西太平洋科学大洋钻探的地球动力学成果

西太平洋聚集了地球上大量的边缘海盆和俯冲带,在全球地球动力学研究中占有举足轻重的地位,一直以来都是大洋钻探的重点区域。文章通过归纳过去40年来科学大洋钻探在西太平洋的地球动力学成果,分析当前大洋钻探的现状,进而探讨仍然存在的问题及未来钻探的区域。钻探成果揭示了边缘海盆的演化过程,包括日本海盆的弧后海底扩张成因,菲律宾海的弧后扩张和残留弧的形成模式及南海构造演化过程。深海沉积物的研究及玄武岩的地球化学分析为海盆的扩张成因提供依据,同时为了解海盆扩张过程中的地幔演化过程提供重要信息。大洋钻探成果表明,俯冲倾角大小不仅影响俯冲工厂的动力学机制,而且对俯冲板块耦合性具有控制作用。目前日本南海海槽发震带钻探项目的最大钻探深度为3056米,未来几年有望获得发震带的岩石样本。对于西太平洋的两个重要构造单元-Shatsky海隆和翁通—爪哇海台的成因机制问题,大洋钻探获取的依据仍不能单一地支持某一个假说。在南斐济海盆及赫布里斯海盆发现的大洋红层的形成主要受控于海盆的海底扩张事件。苏拉威西海和南海发现的大洋红层直接发育在大洋玄武岩之上,可能为海盆的扩张起标定作用。虽然过去进行了大量的钻探工作,但因西太平洋边缘海盆具有很大的构造多样性和复杂性,仍然有很多科学问题有待进一步开展研究。     

大洋钻探计划（ODP）是否还能继续下去？

大洋钻探计划(ODP——Ocean DrillingProgram)以美国为首,还有英、法、德、日、欧洲科学基金会(ESF)和加拿大/澳大利亚等6个成员参加。其主要的目标与任务是:通过对大陆边缘、大洋底盆地、海脊、岛弧和海沟等不同海域的钻探,特别是对洋壳玄武岩层的钻探,调查研究陆架边缘的构造、海底沉积物的层序、沉积动力、沉积模式与成岩成矿作用;调查研究大洋     

ODP第150航次科研报告——新泽西大陆坡和隆起

间歇10年之后．大洋钻探计划(ODP)第150航次返回到新泽西近海以评价全球海平面变化对被动大陆边缘碎屑沉积物的影响．通过深海钻探计划(DSDP)第93和95航次的初步努力，以及诸多石油公司的研究，为第150航次对新泽西陆缘的重点研究和相关钻探铺平了道路。     

ODP与中国固体地球科学

国际大洋钻探计划自１９８３年以来，已成功地实施了６６个航次的深海钻探作业，获取钻探岩芯逾１０００００ｍ。在关于大陆边缘的构造演化，海洋地壳的形成与发展，地壳流体循环和壳幔相互作用海洋沉积结构和古海洋学，地球大气圈、水圈、冰圈、生物圈的长期变化等众多研究领域取得了一系列重大科研成果。     

主动大陆边缘的海底块体运动——发震带钻探计划（NanTroSEIZE）第一航次期间在南海（Nankai）海槽所取岩心样之初步结果

2007年底到2008年初，综合大洋钻探计划（IODP）“南海海槽发震带试验”（NanTrosEIZE）的第一阶段是沿南海海槽的汇聚边缘开始钻井、取芯。NanTroSEIZE项目是一个多阶段的IODP钻探计划，重点是通过直接取样、原位测试以及长期监测，了解地震成因、破裂传播以及海啸成因的力学性质。第一阶段包括三个非立管钻探航次，调查几个横穿西南日本纪伊半岛海域的陆坡和隆起的站位。主要目的是研究板块边界和张性断裂的浅部特征，这些钻探航次还为研究主动大陆边缘的海底块体运动提供了有价值的信息。     

南海与大洋钻探计划

１９８５年起开始执行的国际大洋钻探计划，是当今地球科学研究领域最大的国际联合领域研究计划，是地球科学深层次发展的重要手段。本文了大洋钻探计划的组织，运行机制，研究内容，研究目标及其科学意义，提出了南海开展大洋钻探的重要性、迫切性及其可望解决的与南海相关联的７个地球科学发展的重大问题。     

