南极洲伊丽莎白公主地区主要离子沉积方式及nssSO_4~(2-)气候效应研究

通过对１９９６／１９９７年中国首次南极内陆冰盖考察获得的南极洲伊丽莎白公主地区５０ｍ 雪芯样品主要阴、阳离子浓度、通量和积累率关系的研究,揭示以下规律：１）南极洲伊丽莎白公主地区大气中各主要离子浓度足够大,足以使本地区冰雪中主要离子浓度不随积累率的变化而变化,即离子浓度不受积累率的影响。２）各主要离子干、湿沉积所占比重的计算结果表明,本地区离子沉积方式以湿沉积为主。另外,ｎｓｓＳＯ２－４ 的研究结果表明火山爆发的中、短期气候效应在伊丽莎白公主地区反应不明显。     

COLD,ALPINE ICE BODIES REVISITED: WHAT MAY WE LEARN FROM THEIR IMPURITY AND ISOTOPE CONTENT?

In the European Alps, ice core studies have been mainly performed in view of the recent man‐made influence on the atmospheric load of aerosol‐related species, while respective investigations on the pre‐industrial aerosol or on stable water isotope‐based climate records remained sparse. We address from a glaciological perspective the specific conditions of Alpine drilling sites and, in particular, the role of depositional noise. Thereby, we refer to two major drilling areas (located in the summit range of Monte Rosa and Mt Blanc massif, respectively) which largely differ in their snow accumulation rate and, hence, in their accessible time scale. A simple scheme considering the seasonality of both, the precipitation‐borne signal and the snow erosion‐controlled net accumulation rate is presented. It shows that water isotope trends are generally more sensitive to distortion by a seasonality effect than recent snow impurities trends, although the influence of a given seasonal accumulation rate cycle on the mean levels of water isotopes and impurities is similar. These findings are illustrated on the decadal and centennial time scale by the inter‐ and intra‐site variability of major ion and water isotope records. The intra‐site comparison includes the discussion of strong water isotope depletions seen some meters above bedrock at low accumulation drilling sites.     

南极伊利莎白公主地250年来雪芯累积、氧同位素与化学研究

1Introduction In the ongoing discussion of climate change,the mass balance of Antarctica has received increasing attention during recent decades,since its reaction to global warming will strongly influence sea-level change(Schlosser and Oerter,2002).Many …     

250 years of accumulation, oxygen isotope and chemical records in a firn core from Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica

A 51.85-m firn core collected from site DT001 (accumulation rate 127 kgm-2a-1, mean annual temperature -33.1 oC) on Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, during the 1996-97 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition has been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. A comparison between the seasonal variations of major ions was carried out in order to reduce the dating uncertainty, using the volcanic markers as time constrains. A deposition period of 251 years was determined. The calculated accumulation rates display an increasing trend before 1820, while after 1820, the trend of the accumulation is not obvious. Overall, temperature change in the region shows a slight increasing trend over the past 250 years. But, notably, a temperature decline of -2 oC is observed from 1860 to the present. This feature, at odds with the warming trend over the past century recorded in both hemispheres, likely reflects a regional characteristic related to the lack of a high latitude/low latitude link in the Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns. The results of the glaciochemical records of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl-, Na+ and Mg2+ are similar to those reported from other sites in East Antarctica. However, the mean concentration of Ca2+ is much higher than that reported from other regions, suggesting the influence of the strong local terrestrial sources in Princess Elizabeth Land. There is no evidence of a positive correlation between NO3- concentrations and solar activity (11-year solar cycle and solar cycle length), although solar proton events may account for some of the NO3- peak values in the record.     

南极洲纳尔逊冰帽雪层剖面和冰川化学特征

Nelson冰帽位于南极洲边缘地区,周围海洋环绕。雪层剖面受融水干扰,但综合分析后仍能观察到季节变化的轮廓。结合雪层剖面和杂质成分及浓度分析,推知这里以局地海洋气团降水为主,冬季降水中杂质含量高于夏季,平均杂质含量远远高于内陆,人类活动等对环境的影响已在雪层中留下痕迹。但NO_3~-的沉积速率在整个西南极洲相差不显著,大气圈作用是控制NO_3~-沉积的主要因素。     

