华北平原地下水年龄校正

地下水14C年龄一般指地下水和土壤CO2隔绝至今的年代.地下水测年在地下水水文学中占有特殊的位置,地下水测年可以用来确定补给区,估算地下水流速度、流量、补给速率、水力传导系数和有效孔L隙度,而且年龄数据还可以用来完善地下水流模型.本研究选择华北平原为重点研究区,利用地下水中的同位素和化学组分的测试结果,应用水文地球化学及同位素水文学等相关知识,通过六种传统模型和反向质量平衡模型(NETPATH)对华北平原地下水年龄进行校正.根据年龄校正结果,分析了深层地下水的年龄变化特点,确定了水流路径上发生的水文地球化     

反向地球化学模拟技术在深层地下水14C年龄校正中的应用——以鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地典型水流路径为例

本文以鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地为例,利用反向水文地球化学模拟技术识别出影响区内深层地下水碳酸演化的主要作用并进行深层地下水14C年龄的校正.结果表明:控制鄂尔多斯白垩系地下水盆地南区深层地下水化学演化的主要反应路径为碳酸盐矿物、伊利石或绿泥石的沉淀反应、长石、石膏矿物等的溶解以及Ca-Na的离子交换;北区为方解石溶解、白云石沉淀的非全等溶解反应、伊利石的沉淀反应、长石的溶解反应以及Ca-Na的离子交换.南区地下水流路径上所发生的水文地球化学反应对路径上14C的浓度变化影响较小而北区影响较大.地下水14C年龄校正结果表明,盆地南区深层地下水14C年龄(22969 a)明显老于北区(3 967 a).     

银川平原深层地下水14C年龄校正

地下水¹⁴C年龄的校正精度取决于对地下水溶解无机碳演化过程中影响地下水¹⁴C活度主要因素的准确识别及其影响程度的定量评价。以银川平原为例,在进行银川平原承压水反向地球化学反应路径模拟的基础上,识别出影响区内深层地下水碳酸演化的主要作用并进行深层地下水¹⁴C年龄的校正。研究认为,控制银川平原深层地下水化学演化的主要反应路径为碳酸盐矿物的沉淀和长石、角闪石、石膏等矿物的溶解以及Ca-Na离子交换。地下水流路径上所发生的水文地球化学反应对路径上¹⁴C的浓度变化影响较小。地下水¹⁴C年龄校正结果表明,除补给区和承压水水位漏斗区外,银川平原承压水年龄均在2 000 a以上,属“古水”,天然条件下径流缓慢、地下水更新速度小。在承压水水位漏斗区外,沿地下水流方向,地下水年龄逐渐增大;而在承压水集中开采区,承压水的年龄明显小于路径上游地下水,潜水与承压水之间的垂向水力联系比较密切。     

多源4He及其积累年龄揭示的深层地下水更新能力——以保定-沧州剖面为例

地下水年龄是重要的水文地质参数,它直接揭示了地下水的循环时间和更新能力.由于不同同位素半衰期不同,导致的测年精度和范围各异,致使华北平原深层地下水年龄存在诸多争议.虽然地下水4He测年方法已经得到应用,但是对地下水中4He多种来源的认识依然不足.通过系统采集和分析华北平原保定-沧州深层地下水中惰性气体含量及其同位素组成...     

碳酸盐岩地区地下水年龄的同位素研究

在太原地区测试了240个地下水、地表水和大气降水的~3H、~14C和~13C值。结果表明研究区有三维地下水流动系统,岩溶地下水补给、径流、排泄区应选用不同的地下水混合模型。通过年轻水混入校正、死碳稀释校正和~14C初始浓度变化校正,求得了研究区内13个点上的地下水年龄,并据此计算了地下水流速和径流量。      

