攀西构造带南部地壳与上地幔结构的爆炸地震研究

根据1984年攀西地区南部爆炸地震折射剖面资料的研究结果表明,本区的地壳厚度约为55km,且可分为20km、20km和15km厚的三个主要构造层。地壳的平均P波速度为6.22km/s。在深度23-27km之下的中地壳下部有一个厚9-14km的P波低速区,这一结果与其它地球物理观测资料相当吻合。上地幔顶部的P波速度为7.62-7.90km/s,与现代大陆裂谷区或构造活动地区的P_n波速度一致。另外,位于构造带轴部地区的渡口市一带,上地壳中有一高速岩体,下地壳中有高速夹层以及有些断裂带可能延伸到上地幔顶部,均表明地壳中曾经有地幔物质侵入。通过研究,我们推断这个地区有可能是一个被后期构造运动强烈改造过的、至今仍保留有一些裂谷构造残迹的古裂谷带。     

青藏高原东南缘地壳结构及云南鲁甸、景谷地震深部孕震环境

通过联合解释青藏高原东南缘地区Rayleigh波群速度频散和固定地震台站的远震接收函数,构建了青藏东南缘3维地壳剪切波速度模型。结果表明研究区地壳结构具有强烈的横向不均一性。该区地壳厚度变化强烈(30~65km),其总体趋势是东南浅、西北深。研究显示该区存在2个明显的壳内低速异常带,其中中地壳(15~20km)低速带主要分布在腾冲、川滇菱形块体内部;而25~40km深度范围的中、下地壳低速带主要出现在研究区的北部,而在四川盆地和研究区南部则普遍缺失。鲁甸地震所在地震带的上地壳表现为高速异常,中、下地壳范围内存在2个显著的壳内低速带。鲁甸地震主震及其多数余震分布在高速的上地壳之中。与之不同,景谷地震序列及其所在思茅-普洱地震带下方没有显著的壳内低速带的出现,但其上地壳则表现为S波低速异常,该上地壳低速异常可能与地壳强烈破碎及断层/微裂隙中的流体有关。     

丽江-攀枝花-者海地带二维地壳结构及其构造意义

本文利用攀西地区通过攀枝花的东西向剖面爆炸地震资料,进行了震相的重新识别和二维射线追踪与理论图计算.结果表明,沿剖面地表附近有4个低速区和若干高速带,它们与地质和构造有很好的对应关系.渡口附近的高速岩体一直延伸到了上地壳的底部,形成一个统一的地垒状构造,该高速体与攀枝花成矿岩体相关,并推断华坪及其以西地带也是找矿的有利地区.中地壳下部有一厚度约9km的低速层,它可能是壳内的韧性剪切带.低速层顶部深度为27.0-29.5km,与研究地区的居里面深度及天然地震震源深度的分布基本符合.剖面东段中地壳顶部还有一层很薄的低速层,反映了构造带两侧运动的不对称性.地壳厚度为53-56km,构造带中部的Moho界面没有明显的上隆.     

腾冲火山地热区地壳结构的地震学研究

根据腾冲火山地热区实施的人工地震测深剖面资料 ,用有限差分反演和正向走时拟合方法确定了地壳二维 P波速度结构 .地壳模型显示 ,在腾冲的热海热田附近上地壳存在低速异常体 ,它与火山地热活动可能有关 .测线的二维地壳结构上显示出两条地壳断裂 :龙陵—瑞丽断裂和腾冲断裂 ,其中腾冲断裂可能切穿莫霍界面 .同时 ,根据远震波形资料反演腾冲热海热田地区的 S波速度结构 ,也显示出该地区上地壳存在 S波的低速异常 .本文从深部结构方面探讨腾冲火山的成因 .腾冲火山地热区地壳具有低 P波和 S波速度、低电阻率、高热流值和低 Q值 ,以及上地幔也具有低 P波速度的特点 .由此推测地壳内岩浆来源于上地幔 ,腾冲附近地区存在的上地壳低速度异常可与岩浆的分异作用相联系 .与地球上大多数的活动火山一样 ,腾冲火山位于移动板块之间的边界附近 ,属于“板块边界”火山     