科学大洋钻探与深部生物圈

从深海钻探计划(DSDP)在20世纪70年代最早提出海洋沉积物中细菌活动性的证据到90年代大洋钻探计划(ODP)获得了令人信服的海底深部生物的存在证据，并成为即将启动的综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)的一个优先研究领域，深部生物圈成为科学大洋钻探近年来最为重大的发现之一，同时它也将有效地促进地球科学和生物学等其他学科的交叉。     

综合大洋钻探计划

综合大洋钻探计划将于２００３年１０月开始实施 ,一个国际工作小组正在对实施此计划的科学和后勤备选方案进行测评。综合大洋钻探计划将使用两艘调查船 ,一艘升降船目前正在日本建造 ,一艘非升降船是由美国资助的。升降钻探船主要用于不安全的区域作业 ,例如有油气沉积的大陆边缘 ,含有厚的沉积剖面、断裂带和不稳定层组的区域。位于浅海和积冰区的台地将由非升降船钻探。综合大洋钻探计划还将增加滨岸设备 ,加强滨岸的调查能力。另外 ,国际工作小组正在研究与其它国际计划和行业合作的途径。此计划的经费将由美国和日本各分担三分之一 ,其…     

我国大洋钻探船的建造需求和功能设计

为加快我国大洋钻探船的设计和建造,填补国内该领域的空白,保障我国对深海矿产资源的勘探和开发利用,文章概述世界主要大洋钻探船的基本情况,分析我国建造大洋钻探船的必要性和经验基础,并提出我国大洋钻探船的功能设计。研究结果表明:参与国际合作项目的大洋钻探船主要包括美国"格罗玛·挑战者"号、"乔迪斯·决心"号和日本"地球"号;从开发利用深海矿产资源和深度参与国际海底事务的角度,我国对大洋钻探船的需求迫在眉睫,且我国已在深水勘察船和钻井船等的设计和建造方面积累了宝贵经验;我国大洋钻探船的功能设计主要包括船型、总体布置、推进和定位方式、钻探和岩芯采集系统以及船载实验室等方面,应参考其他相关和类似船舶,结合我国深海大洋勘探和开发利用的具体任务需求综合设计。     

大洋钻探计划调查进展

过去的一年 ,是大洋钻探计划面临挑战和取得有益成果的一年。这一年的主要目标是气候／古海洋学、区域地质构造和深部洋壳的研究。大洋钻探计划１７８航次在南极半岛外陆隆钻取的漂积物岩心所保留的连续的高分辨率沉积记录（回溯到大约１０Ｍａ前） ,反映了陆架边缘周期性搁浅的前进冰盖引起了冰川沉积物周期性地向上部陆坡输送。１８１航次对新西兰南部和东部进行调查 ,研究人员对晚第三纪沉积物高分辨率记录进行了有关南极环极海流／深层西部边界洋流演化的研究。与早期钻探成果（深海钻探计划２７７、２７８钻位）相结合 ,获得了该地区晚…     

南海北部陆缘构造属性研究进展

南海北部陆缘位于特提斯与古太平洋两大构造域的叠合部位,构造特征十分复杂,其构造属性一直是国内外学者争论的焦点,从主动陆缘到被动陆缘,火山型被动陆缘到非火山型被动陆缘等均有表述。南海复杂的形成机制以及东、西部构造差异性所引起的地球物理、岩浆活动等认识的异同,是造成南海北部陆缘构造属性认识差异的主要原因。通过与全球典型地区的比较研究,进一步加强对南海形成演化过程分析,开展大洋钻探与多学科综合分析,揭示南海海盆的多期扩张与多盆张裂特征,是认识南海北部陆缘构造属性的关键。探讨了南海三叉裂谷张裂模式,初步认为南海第1次扩张具有非火山型被动陆缘性质,第2次扩张具有火山型陆缘性质。     

Comparison of marine gas hydrates in sediments of an active and passive continental margin