华北平原区域地下水污染评价

华北平原是我国的重要经济区,人口近1.3亿,地下水是其主要供水水源。在工业和生活污染物排放及农业施用化肥农药的影响下,地下水已遭受一定程度的污染。综合分析了地下水污染评价的各种方法后,将单因子污染指数法进行了改进,提出了单指标污染标准指数法。在华北平原开展了野外调查,采集了6 063组地下水样品,每个样品检测34 项指标。采用单因子污染标准指数法对华北平原地下水污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:华北平原35.47%采样点的地下水已受到不同程度污染,以轻污染为主,深层地下水也有一定的污染,但比浅层地下水轻,未受污染的深层地下水占87.14%。单因子污染标准指数法基本解决了区域污染评价指标之间对比问题,能够直接反映区域地下水污染情况,并为有针对性地治理地下水污染提供了依据。     

德州市地下水锰含量的分布特征及成因分析

德州市位于华北平原东南部,属于典型黄河下游冲击平原空隙水文单元,具有咸淡两种水体共存的水环境特征,针对德州市浅层地下水和深层地下水锰含量的分布特征分析,表明含水层介质及上覆盖层性质、酸碱条件、氯离子含量和氧化还原环境是造成该地区地下水锰含量分布特点的主要因素,而人类活动对该市地下水赋存状况扰动,水质发生变化,使深层地下水中Mn~(2+)含量普遍较低。     

反向地球化学模拟技术在地下水14C年龄校正中应用的进展与思考

地下水¹⁴C年龄校正一直是地下水年代学研究中的一个热点问题,将反向地球化学路径模型与同位素质量传输模型耦合起来,在综合考虑不同碳源、不同水文地球化学反应对¹⁴C质量传输影响的基础上,提出了一种新的综合性的校正方法,从而使地下水¹⁴C定年技术得到了进一步发展。识别深层地下水演化过程中影响¹⁴C浓度变化的主要因素并定量确定其对地下水¹⁴C浓度的影响程度是地下水¹⁴C校正的精度和可信度的重要考虑因素;在应用水文地球化学路径模拟技术进行地下水¹⁴C年龄校正时,必须要充分考虑地下水补给环境特点以及反向地球化学模拟模型中的非可行解的排除。     

河北省邯郸、邢台东部四县地下水越流问题的同位素分析

深层地下水的属性、深浅层地下水的水力联系(越流)是水文地质工作者一直研究和争论的问题。在对邯郸、邢台东部四县深、浅层地下水的氢、氧同位素样品的采集与测试中,发现该区地下水中氚同位素含量较高(15～30 TU,最高达51.1 TU)。本文利用区域大气降水中氚同位素衰减规律与特征,结合研究区地下水的水位和水质动态特征、含水层及隔水层的岩性特征,对特定水文地质条件下浅层地下水向深层地下水越流的可能性进行了分析研究,认为:本区存在浅层地下水越流至深层地下水的可能,在深层地下水中出现的高氚含量是其重要的证据。     

黑河流域地下水同位素年龄及可更新能力研究

通过对黑河流域地下水的放射性同位素如氚(T)和¹⁴C的测定, 对该流域浅层和深层地下水的年龄以及其更新速率进行了估算. 结果表明: 整体上看, 从黑河流域的上游、中游至下游, 浅层和深层地下水年龄逐渐增加, 地下水更新速率也逐渐增大. 其中, 黑河上游浅层和深层地下水平均更新速率分别为1.96%·a^-1和1.76%·a^-1, 可更新能力最强; 中游浅层和深层地下水平均更新速率为1.25%·a^-1和0.68%·a^-1, 可更新能力次之; 下游浅层和深层地下水平均更新速率分别为0.74%·a^-1和0.18%·a^-1, 可更新能力最差. 黑河流域不同地带地下水由于循环条件的不同, 浅层和深层地下水年龄存在较大的差异. 其中, 中游山前平原补给条件较好, 浅层和深层地下水年龄较小; 中、下游远离河道地区浅层和深层地下水补给条件差, 显示了更老的年龄. 黑河流域埋深40 m以上的浅层地下水平均更新速率(1.13%·a^-1)高于埋深40~100 m之间的中层地下水(0.65%·a^-1)以及埋深100 m以下深层地下水(0.55%·a^-1). 因此, 在黑河流域地下水开发过程中要合理开发浅层地下水, 适当缩减开发深层地下水.     