川滇地区速度结构的区域地震波形反演研究

利用云南数字地震台网的区域地震波形资料,对川滇地区的地壳上地幔速度结构进行了初步研究. 结果表明,川滇地区上地幔顶部P波速度较小,约78 km/s,P波速度在上地幔表现为较小的正速度梯度,S波在100～160 km深度范围内表现为弱低速层. 对于较短的观测路径,不同路径的平均P波和S波速度存在明显的横向变化. 与川滇菱形块体内部的速度结构不同,在块体边界附近可以观测到比较明显的上地壳低速层,我们认为它可能与块体边界的断裂带有关;川滇菱形块体内部存在的下地壳低速层,有利于块体向南滑动,而中上地壳没有明显低速结构,可能表明川滇菱形块体向南滑动的解耦深度至少在下地壳. 根据不同路径的反演结果,给出了云南中部地区地壳内部的平均速度结构.     

长白山天池火山区及邻近地区壳幔结构探测研究

对长白-敦化深地震测深剖面资料利用二维射线追踪程序包进行走时拟合及地震图计算,得到了长白山天池火山区及邻近地区地壳上地幔速度结构和深部构造. 结果表明,以C2界面为标志,研究区地壳可分为上部地壳和下部地壳. 上部地壳厚1-23km,P波速度为6.00-6.25km/s;下部地壳厚12-17km,它是由一个较均匀的速度层和一个厚6-km的壳幔过渡层构成. 地壳厚度由敦化一带31-33km向东南逐渐增厚,至天池火山区最深达3km. 在天池火山区地壳存在低速体,其速度较周围介质低约为0.15km/s. 利用地震剖面探测、地震CT和大地电磁测深等结果显示,在天池火山区地壳内存在低速、低密度及低阻异常体,该异常体可能表明壳内岩浆囊的存在.     

云南遮放-宾川和孟连-马龙宽角地震剖面的层析成像研究

依据有限差分反演和射线反演的方法,利用走时、振幅比和重力布格异常数据对云南地区遮放—宾川和孟连—马龙宽角地震剖面的地壳上地幔结构进行层析成像研究. 遮放—宾川测线地壳厚度为35～46km,孟连—马龙测线地壳厚度33～44.5km. 局部位置上地幔顶部P波速度值偏低,速度值变化范围大,反映出云南地区是典型的构造活动区的特点. 地壳上地幔结构存在一定程度的深浅构造一致性,意味着浅部物质活动存在深部背景. 遮放—宾川剖面速度结构显示地表怒江断裂东侧存在贯穿地壳的大规模低速异常,可能与深部物质上涌活动有关. 遮放—宾川线和孟连—马龙线速度结构显示作为一级构造单元分界线的红河断裂是超壳断裂,怒江断裂深及上地幔. 而昌宁—双江断裂显示为低角度铲式断层,意味着该断裂切割并不深. 云南地区强震的发生往往与延伸到上地幔的深大断裂有关,且一些浅源地震经常位于中上地壳深大断裂与其他断裂的交汇部位、高速块体与低速块体接触带上速度等值线弯曲的位置. 推测这样的位置有利于能量和区域应力的积累.     