Two sites of the Deep Sea Drilling Project in contrasting geologic settings provide a basis for comparison of the geochemical conditions associated with marine gas hydrates in continental margin sediments. Site 533 is located at 3191 m water depth on a spit-like extension of the continental rise on a passive margin in the Atlantic Ocean. Site 568, at 2031 m water depth, is in upper slope sediment of an active accretionary margin in the Pacific Ocean. Both sites are characterized by high rates of sedimentation, and the organic carbon contents of these sediments generally exceed 0.5%. Anomalous seismic reflections that transgress sedimentary structures and parallel the seafloor, suggested the presence of gas hydrates at both sites, and, during coring, small samples of gas hydrate were recovered at subbottom depths of 238m (Site 533) and 404 m (Site 568). The principal gaseous components of the gas hydrates wer methane, ethane, and CO₂. Residual methane in sediments at both sites usually exceeded 10 mll^?1 of wet sediment. Carbon isotopic compositions of methane, CO₂, and ΣCO₂ followed parallel trends with depth, suggesting that methane formed mainly as a result of biological reduction of oxidized carbon. Salinity of pore waters decreased with depth, a likely result of gas hydrate formation. These geochemical characteristics define some of the conditions associated with the occurrence of gas hydrates formed by in situ processes in continental margin sediments.     

Are Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet grounding events manifest in sedimentary cycles on the adjacent continental rise?

The direct record of Late Miocene–Early Pliocene Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet expansions from a previously published seismostratigraphic study of the outer shelf at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1097 is compared to the glacial history we deduced from published proxy evidence within coeval sections on the adjacent continental rise. The proxies are sedimentary structures (laminated vs. massive/bioturbated facies) and clay minerals (predominantly smectite and chlorite contents) from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1095 located on the distal part of a large drift. The comparison shows that more sedimentary cycles are evident on the continental rise for three of the four diatom biozones we considered. This indicates that the continental-rise sedimentology may indeed be related to local or regional paleoenvironmental variability, including Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet grounding events on the adjacent outer continental shelf. If correct, this would be a promising result because unlike the outer continental shelf sequences drilled thus far, the continental rise record is relatively continuous and can be dated using paleomagnetic and biostratigraphic data. However, our study also shows that no objective criteria provide direct linkages between the glacial history we deduced from the two continental rise proxies and that previously derived from the continental-shelf seismic stratigraphy. Furthermore, the two sedimentologic proxies on the continental rise do not always provide a consistent picture of glacial history when compared against each other.     

Late Pliocene Mega Debris Flow Deposit and Related Fluid Escapes Identified on the Antarctic Peninsula Continental Margin by Seismic Reflection Data Analysis

We have obtained improved images of a debris flow deposit through the reprocessing of multichannel seismic reflection data between Drifts 6 and 7 of the continental rise of the Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula. The reprocessing, primarily aimed at the reduction of noise, relative to amplitude preservation, deconvolution, also included accurate velocity analyses. The deposit is dated as upper Pliocene (nearly 3.0 Ma) via correlation to Sites 1095 and 1096 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 178. The estimated volume is about 1800 km³ and the inferred provenance from the continental slope implies a run out distance exceeding 250 km. The dramatic mass-wasting event that produced this deposit, unique in the sedimentary history of this margin, is related to widespread late Pliocene margin erosion. This was associated with a catastrophic continental margin collapse, following the Antarctic ice sheet expansion in response to global cooling. The seismic data analysis also allowed us to identify diffractions and amplitude anomalies interpreted as expressions of sedimentary mounds at the seafloor overlying narrow high-velocity zones that we interpret as conduits of fluid expulsion hosting either methane hydrates or authigenic carbonates. Fluid expulsion was triggered by loading of underlying sediments by the debris flow deposits and may have continued until today by input of fluids from sediment compaction following the deep diagenesis of biogenic silica.     

南沙地块OBS2019-2测线数据处理与震相识别*

为揭示南海南部陆缘的地壳结构, 研究其张裂-破裂机制, 开展共轭陆缘对比, 我们在南沙地块礼乐西海槽附近的洋陆转换带上完成了OBS2019-2测线的探测工作。相较于北部陆缘, 南部陆缘已有的海底地震仪(ocean bottom seismometer, OBS)测线较少, 对深部地壳结构的研究也较少, 因此OBS2019-2测线就尤为重要。文章重点阐述了OBS2019-2测线的数据处理工作, 包括UKOOA文件制作、数据格式转换、位置校正、单个台站综合地震记录剖面的生成等, 然后在剖面图中对各类深部震相(Pg、PcP、PmP、Pn)进行识别追踪, 并建立初步的模型; 使用Rayinvr软件进行走时试算工作, 验证了震相识别的准确性。处理结果显示OBS2019-2测线的深部震相清晰, 最远震相可以连续追踪到120km以外, 数据整体质量良好, 能为后续速度建模和构造解释等工作提供坚实基础。     