Primary study on evaluation index system for groundwater exploitation potentiality based on the niche theories

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

Quality evaluation of groundwater in the North China Plain

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

Assessing groundwater availability and the response of the groundwater system to intensive exploitation in the North China Plain by analysis of long-term isotopic tracer data

The use of isotope tracers as a tool for assessing aquifer responses to intensive exploitation is demonstrated and used to attain a better understanding of the sustainability of intensively exploited aquifers in the North China Plain. Eleven well sites were selected that have long-term (years 1985–2014) analysis data of isotopic tracers. The stable isotopes δ¹⁸O and δ²H and hydrochemistry were used to understand the hydrodynamic responses of the aquifer system, including unconfined and confined aquifers, to groundwater abstraction. The time series data of ¹⁴C activity were also used to assess groundwater age, thereby contributing to an understanding of groundwater sustainability and aquifer depletion. Enrichment of the heavy oxygen isotope (¹⁸O) and elevated concentrations of chloride, sulfate, and nitrate were found in groundwater abstracted from the unconfined aquifer, which suggests that intensive exploitation might induce the potential for aquifer contamination. The time series data of ¹⁴C activity showed an increase of groundwater age with exploitation of the confined parts of the aquifer system, which indicates that a larger fraction of old water has been exploited over time, and that the groundwater from the deep aquifer has been mined. The current water demand exceeds the sustainable production capabilities of the aquifer system in the North China Plain. Some measures must be taken to ensure major cuts in groundwater withdrawals from the aquifers after a long period of depletion.     

银川平原承压水氢氧同位素组成与~(14)C年龄分布特征

利用地下水氢氧同位素(2H、3H和18O)和碳同位素(14C)方法,分析银川平原承压水的补给更新能力。在平原区采集承压水氢、氧、碳同位素样品45组,测试其氢氧同位素含量和14C年龄。据测试结果分析,地下水氢、氧、碳环境同位素分布特征存在较好的一致性,揭示了该区承压水的补给、流动的区域规律和局部变化特征。地下水14C测年结果显示,承压水年龄大多介于3000~22290 a之间,同时采用Tamers和Gonfiantinie模型对14C年龄校正进行了对比分析。沿同位素水文地质剖面计算得出:银川以北贺兰山前向平原中部地下水的流动速率为2.22~0.63 m/a,呈现由南向北递减的特征;从青铜峡冲洪积区向平原中部地下水由每年流动十余米减少至2 m。综合分析认为,银川平原承压水流动缓慢,水交替循环时间长,局部与潜水水力联系较密切,在承压水开采区,潜水越流补给量可达45%,适量开采存在一定程度的可更新性。     

Groundwater Flow Simulation and its Application in Groundwater Resource Evaluation in the North China Plain,China

The purpose of this study is to establish a 3D groundwater flow modelling for evaluating groundwater resources of the North China Plain.First,the North China Plain was divided into three aquifers vertically through a characterization of hydrogeological conditions.Groundwater model software GMS was used for modeling to divide the area of simulation into a regular network of 164 rows and 148 lines.This model was verified through fitting of the observed and the simulated groundwater flow fields at deep and shallow layers and comparison between the observed and simulated hydrographs at 64 typical observation wells.Furthermore,water budget analysis was also performed during the simulation period(2002-2003).Results of the established groundwater flow model showed that the average annual groundwater recharge of the North China Plain during 1991 to 2003 was 256.68×10~8 m~3/yr with safe yield of groundwater resources up to 213.49×10~8 m~3/yr,in which safe yield of shallow groundwater and that of deep groundwater was up to 191.65×10~8 m~3/yr and 22.64×10~8 m~3/yr respectively.Finally,this model was integrated with proposal for groundwater withdrawal in the study area after commencement of water supply by South-North Water Transfer Project,aiming to predict the changing trend of groundwater regime.As indicated by prediction results,South-North Water Transfer Project,which is favorable for effective control of expansion and intensification of existing depression cone,would play a positive role in alleviation of short supply of groundwater in the North China Plain as well as maintenance and protection of groundwater.     

