of earthquakes and to recognize slow shocks, thus providing a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of geological disasters and the prediction of future earthquakes.     

云南地区水温异常与地震关系

云南地区地震频发, 水温观测点分布也最集中, 为研究水温异常与地震的关系提供了便利条件.通过收集已经公开发表关于该区域"十五"之前的水温异常与地震的对应关系的文章, 较系统地研究了水温异常持续时间、异常空间位置与地震之间的关系.结果表明: 水温异常主要是地震短临异常, 强震前也存在水温中期趋势异常; 一般情况下, 地震震级越大, 异常范围越广, 发震地点通常出现在水温异常集中的区域.      

汶川地震孕震背景与同震变化的铲形断层位错模拟

利用1983—1997、1997(或2007)—2008年跨龙门山断裂带长水准剖面观测资料,借助纯逆断、铲形断层正负位错模型与网格搜索试错法,模拟2008年5月12日四川省汶川县8.0级特大地震前闭锁背景与同震变化,在一定程度上反映出龙门山中央断裂震前应变能积累、震时反弹的特性。     

地震监测钻井设计及工艺研究

采用井下地震仪可监测到许多地面地震台未记录到的微弱地震波;井下地层形变观测可以摆脱地表的天然及人为干扰,使观测数据更加真实地反应地层变化情况,可大幅度提高震源定位精度。本文结合实际工程对地震监测井的设计、钻井和固井的工艺技术进行了分析研究。针对地震监测井的特殊要求,采用了钻井综合防斜保直技术和分层注浆固井新工艺,使所建地震监测井的垂直度和固井质量都达到了优良,为获取精准的地震监测数椐提供了基本保障。     

Satellite Thermal Infrared Earthquake Precursor to the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan, China, and its Analysis on Geo-dynamics

Based on an interpretation and study of the satellite remote-sensing images of FY-2C thermal infrared 1st wave band (10.3-11.3 μm) designed in China, the authors found that there existed obvious and isolated satellite thermal infrared anomalies before the 5.12 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake. These anomalies had the following characteristics: (1) The precursor appeared rather early: on March 18, 2008, I.e., 55 days before the earthquake, thermal infrared anomalies began to occur; (2) The anomalies experienced quite many and complex evolutionary stages: the satellite thermal infrared anomalies might be divided into five stages, whose manifestations were somewhat different from each other. The existence of so many anomaly stages was probably observed for the first time in numerous cases of satellite thermal infrared research on earthquakes; (3) Each stage lasted quite a long time, with the longest one spanning 13 days; (4) An evident geothermal anomaly gradient was distributed along the Longmen seismic fracture zone, and such a phenomenon might also be discovered for the first time in satellite thermal infrared earthquake research. This discovery is therefore of great guiding and instructive significance in the study of the earthquake occurrence itself and the trend of the post-earthquake phenomena.     

Satellite Thermal Infrared Earthquake Precursor to the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan,China, and its Analysis on Geo‐dynamics

Abstract: Based on an interpretation and study of the satellite remote-sensing images of FY-2C thermal infrared 1st wave band (10.3–11.3 μm) designed in China, the authors found that there existed obvious and isolated satellite thermal infrared anomalies before the 5.12 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake. These anomalies had the following characteristics: (1) The precursor appeared rather early: on March 18, 2008, i.e., 55 days before the earthquake, thermal infrared anomalies began to occur; (2) The anomalies experienced quite many and complex evolutionary stages: the satellite thermal infrared anomalies might be divided into five stages, whose manifestations were somewhat different from each other. The existence of so many anomaly stages was probably observed for the first time in numerous cases of satellite thermal infrared research on earthquakes; (3) Each stage lasted quite a long time, with the longest one spanning 13 days; (4) An evident geothermal anomaly gradient was distributed along the Longmen seismic fracture zone, and such a phenomenon might also be discovered for the first time in satellite thermal infrared earthquake research. This discovery is therefore of great guiding and instructive significance in the study of the earthquake occurrence itself and the trend of the post-earthquake phenomena.     