新世纪大洋钻探"三角鼎立"中的欧洲联合体

欧洲为了与美国、日本在IODP中处于同等重要的地位，成立了由ODP成员参加的欧洲大洋钻探科学指导委员会（ESCOD）和JEODI组织，并开展了IODP之前的一系列准备活动。在其中的APLACON会议上，论证了IODP中第三类特定钻探平台的必要性，讨论了该类平台在某些研究范围内的重要作用，包括研究地球历史中的极端气候（北极海区）、重建白垩纪－第三纪的水文地理学、气候的快速变化、沉积盆地形成与过程以及固体地球过程等。     

The continental margin of Uruguay: Crustal architecture and segmentation

The Uruguayan continental margin comprises three sedimentary basins: the Punta del Este, Pelotas and Oriental del Plata basins, the genesis of which is related to the break-up of Gondwana and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Herein the continental margin of Uruguay is studied on the basis of 2D multichannel reflection seismic data, as well as gravity and magnetic surveys. As is typical of South Atlantic margins, the Uruguayan continental margin is of the volcanic rifted type. Large wedges of seaward-dipping reflectors (SDRs) are clearly recognizable in seismic sections. SDRs, flat-lying basalt flows, and a high-velocity lower crust (HVLC) form part of the transitional crust. The SDR sequence (subdivided into two wedges) has a maximum width of 85 km and is not continuous parallel to the margin, but is interrupted at the central portion of the Uruguayan margin. The oceanic crust is highly dissected by faults, which affect post-rift sediments. A depocenter over oceanic crust is reported (deepwater Pelotas Basin), and volcanic cones are observed in a few sections. The structure of continental crust-SDRs-flat flows-oceanic crust is reflected in the magnetic anomaly map. The positive free-air gravity anomaly is related to the shelf-break, while the most prominent positive magnetic anomaly is undoubtedly correlated to the landward edge of the SDR sequence. Given the attenuation, interruption and/or sinistral displacement of several features (most notably SDR sequence, magnetic anomalies and depocenters), we recognize a system of NW-SE trending transfer faults, here named Río de la Plata Transfer System (RPTS). Two tectono-structural segments separated by the RPTS can therefore be recognized in the Uruguayan continental margin: Segment I to the south and Segment II to the north.     

重力模型探寻南海北部陆坡特提斯痕迹

The South China Sea is the largest marginal sea of west Paicfic Ocean.Its valuable to the continental margin.The evolution of Tethyan structure is a very important part of the evolution of the South China Sea.Its formation is due to a sequence opening and closing of Tethys Ocean loke a horn,and made violent influence to the evolution history of the global geologic strcture.When Gondwana continent separated from Euro-Asian continent in the norh,there produced a series of small oceanic basins. The fromation of new oceanic basin was in company with the extinction of the older ones. This recyeling of new oceanic basin was in company with the extinction of the older ones. This reaycling function made the formation of a huge strucfor successive continental margin and oil-gas exploring. Furthermore, it is impirtant for discovering the relationship brtween Tethyan realm and Pacfic realm. In this paper,the authors have done 3 gravtational models basing on deep crustal research,and they want to discuss the reace of Tethyan structure in the northern slope of the South China Sea.     

大洋科学钻探特点与发展趋势——基于国际大洋发现计划科学框架的对比分析

大洋科学钻探计划是地球科学领域迄今为止历时最长、成效最大的国际科学合作计划。自1968年以来,先后经历了深海钻探计划、国际大洋钻探计划、综合大洋钻探计划和国际大洋发现计划4个阶段。进入国际大洋发现计划,IODP工作组两次发布科学框架,文章对两个科学框架进行了对比分析。大洋科学钻探的特点和发展趋势是坚持解决重大科学问题,由地球拓展到太阳系,重视技术和大数据,以及扩大社会影响和宣传。这给我国发起国际大科学计划提供了启示,一要注重科技创新,运用大数据等先进技术;二要加强科学管理,促进开放和共享;三要重视提升影响力,扩大宣传和影响。