近40年来华北平原地下水位演变研究及其超采治理建议

华北平原是中国三大平原之一,同时也是粮食主产区之一,京津冀协同发展区,雄安新区皆位于区内,地理位置极其重要。地下水是华北平原主要的供水水源,占总供水量70%左右,自20世纪70年代末以来地下水开采强度不断增大,长期处于严重超采状态,形成规模巨大地下水位降落漏斗,进而引发地面沉降、地裂缝、湿地退化、海水入侵等一系列环境地质问题,制约社会经济可持续发展。研究地下水位演变可以为地下水超采治理及降落漏斗修复提供支撑,本文基于华北平原2019—2020年高密度地下水位统测数据及历史水位资料,研究了2020年现状地下水位流场及漏斗分布状况,系统分析了近40年来地下水位变化特征。研究发现:华北平原东西部浅层地下水位呈现差异化发展,20世纪80年代至2014年平原西部浅层地下水位持续快速下降,累计降幅达20～60 m,太行山前冲洪积扇缘一带水位降幅最大,2014年南水北调工程供水后,西部山前主要城市水位止跌回升;中东部地区水位呈现自然波动状态。深层地下水位20世纪80年代至2014年,总体呈下降趋势,中东部地区水位降幅度最大,累计达到40～90 m;2014年后城市区与农业区深层地下水位呈差异化发展,城区水位回升明显,周边农业区仍呈快速下降趋势。此外,在地下水演变分析基础上,以地下水采补平衡及水位恢复为目标,提出了开展超采区防控目标水位阈值研究、制定地下水减采和回补精准治理方案、优化地下水位监测网以及南水北调农业水源置换可行性研究等建议。研究成果对支撑华北平原地下水超采精准治理,地下水位降落漏斗修复和地下水资源合理开发与管理都具有重要意义。     

北京市永定河流域地下水^14C年龄的初步分析

应用同位素方法初步分析北京郊区永定河流域地下水的演化特点。沿永定河冲洪积扇地下水流动方向布置取样剖面，共有取样点14个，对采集的水样进行^14C和氚含量分析，并确定地下水同位素年龄。浅层孔隙水的^14C年龄的变化范围为730～4900a，深层孔隙水为13420-22480a；^14C年龄在垂直方向上由浅部至深部逐渐增大，最大变化幅度为从3010a增至22480a；浅层孔隙水的氚含量都在14．99～30．56TU之间，深层孔隙水大部分在0．51～4．71TU之间。运用地下水^14C和氚年龄在垂向和水平方向变化的结果，验证了地下水的流向并计算了地下水的流速变化范围为5．02～62．63m／a，从山前至平原浅层地下水径流速度逐渐变小，反映了地下水水平径流强度逐渐减弱，地下水交替逐渐变差，浅层孔隙水以垂向交替为主，深层孔隙水以水平径流为主。     

华北平原晚更新世以来岩石地层、生物地层及气候地层

前人对华北平原晚更新世以来的地层虽有较多的研究,但由于历史的原因,其所采的样品均过稀(一般为1个样品/2 m),所以,其地层界线的划分不够精细,争论也很大。对华北平原的HG1孔和HN1孔进行了加密采样(HG1孔1个样品/0.20 m,HN1孔1个样品/0.07 m),对HN1孔还加大了其微量14C年龄的测定数量(共测试17个样品),并对HG1孔的有孔虫进行了详细鉴定,对HN1孔的有孔虫进行了高分辨率鉴别。在此基础上,对华北平原晚更新世以来的岩石地层、生物地层及气候地层进行了进一步的研究,厘定了华北平原全新世与晚更新世地层的年龄界线。与此同时,结合前人的研究成果,建立了华北平原第四纪地层的标准模式地层层系。