汶川地震和科学钻探

2008年5月12日,在我国四川省发生了震撼世界的汶川特大地震,给人民的生命财产造成了巨大的损失。在汶川特大地震发生及其余震尚在继续的特殊时期,快速实施汶川地震断裂带的科学钻探（WFSD）,是认识地震发生的机制、继续对余震进行有效监控以及提高地震监视和预警的能力的极佳机遇。2008年11月6日,汶川地震断裂带科学钻探工程开工典礼在四川省都江堰市虹口乡举行,标志着地震机制的研究跨上了新的台阶。通过对科学钻孔的直接取样,多学科观测和测试,揭示地震断裂带的深部组分、结构和构造属性,重塑地震断裂带的物理和化学过程,为提高未来地震的监测、预报或预警能力提供重要信息。     

山丹地应力监测站体应变仪的地震效应

本文简要介绍了山丹地应力监测台站的概况, 用多种方法对该台站安装的TYB-2000A体应变仪在2007年8月至2008年7月记录的174次肘M_s4.0~M_s8.6地震数据进行了处理与分析, 其中汶川地震及余震共85次, 并与其他台站记录的地震资料进行比对, 对记录的应变地震波、同震应变阶跃、地震前后地球自由振荡的变化及其所包含的物理意义等信息深入分析, 揭示出地震前后应变波的变化规律, 为今后的地震预测和灾害防治提供了科学依据.      

使用NCEP数据分析新疆于田地震前异常增温

美国国家环境预测中心(NCEP)全球再分析资料为监测地震异常提供了新的数据源。分析了2008年3月21日新疆7.3级地震前一个月的NCEP数据,发现2月18日06时（UTCS世界标准时间）在震中附近的断层带上出现温度异常,随后异常持续并向震中位置靠近。20日18时,异常区域完全覆盖震中位置,增温幅度达到7 K。21日12时异常结束。分析表明：温度异常区域与断层分布具有一致性,增温中心对应未来震中位置,增温幅度和发震震级可能存在对应关系,这对预测地震具有重要意义。     

三峡库区巴东地震(Ms5.1)成因机制及次声波信号

2013年12月16日三峡库区巴东发生M_s5.1地震.根据eigen-6c2模型研究了巴东地区的8-638阶卫星重力异常, 结果表明: 该地区场源深度为10 km的地壳为局部重力低异常, 反映了该处物质密度较周围偏低, 形成低密度层.同时, 研究了该地区速度结构剖面, 结果表明: 巴东地区地壳5~9 km及10~15 km深处存在上下两个低速层, 上部低速层与水库渗水有关, 下部低速层与地幔热流体的上涌有关.低密度层和低速层的确定为韧性流变层的存在提供了证据.巴东地震是地壳深部能量的长期集聚与突发释放, 属构造地震.然而, 库水下渗引起的上部低速异常降低了断层活动的阈值, 震前库水载荷的变化对此次巴东地震的发生起到了触发作用.通过对比次声波和地震波, 我们得出次声波仪记录到的异常信号为本地次声波.      

亚失稳态野外观测证据

2010年1月24日,山西省河津市发生了M_S 4.8级地震,在此之前,山西临汾地震台VP型宽频带倾斜仪2009年的观测数据清晰地记录到与实验室岩石破裂失稳过程类似的图像:4-7月观测数据以准线性变化为主;8月出现偏离线性的非线性变化;10月达到峰值点之后开始缓慢下降,此阶段即亚失稳阶段;12月出现加速下降;12月21日转平。转平之后35 d距离观测台站89 km处的河津市即发生了M_S 4.8级地震。在准线性阶段(岩石破裂实验的应力积累阶段),发震断层及附近的Benioff应变曲线也出现同步加速现象。这表明临汾地震台VP型宽频带倾斜仪所记录的亚失稳态现象是来自震源的信息。实验室观测到的亚失稳现象可在野外观测数据中得以验证。     