基于氢氧同位素和水化学的祁连山老虎沟冰川区径流过程分析

基于2012-2013年两个消融期在祁连山老虎沟冰川区连续2 a采集的冰川融水径流、雪冰以及降水样品,分析探讨了冰川区水体介质中氢氧同位素和水化学要素(主要化学离子、pH值、TDS和电导率等)在消融期的变化过程及特征。结果表明:祁连山老虎沟雪冰融水中的氢氧同位素值(δD和δ¹⁸O)表现出明显的消融期随月份波动,先升高再降低的趋势,在7月份表现出高值,反映了冰川消融强弱程度的变化过程。冰川径流中同位素含量与冰雪融水接近,且处于当地降水线上,其主要来自冰雪融水和降雨补给。老虎沟冰川融水径流水化学主要表现为Ca-Na-HCO₃-SO₄和Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄型,其组成特征也表现出随消融过程而变化。对氢氧同位素和化学要素组成在消融期(6~9月)随时间的变化过程进行了分析,表明结合冰川区氢氧同位素和化学要素(包括化学离子、TDS、pH值和电导率等)的组成可以区分雪坑和新雪、河水的组分变化,可以反映冰川融水径流在消融期的变化过程。     

Local Extremes in the Lidar‐Derived Snow Cover of Alpine Glaciers

Snow deposition and redistribution are major drivers of snow cover dynamics in mountainous terrain and contribute to the mass balance of alpine glaciers. The quantitative understanding of inhomogeneous snow distribution in mountains has recently benefited from advances in measuring technologies, such as airborne laser scanning (ALS). This contribution further advances the quantitative understanding of snow distribution by analysing the areas of maximum surface elevation changes in a mountain catchment with large and small glaciers. Using multi‐annual ALS observations, we found extreme surface elevation changes on rather thin borders along the glacier margins. While snow depth distribution patterns in less extreme terrain have presented high inter‐annual persistence, there is little persistence of those extreme glacier accumulations between winters. We therefore interpret the lack of persistence as the result of a predominance of gravity‐driven redistribution, which has an inherently higher random component because it does not occur with all conditions in all winters. In highly crevassed zones, the lidar‐derived surface elevation changes are caused by a complex interaction of ice flux divergence, the propagation of crevasses and snow accumulation. In general, the relative contribution of gravitational mass transport to glacier snow cover volume was found to decrease for glaciers larger than 5 km² in the investigated region. We therefore suggest that extreme accumulations caused by gravitational snow transport play a significant role in the glacier mass balance of small to medium‐size glaciers and that they may be successfully parameterized by simple mass redistribution algorithms, which have been presented in the literature.     

Glacier meltwater runoff process analysis using δD and δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O isotope and chemistry at the remote Laohugou glacier basin in western Qilian Mountains,China

Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope has important implication on water and moisture transportation tracing research. Based on stable hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotope using a Picarro L1102-i and water chemistry (e.g. major ions, pH, EC and TDS) measurement, this study discussed the temporal variation and characteristics of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope, chemistry (e.g. TDS, pH, EC, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and Cl^-) in various water bodies including glacier meltwater runoff, ice and snow, and precipitation at the Laohugou glacier basin during June 2012 to September 2013. Results showed that δD and δ¹⁸O in the meltwater runoff varied obviously with the temporal change from June to September, showing firstly increasing trend and then decreasing trend, with the highest values in July with high air temperature and strong glacier melting, which could indicate the temporal change of glacier melting process and extent. Variations of δD and δ¹⁸O in the runoff were similar with that of snow and ice on the glacier, and the values were also above the GMWL, which probably implied that the glacier runoff was mainly originated from glacier melting and precipitation supply. The glacier meltwater chemical type at the Laohugou glacier basin were mainly composed by Ca-Na-HCO₃-SO₄ and Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄, which also varied evidently with the glacier melting process in summer. By analyzing the temporal change of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope and chemistry in the melting period, we find it is easy to separate the components of the snow and ice, atmospheric precipitation and melt-runoff in the river, which could reflect the change process of glacier melting during the melting period, and thus this work can contribute to the glacier runoff change study of large-scale region by stable isotope and geochemical method in future.     