四川地区的地震层析成像

由四川地震台网的P波数据所进行的层析成像研究得到了该区地壳及上地幔速度图像的新信息(结果表明:1.20^-km深度处的速度图像与地表构造特征密切有关,反映了地壳的岩性分布,呈现为断块结构;龙门山、鲜水河主要断裂及南北构造带和四川盆地清晰地成像在图上.一直被认为是隐伏存在的华蓥山断裂则鲜明地展现在20-85km深度的速度图像上.2.50±km深度处的速度图像则反映了该区的莫霍面深度明显起伏;四川盆地、徽（县）成（县）盆地和汉中盆地的地壳厚度小于50km,上地幔顶部速度约8.1km/s.龙门山以104°E为界,北段地壳厚度与四川盆地一样,中南段与川西相近.康滇地轴为四川地区地壳由东向西增厚的过渡地带.3.岩石层厚度显著变化,扬子准地台为比较活动的褶皱区,具有较厚的岩石层.4.速度结构与地震活动性存在一定的联系,该区1930年以来M≥6.0的强震震中在20^-km深度（上地壳）上的投影大都分布在速度梯度带上,成条带分布.考虑到强震的余震区大都偏高速体一侧,似乎表明,高速体有高于周围介质的剪切强度,它可能起沿断裂带凹凸体的作用.强震震中在50⁺km深度（上地幔顶部）上的投影几乎都分布在低速区及其边缘,那里壳幔间速度呈过渡关系,是软流层顶部较浅地区.     

漳州盆地及其邻区地壳深部结构的探测与研究

漳州盆地及其邻区地处我国大陆东南沿海地震带中段。通过该地区高分辨率折射及宽角反射，折射地震探测剖面，获得了该区地壳几何结构与速度结构、地壳深浅部断裂的几何形态和构造关系等。结果表明，该区地壳分为上地壳和下地壳。上地壳的厚度为16．5～18．8km，下地壳厚度为12．0～13．0km。上地壳分为上下两部分。在上地壳下部有一个低速层，速度约为6．00km／s，低速层顶面深度为12．0km左右，厚度约为5．0km。下地壳也分为上下两部分。Moho界面的深度为29．0～31．8km。该区6条地壳浅部正断层大部分向地下延伸深度不超过4km，最大延伸深度达5km左右。据推测，浅部正断层下方有一条高倾角地壳深断裂带，该断裂带向下断至Moho面，向上断至上地壳下部低速层中。深浅部断裂构造不相连接。漳州盆地深浅部构造组合特征表明，九龙江断裂带是该区内一条特征明显、具有复杂深浅构造背景的深断裂带。这一深地震探测成果的获得，使得该地区深部资料解释的可靠性和探测精度比以往显著提高；对深浅部构造的组合可作统一解释，地壳的分层和结构特征更为确切和精细；首次发现上地壳的拉张性构造及铲式正断层组合特征，不仅有助于对漳州及其邻区地震危险性的综合判定，而且对深化东南沿海地震带深部动力学过程的认识具有重要意义。     

新疆天山中段地壳和上地幔顶部P波速度结构研究

天山造山带一直以来是研究盆山耦合作用的理想场所,深入理解这一地区的壳幔结构对认识天山造山带深部动力学过程具有重要意义.本研究基于2009—2020年新疆区域数字地震台网固定台站、震后架设应急流动台站以及部分宽频带流动地震台站记录到的M_S≥1.5地震到时资料,采用双差地震层析成像方法反演获得了新疆天山中段精细的地壳和上地幔顶部三维P波速度结构和地震震源参数.结果显示：新疆天山中段具有复杂的深浅构造关系,地壳浅部及上地壳P波速度结构与地表地质构造密切相关,高速异常区对应于天山造山带,低速异常区对应于沉积盆地.研究区中东段中地壳和下地壳存在较大范围低速区,与两侧准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地上地壳和中地壳低速区相连,且准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地下地壳及上地幔顶部双向均向新疆天山中段下方倾斜.结合前人诸多研究成果推测,在南北向构造挤压作用下,塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地双向向天山造山带壳幔岩石圈发生“层间插入与俯冲削减”.重定位后地震分布显示,地震震源深度优势范围为0～25 km,主要沿断裂带、盆山结合部以及不同块体接触部位分布,且与壳内低速体有较好的相关性.这些结果可能为研究新疆天山中段...     