汶川地震深层地下水位临震异常

针对短临地震预报难尤其是临震预报难问题,以2008年汶川地震为背景,对受地震影响严重的川、滇、陕、甘、渝5个省市区域内的深层地下水位进行了分析,发现在龙门山断裂带所在的四川省及其NE方向的甘肃省区域,共有7口井水位表现为明显的临震异常,异常形态包括振荡型、脉冲型和阶升型。利用小波变换方法对振荡型及脉冲型异常进行分析,结果表明:临夏、古浪横梁和清水等井水位信号中存在着周期为2～8 min,振幅为5～59 mm的前驱波波形,这是由于震源体慢破裂过程中发出的地震波造成的。阶升型异常幅度较大,分别为129.4 cm和340.8 cm,从震前几分钟一直持续到震后,未恢复到震前状态;表明引起震时地下水剧烈变化的动力作用在震前已经开始,震时变化只是在此基础上进一步发展与加剧。     

福堂水电站震后厂房边坡锚索加固及应力监测与分析

“5·12”汶川大地震后,震区边坡稳定性受到严重破坏,出现多种破坏形式,如崩塌、滑坡、变形等等。不稳定边坡存在巨大的安全隐患,所以对边坡进行加固势在必行。预应力锚索是高边坡危害防治的主要手段,将大吨位的预应力锚索锚固于边坡体内稳固的岩层中,通过施加预应力,可抵抗边坡体深层破坏和变形。锚索预应力变化监测对于岩土锚固工程具有重要意义,它通过监控施工过程中及工后的预应力状态,检验加固工程是否达到预期效果,根据长期的监测结果对坡体稳定状态做出评价,并决定是否需要采取适当的补救措施。结合福堂水电站震后厂房边坡锚索加固及其应力监测,探讨了压力分散型锚索应力损失及变化规律,对岩土锚固工程设计、施工提供技术支持。     

四川汶川8级地震地应力异常——来自压磁频率应力测量系统的记录

2008年5月12日四川汶川发生8级特大地震,我们利用压磁频率测量系统在1000多公里以外记录了这一震惊世界的自然灾害。汶川地震发震前94天,地应力出现大幅度快速变化的短期地震前兆,三个受力元件分别受压633.5 Pa、1512 Pa、4561.4 Pa。临震前几小时指向震中方向的元件出现4次脉冲式突跳的临震异常,然后大地震发生了。距离震中1000多公里的中国辐射防护研究院台站（简称：中辐院台）完整地记录了大地震前表层剧烈形变的力量加强过程,这验证了李四光先生1973年提出的“在较大范围内、不同的活动断裂上,不同的地点可以获得相同的应力状态”的论点。本测量系统具有灵敏度高、动态性能好的优点,它抗干扰能力强,克服了采用电压、阻抗、电感信号传输的测量系统长期测值不稳定的干扰因素。该压磁频率应力测量系统不仅可安装在山地岩石中,也可应用于广大平原地区。可测量到快速变化的地震面波,能获取短临地震前兆信息,传感器安装在土层或岩层中,都能起到预报地震的效果,因而具有非常广阔的应用前景。     

低频电磁波与地倾斜传感器对地震预报分析与研究

5.12大地震对国家造成了一次重大的损失,则对地震预报的研究则显得尤为重要。本文认为地震发生的机理是板块挤压破裂学说。在地震动发生前后都会出现一些宏观或微观异常,在地震发生前其微观异常主要表现为电磁波、地壳倾斜、地应力等异常。本方通过对低频电磁波和地倾斜进行测量和研究,可通过数据多台站共享来进行地震预报分析。     

四川汶川Ms 8.0地震地表破裂构造初步调查与发震背景分析

5月16-24日对川西汶川大地震震中区的发震断裂地带进行的实地考察和初步测量,获得了宝贵的地表变形和同震位移最数据资料,证实汶川地震属于逆冲断裂型地震,主破裂沿映秀-北川断裂带发育,前山地区滑灌县-安县断裂也有地表破裂,同震位移量在3～5m.汶川地震产牛的地表破裂构造和运动性质显示明显分段特性,映秀-北川段以挤压逆冲为主,而北川以北段则伴有显著的右旋走滑分量.     

强震前地磁秒数据异常及其短临预测意义

通过分析6个强震震中附近地磁Z分量秒数据的处理结果显示: 一些强震在震前反复出现较强的地磁异常现象.此现象在震前百余天至四十余天和临震前出现; 地磁场的特大异常持续天数随震级的增大而增大, 其异常天数与总体天数的比值随着震级的增大而增大.该特性对于短临地震预报预警及防震减灾具有一定意义.