北极Svalbard群岛雪坑及河流主要离子特征

报道了2007年北极Svalbard群岛Longyearbyen地区2处雪坑样品和8个河流样品中主要阴、阳离子浓度。对比该地区1996年雪坑样品离子浓度发现,2007年雪坑中离子浓度普遍降低,该地区河流水化学受陆源离子影响为主,主要是河流流经裸露基岩过程中对岩石的侵蚀作用造成的。     

霍景涅里辛沙漠地下水化学和同位素特征

在综合分析地质条件基础上,运用水化学及同位素技术,并结合现场调查及室内分析的方法,对霍景涅里辛沙漠地下水进行研究,分析了研究区地下水化学及稳定同位素特征,讨论了地下水的矿化过程及影响因素,确定了沙漠区地下水的补给来源。结果表明：沙漠区潜水中各离子组分平均值均大于承压水,潜水的溶解性总固体（TDS）平均值远大于承压水,说明潜水的蒸发作用大于承压水;控制潜水中主要离子成分的作用主要为溶解作用、交替吸附作用以及蒸发作用,控制承压水中主要离子成分的作用主要为溶解作用;沙漠区潜水与承压水具有一定的水力联系;地下水的补给来源主要为山区冰雪融水及降水,潜水的补给高程为1 370m,承压水的补给高程为1 650m。     

The difference of atmospheric chemical loadings shown by electrical conductivity of snow and ice between Antarctica, Arctic and Qinghai Tibetan Plateau

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｉｎｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｓｔｈｅｌｏａｄｉｎｇｏｆｉｏｎｓｉｎｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ,ｔｈｕｓｄｉｓｐｌａｙｓｔｈｅｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｏｕｔｌｉｎｅｏｆｔｈｅ...     

积雪淋溶作用对冰川雪层内主要阴、阳离子记录的影响

利用乌鲁木齐河源１号冰川初始消融季节的连续雪坑离子浓度剖面,初步探讨本区冰川雪层中离子淋溶作用的特征及其对雪冰化学记录的影响。结果表明原始积雪内的大部分化学成分随融水向下渗浸,并富集在雪／冰界面处或附加冰内。当冰川消融进一步加剧,导致大部分离子成分随融水进入冰川径流,则会最终形成离子浓度很低的冰川冰,冰芯之定量记录将蜕变为定性结果。     

雪冰电导率反映的南、北极和青藏高原大气环境差异

青藏高原（无论南部、北部）雪冰电导率与雪冰体的酸碱度及雪冰内各类杂质成分的关系明显不同于极地冰盖（南极冰盖与格陵兰冰盖）,青藏高原雪冰电导率依赖于地壳来源的碱性矿物盐类杂质（如Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋,ＳＯ２－４等）,因而与雪冰酸度（即Ｈ＋）呈反相关;极地冰盖雪冰电导率依赖于海洋来源的酸根离子（如Ｃｌ－,ＳＯ２－４等）,因而与雪冰酸度呈正相关。但在北极地区,雪冰电导率与各离子的关系存在复杂的地域分异,如在北极中心地区,极可能由于“北极霾”的干扰,打破了格陵兰冰盖内电导率与酸根离子间明确的函数关系。总之,雪冰电导率是寒区大气环境的替代性“指示器”     

Characteristics of ion concentrations in snowpits in Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Arctic

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｉｎｓｎｏｗｐｉｔａｒｅｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｉｎｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆｍｏｄｅｒｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｅｓｉｎｓｎｏｗａｎｄｉｃｅ,ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｂａｓｉｃｃｏｎｔ...     

An assessment of variations in mercury deposition to Antarctica over the past 34,000 years

We performed a comparison analysis of the variations .in Mercury ( Hg) concentrations and the precipitation proxies ( e. g. , 18 O values and 10 Be concentrations) in the Dome C ice core. The results showed that there were significant correlations between Hg and δ 10O values, 10Be concentrations, indicating that the accumulation rate in Dome C is one of the key factors controlling the variations of Hg concentrations in the past 34 ,000 years, and implying that Hg concentrations in ice core can be used as another reliable proxy of precipitation rate in Antarctica. Based upon the high-resolution δ 18O values, we estimated the variations in mercury deposition flux to Antarctica over the past 34,000 years. The highest mercury deposition flux is about 3. 80 pg cm-2 yr-1 during the Last Glacial Maxium (LGM) as high as 3. 5 times of the mercury deposition flux ( about 1. 08 pg cm -2 yr -1) in Holocene due to the fluctuations in natural mercury emissions such as the oceanic biological emissions.     