云南腾冲火山区上部地壳三维地震速度层析成像

根据1999年腾冲火山区人工地震探测资料，用层析成像方法反演了腾冲火山区上地壳三维P波速度结构．层析成像结果显示出，在腾冲火山区下方的上地壳内存在明显的P波低速区，该低速区在地下7～8km深度，可能与上地壳内的岩浆囊或部分熔融体有关．层析结果还显示出低速区主体在热海地区的东北侧．地表附近的低速区可能是构造破裂发育地区形成了有利于深部热流体上升的通道，因此，在热海形成最活跃的地热显示．      

Exploration and Research of Deep Crustal Structures in the Zhangzhou Basin and Its Vicinity

INTRODUCTIONThe Zhangzhou basinislocated onthe southeast coast of Fujian Province .Interms of geotectonicunits ,it lies in the east Fujian volcanic fault-depression zone between the Wuyi-Daiyun mountainupheaval zone and depression zone of Taiwan Straits of the south China block. In terms ofseismotectonics ,it islocatedinthe middle sectionof the southeasterncoastal seismic zone .In history,the area was influenced by repeated destructive earthquakes , and the seismic activity was closely…     

南海东北部海陆深地震联测与滨海断裂带两侧地壳结构分析

南海东北部首次成功实施海陆联合深地震探测,填补了海陆过渡带深地震探测的空白. 利用该次海陆联测地震数据,通过数据处理、震相分析、射线追踪、走时模拟等方法,获得了滨海断裂带附近的纵波地壳速度结构,探明了海陆联测剖面中滨海断裂带可能位置. 地壳速度结构为陆壳结构,地壳厚度由陆地向海区逐步变薄;在上地壳下部普遍存在一层速度为5.5～5.9km·s-1、厚度为2.5～4.0km的低速层,并向海区方向减薄,该区未发现明显的高速层. 滨海断裂带为一纵向低速带,位于南澳台东南35km处,对应于重、磁异常带,断裂带断至莫霍面,是华南陆区正常型陆壳与海区减薄型陆壳的分界地壳断裂.     

THE 3-D VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF CRUST AND UPPERMOST MANTLE AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS IN FUJIAN PROVINCE

It is important to detect the fine velocity structures of the crust and uppermost mantle to understand the regional tectonic evolution, earthquake generation processes, and to conduct earthquake risk assessment. The inversion of uppermost mantle velocity and Moho depth are strongly influenced by crustal velocity heterogeneity. In this study, we collected first arrivals of Pg and Pn and secondary arrivals of Pg wave from the seismograms recorded at Fujian provincial seismic network stations. New 3-D P-wave velocities were inverted by multi-phase joint inversion method in Fujian Province. Our results show that the fault zones in Fujian Province have various velocity patterns. The shallow crust is characterized by high velocity that represents mountains, while the mid-lower crust shows low velocities. The anomalous velocities are correlated closely with tectonic faults in Fujian Province. Velocity anomalies mainly show NE-trending distribution, especially in the mid-lower crust and uppermost mantle, which is consistent with the NE-trending of the regional main fault zones. Meanwhile, a part of velocity patterns show NW trending, which is related to the secondary NW-oriented faults. Such velocity distribution also shows a geological structural pattern of "zoning in east-west direction and blocking in north-south direction" in Fujian area. In the crust, a low velocity zone is found along Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone as mentioned by previous study, however our result shows the low velocity exists at depth of 20~30km in mid-lower crust. Compared with previous study, this low velocity zone is larger and deeper both in range and depth. The crustal thickness of 28~35km from our joint inversion is similar to the results from the receiver functions of previous studies. The thinnest crust(28km)is observed at offshore in the north of Quanzhou; while the thickest crust(35km)is located west of Zhangzhou near the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone. Generally, thinner crustal thickness is found in offshore of Fujian Province, and thicker crustal thickness is in the mainland. However, we also found that crustal thickness becomes thinner along the east side of Yongan-Jinjiang Fault. The values of Pn velocities in the region vary from 7.71 to 8.26km/s. The velocity distribution of the uppermost mantle presents a large inhomogeneity, which is correlated with the distribution of the fault zone. High Pn velocity anomalies are found mainly along the west side of the Zhenghe-Dapu fault zone(F₂), and the east side of the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone(F₁), which is strip-shaped throughout the central part of Fujian. Low Pn velocity anomalies are observed along the coast and Taiwan Straits, including the Changle-Zhaoan fault zone, the coastal fault zone, and the Fuzhou Basin. We also found a low Pn velocity anomaly zone, which extends to the coast, in the Shaowu-Heyuan fault zone at the junction of the Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Provinces. In the west of Taiwan Straits, both high and low Pn velocity anomalies are observed. Our results show that the historical strong earthquakes(larger than magnitude 6.0) are mainly distributed between positive and negative anomaly zones at different depth profiles of the crust, and similar anomalies distribution also exists at the uppermost mantle, suggesting that the occurrence of strong earthquakes in the region is not only related to the anomalous crustal velocity structure, but also affected by the velocity anomaly structure from the uppermost mantle.     

