各向异性叠前时间偏移在复杂断块中的应用

在构造复杂的地区,地震速度横向变化较大,常规时间偏移方法已无法完成复杂断块地区的正确成像,必须采用叠前偏移成像技术,来解决复杂构造地震资料的成像问题.与叠后偏移相比,叠前时间偏移有更高的成像精度、信噪比和更好的波组特征.各向异性叠前时间偏移将层速度代替叠前时间偏移中的均方根速度,在一定程度上解决了地下地质体的复杂构造问...     

各向异性叠前时间偏移——以东濮凹陷为例

建立精准的偏移速度场是复杂地质构造成像的核心.常规的速度分析方法在大炮检距、地层界面倾斜或弯曲、盐下及深部多层介质等情况下精度不高,影响到地震成像效果与解释结果的可靠性.为解决这个问题,采用了一套叠前时间偏移速度场建立的新方法:初始偏移速度求取和双谱法高密度逐点速度分析,即通过合理的参数提取和速度计算,提高动校正精度,基本消除各向异性影响.把获得的速度和各向异性参数作为Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移的基本参数进行叠前时间偏移处理,从而提高叠前偏移成像精度.通过在东濮凹陷BM和MC地区的实际应用取得了较好的效果.     

库车坳陷复杂高陡构造地震成像研究

复杂构造地震成像主要取决于叠前地震数据品质、偏移速度可靠性和偏移算子成像精度. 库车坳陷异常复杂的近地表条件导致极低信噪比的地震采集数据. 该区逆冲推覆高陡构造刺穿盐体大面积分布, 盐层厚度变化大、顶底面形态复杂, 盐下断裂带破碎、小断块发育, 形成异常复杂的地震成像问题. 本文重点研究三个关键环节:(1)精细的叠前地震预处理研究: 根据该区地震地质复杂性和地震资料特征, 采用一些新的方法技术和技术组合从振幅与时移的大、中、小尺度变化三个层次来解决资料信噪比问题, 重建深部反射信号; (2)三级偏移速度分析研究:利用库车坳陷盐刺穿逆冲推覆构造建模理论及变速成图配套技术解决叠前时间偏移速度场时深转换问题,利用井约束低频速度地震迭代反演技术解决连井层速度场与偏移速度场的融合问题,实现从DMO速度分析、叠前时间偏移速度分析到叠前深度偏移速度分析的有机衔接,建立拓扑结构相对保持的叠前深度偏移速度模型;(3)基于退化Fourier偏移算子的半解析波动方程叠前时间和深度偏移研究, 极大地改善了地震偏移过程中高波数波的成像问题. 通过对库车坳陷大北、博孜、却勒、西秋4和西秋10等复杂高陡构造的叠前时间和深度偏移地震成像处理,取得了较好的应用效果.     

叠前深度偏移技术在北黄海盆地东部坳陷中的应用

北黄海盆地东部坳陷地质构造复杂,断裂特征及地层接触关系不清楚,横向凹陷与隆起的构造起伏大,造成速度横向变化剧烈,由时间偏移得到的地质成像不准确,因此必须通过深度偏移得到地震数据的地质成像。从研究区复杂构造地质背景出发,阐述了叠前深度偏移原理和技术路线,对该区三维地震资料分别应用了Kirchhoff积分法叠前深度偏移和逆时叠前深度偏移两种算法。从时间偏移和深度成像效果的对比可以看出,深度偏移较时间偏移更能够表征地下真实成像位置,深度偏移在陡倾角成像上更加合理、陡倾角连续性增强,波组特征明显,尤其在断面成像上更加清晰;从两种深度偏移算法成像效果的对比可以看出,逆时深度偏移算法在陡倾角复杂构造区和深层反射层段的成像效果上较Kirchhoff积分法更佳,前者成果数据的保真性更高,能为叠前反演提供较好的原始资料。     

拉东投影法三维叠前深度偏移

对地下地质构造进行正确成像是地震勘探的最终目的,由于三维地震资料采集不可能都沿垂直构造走向的方向进行,为地震资料的三维处理带来了许多困难. 本文将三维叠后拉东投影偏移思想应用于三维叠前处理中,提出了三维叠前投影偏移算法. 利用拉东投影变换的原理,将整个三维叠前数据体投影到一系列各方向的径向线上,各方位角的构造都包含在其中某条或多条径向剖面上. 投影完成后,形成一系列的独立的二维叠前测线,可采用二维叠前深度偏移成像方法来实现各径向线的叠前偏移,当各径向剖面偏移完成后,在时间切片上进行反投影,从而最终形成三维叠前深度偏移结果. 实际应用表明,用本方法进行三维叠前深度偏移时,深度偏移剖面对横向分辨率有所提高,对陡地层和小断层的成像效果有所改善.     