Isotopic analysis of the snow cover at an alpine glacier as an indicator of local climatic variations and isotopic homogeni zation processes

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＦｏｒｓｏｍｅｆｏｕｒｄｅｃａｄｅｓ,ｓｅａｓｏｎａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｉｓｏｔｏｐｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｅｄｓｎｏｗａｔｐｏｌａｒｉｃｅｃａｐｓｈａｖｅｂｅｎｕｓｅｄｔｏｄａｔｅｇｌａｃｉｅｒｉ...     

Distribution features of stable oxygen isotopes in the typical monsoon temperate-glacier region, Mountain Yulong in China

During the summers of 1999 and 2000, sampling was carried out in Mt. Yulong, for the investigation of the spatial distribution of oxygen stable isotope in the atmospheric glacial hydro system and similar results obtained in the two years have confirmed our conclusion. There is an evident negative correlation between stable isotopic composition and air temperature precipitation amount, suggesting that there exits a strong "precipitation amount effect" in this typical monsoon temperate glacier region. There are marked differences between the δ 18 O values in winter accumulated snow, glacial meltwater, summer precipitation and glacier feeding stream. Under the control of varied climatic conditions, spatial and temporal variations of above glacial hydro mediums are apparent. Isotopic depletion or fractionation and ionic changes had occurred during the phase change and transformation processes of snow ice, ice meltwater, flowing of runoff and contact with bedrock. The variation of stable isotope in a runoff can reflect not only its own flowing process but also its different feeding sources.     

极地冰雪环境地球化学指标及其指示意义

极地冰雪中可以反映气候环境的环境地球化学指标主要是可溶性杂质和不可溶性微粒。可溶性杂质主要包括H+、Na+、Mg2 +、Ca2 +、NH4+、Cl- 、NO3- 、SO42 - 、CH3SO3- 等。本文在概述冰雪中的这些化学杂质的来源影响因素和时空分布特征的基础上 ,概述了冰雪中NO3- 沉积的主要来源 (即闪电作用和高层大气光化学作用产生的含氮化合物等 )及其影响因素 (包括太阳活动、火山活动、超新星活动、核爆炸试验和沉积后的蒸发及迁移作用等 ) ,SO42 - 的主要来源 (即海洋生物释放和火山喷发等 )、影响因素 (包括源区温度、ENSO事件及海冰面积等 )和它们的时空变化特点 ;讨论了南、北极地区冰雪中微粒沉积的主要源区和变化特征。。     

南极洲伊利莎白公主地区气候特征分析

通过对1996/1997年中国首次南极内陆冰盖考察地区——南极洲伊利莎白公主地区近300 km断面上70余个雪坑的δ¹⁸O和积累率资料的分析,首次揭示了本地区气候变化特征。即无论是气温还是降水都从沿海向内陆递减,但两者的变化又有差异,具体表现在气温从沿海向内陆持续递减,降水先递增后递减,表现出很强的地段性。同时探讨了二者变化的影响因素和影响机制。     

中亚天山山区冰雪变化及其对区域水资源的影响

冰川和积雪是构成山区固体水库的主体,对区域水资源稳定性具有调节功能,但深受气候变化的影响。以中亚天山为研究区域,基于长时间序列的观测数据,分别从冰川、积雪、水储量、径流等方面进行分析,并选取阿克苏河、开都河及乌鲁木齐河3个典型流域,研究天山山区冰雪变化对流域水资源的影响。结果表明：① 冰川退缩速率与面积的函数关系为f（x） = -0.53×x^-0.15 （R² = 0.42,RMSE = 0.086）,说明小型冰川对气候变化的响应更为敏感。同时,中低海拔区域的冰川退缩速率大于高海拔区域;② 2003-2015年天山山区水储量的递减速率为-0.7±1.53 cm/a,天山中部区域的递减速率最大,这一结果与该区域冰川急剧退缩相吻合;③ 近半个多世纪以来,冰雪融水径流增加是这3个典型流域径流量增加的主要原因,其中阿克苏河增幅最大（达0.4×10⁸ m³/a）。但自20世纪90年代中期以来,3个流域的径流量都呈减少趋势,与流域内冰川面积减少、厚度变薄及平衡线海拔升高的关系密切。研究结果揭示了气候变化驱动下的山区固态水体储量变化对流域水资源的影响机制,以期为流域水资源管理提供有价值的决策参考。