Crustal P-wave velocity structure in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and insights into crustal deformation

The transitional area between the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Ordos Block and Alxa Block,also being the northern segment of the North-South Seismic Belt, is characterized by considerably high seismicity level and high risk of strong earthquakes. In view of the special tectonic environment and deep tectonic setting in this area, this study used two seismic wide-angle reflection/refraction cross profiles for double constraining, so as to more reliably obtain the fine-scale velocity structure characteristics in both the shallow and deep crust of individual blocks and their boundaries in the study area,and further discuss the seismogenic environment in seismic zones with strong historical earthquakes. In this paper, the P-wave data from the two profiles are processed and interpreted, and two-dimensional crustal velocity structure models along the two profiles are constructed by travel time forward modeling. The results show that there are great differences in velocity structure,shape of intra-crustal interfaces and crustal thickness among different blocks sampled by the two seismic profiles. The crustal thickness along the Lanzhou-Huianbu-Yulin seismic sounding profile(L1) increases from ~43 km in the western margin of Ordos Block to ~56 km in the Qilian Block to the west. In the Ordos Block, the velocity contours vary gently, and the average velocity of the crust is about 6.30 km s-1; On the other hand, the velocity structures in the crust of the Qilian Block and the arclike tectonic zone vary dramatically, and the average crustal velocities in these areas are about 0.10 km s-1 lower than that of the Ordos Block. In addition, discontinuous low-velocity bodies(LVZ1 and LVZ2) are identified in the crust of the Qilian Block and the arc-like tectonic zone, the velocity of which is 0.10–0.20 km s-1 lower than that of the surroundings. The average crustal thickness of the Ordos Block is consistently estimated to be around 43 km along both Profile L2(Tongchuan-Huianbu-Alashan left banner seismic sounding profile) and Profile L1. In contrast to the gently varying intra-crustal interfaces and velocity contours in the Ordos Block along Profile L1, which is a typical structure characteristic of stable cratons, the crustal structure in the Ordos Block along Profile L2 exhibits rather complex variations. This indicates the presence of significant structural differences in the crust within the Ordos Block. The crustal structure of the Helan Mountain Qilian Block and the Yinchuan Basin is featured by "uplift and depression" undulations, showing the characteristics of localized compressional deformation.Moreover, there are low-velocity zones with alternative high and low velocities in the middle and lower crust beneath the Helan Mountain, where the velocity is about 0.15–0.25 km s-1 lower than that of the surrounding areas. The crustal thickness of the Alxa Block is about 49 km, and the velocity contours in the upper and middle-lower crust of the block vary significantly. The complex crustal velocity structure images along the two seismic sounding profiles L1 and L2 reveal considerable structural differences among different tectonic blocks, their coupling relationships and velocity structural features in the seismic zones where strong historical earthquakes occurred. The imaging result of this study provides fine-scale crustal structure information for further understanding the seismogenic environment and mechanism in the study area.     

云南思茅—中甸地震剖面的地壳结构

云南思茅—中甸宽角反射/折射地震剖面切割松潘—甘孜、扬子和华南三个构造单元的部分区域. 我们利用初至波和壳内反射波走时层析成像获得地壳纵波速度结构. 在获得新的地壳速度结构模型基础上，利用地震散射成像思想和低叠加次数的叠前深度偏移方法重建了研究区的地壳、上地幔反射结构. 综合分析研究区地壳P波速度模型和壳内地震反射剖面发现：沿测线从北至南地壳厚度从约50 km减薄至35 km左右，地壳厚度的减薄量主要体现在下地壳，剖面北段下地壳厚度约为30 km，剖面南段下地壳厚度仅为15 km左右；上地幔顶部局部位置P波速度值偏低，一般为76～78 km/s，反映出云南地区是典型的构造活动区的特点.剖面沿线地壳内地震反射发育，其中莫霍强反射出现在景云桥下方；在景云桥弧形断裂带8～10 km深处出现宽约50 km的强反射带.     

玉树震区及邻近地区壳幔速度结构特征

对获得的玉树震区的人工地震测深资料,利用正演拟合地震测深方法进行处理与计算,获得了玉树震区的地壳速度结构和构造的基本特征。结果表明,不同区域的地壳速度结构在纵向和横向上均具有明显的非均匀性。 地壳呈层状结构,研究区结晶基底界面起伏较大,玉树附近下方较厚达8km左右,在400.0km桩号向北至温泉方向基底结构逐渐减薄为2.5km。基底界面的凹陷、隆起与不同的地质构造单元具有较好的对应关系;地壳厚度由囊谦、玉树附近的72km向南、北逐渐减薄为62km。在200.0～400.0km桩号之间二维速度等值线及壳内界面起伏变化较大,在玉树附近下方莫霍面有一弧形凹陷。     

Seismic structure of Iceland from Rayleigh wave inversions and geodynamic implications

We have constrained the shear-wave structure of crust and upper mantle beneath Iceland by analyzing fundamental mode Rayleigh waves recorded at the ICEMELT and HOTSPOT seismic stations in Iceland. The crust varies in thickness from 20 to 28 km in western and northern Iceland and from 26 to 34 km in eastern Iceland. The thickest crust of 34–40 km lies in central Iceland, roughly 100 km west to the current location of the Iceland hotspot. The crust at the hotspot is ∼32 km thick and is underlain by low shear-wave velocities of 4.0–4.1 km/s in the uppermost mantle, indicating that the Moho at the hotspot is probably a weak discontinuity. This low velocity anomaly beneath the hotspot could be associated with partial melting and hot temperature. The lithosphere in Iceland is confined above 60 km and a low velocity zone (LVZ) is imaged at depths of 60 to 120 km. Shear wave velocity in the LVZ is up to 10% lower than a global reference model, indicating the influence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the hotspot in Iceland. The lowest velocities in the LVZ are found beneath the rift zones, suggesting that plume material is channeled along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. At depths of 100 to 200 km, low velocity anomalies appear at the Tjornes fracture zone to the north of Iceland and beneath the western volcanic zone in southwestern Iceland. Interestingly, a relatively fast anomaly is imaged beneath the hotspot with its center at ∼135 km depth, which could be due to radial anisotropy associated with the strong upwelling within the plume stem or an Mg-enriched mantle residual caused by the extensive extraction of melts.     

Three-dimensional seismic velocity tomography of the upper crust in Tengchong volcanic area, Yunnan Province

Introduction Tengchong is one of youngest volcanic areas in Chinese mainland. Since Pliocene, the volcanoes have erupted several times. Nowadays, the thermal activity is very intensive there. The possibility of re-eruption and the reserve of geothermal energy in the area are the questions to which the publics pay much attention, and the volcanists and seismologists dedicated. HAN, et al (1996) reviewed all of the studies carried out in Tengchong area. In the late 1990s, an integrative volca…