各向异性叠前深度偏移在K油田的应用

在地震资料处理中,为提高地下地质体成像精度,各向异性叠前偏移已逐渐成为常规处理流程.然而,如何可靠地估算和建立各向异性深度偏移的各向异性参数模型是其成功的关键.针对K油田浅层气和边界大断层对地震成像的不利影响,采用了沿层速度分析和网格层析相接合的速度建模方法、利用已知井的信息求取初始各向异性参数、并通过多次迭代更新各向异性参数和速度模型等方法和处理流程,对K油田三维地震资料进行了各向异性叠前深度偏移处理.与只依靠单一速度参数的各向同性叠前深度偏移相比,各向异性叠前深度偏移利用了地震波垂直传播的相速度和根据井控从地震数据中估算出来的两个各向异性参数.从偏移结果中可以看到,各向异性叠前偏移的成像精度和质量得到明显改善,目的层地震偏移深度与井上分层深度吻合更好,地层信息与测井结果一致性好,边界断层的归位更加准确.     

TI介质偏移速度建模研究

经过多年的研究发展,各向异性叠前深度偏移算法已经趋于完善.然而,在地震资料处理过程中导致成像结果不理想的主要原因还是由于建立的地层参数场不够精确.当地层参数接近其真实值时,基于波动方程的剩余曲率建模方法由于不受构造的影响,能够在各向异性和横向变速介质中进行速度分析,所以得到了广泛的研究.本文从偏移结果中抽取共成像道集,然后通过交互运用叠前深度偏移和参数更新实现各向异性偏移速度建模.对理论模型和实际资料进行的试算表明,该方法具有较强的适应性,能极大改善VTI介质反射界面成像效果和分辨率.     

叠前深度偏移技术在活动断层探测中的应用

通过叠前深度偏移与常规处理的方法原理对比及实例分析,说明叠前深度偏移技术利于求准速度的纵横向变化、利于提高复杂构造和小断层的成像清晰度和精度,该技术在精细速度分析、正确速度—深度模型建立和叠加方法上的优势,在浅层地震勘探中具有广泛的推广价值。文中叠前深度偏移技术在活动断层探测中的应用实例表明,叠前深度偏移剖面与常规处理剖面相比,具有如下特点：①归位准确、断点清楚;②分辨率和信噪比更高;③真实反映地下构造形态;④解决速度陷阱问题,直接、精确给出地质层位深度。     

TI介质局部角度域高斯束叠前深度偏移成像

各向异性射线理论基础上的局部角度域叠前深度偏移方法能够为深度域构造成像与基于角道集的层析反演提供有力支撑,但是对于复杂地质构造而言,高斯度叠前深度偏移在不失高效、灵活等特点的情况下,具有明显的精度优势.为此,本文研究局部角度域理论框架下的高斯束叠前深度偏移方法.为提高算法效率与实用性,文中讨论了一种从经典弹性参数表征的各向异性介质运动学和动力学射线方程演变而来的由相速度表征的简便形式,并提出了一种比较经济的各向异性高斯束近似合成方案.结合地震波局部角度域成像原理,讨论一种适合高斯束偏移的角度参数计算方法.国际上通用的理论模型合成数据试验表明：相比局部角度域Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移成像方法,本文方法具有更高的成像精度与抗噪能力,既适用于复杂构造成像,也可为TI介质深度域偏移速度分析与模型建立提供高效的偏移引擎.     

叠前时间偏移技术在深层断陷区地震成像中的应用

Kirchhoff积分叠前时间偏移应用波动方程的Kirchhoff积分解实现地下反射层的偏移问题,该技术应用所有偏移距的地震资料,能适应纵横向速度变化较大的情况,是复杂地区地震资料成像的较理想的方法.叠前时间偏移是对偏移处理和偏移速度修改的一个迭代过程,偏移速度的精度直接影响到偏移效果.对大庆油田古龙断陷某工区的三维地震资料,应用叠前时间偏移技术进行成像处理,对于埋深较大的目的层,断陷结构复杂,介质的各向异性较为严重,所以应用考虑各向异性参数的速度修改公式,得到较为精确的偏移速度体,进而保证偏移CRP道集拉平,得到成像良好的偏移数据体.实际地震数据偏移处理结果表明叠前时间偏移技术可对复杂构造的地震数据准确成像,可在古龙地区断陷地层勘探中推广应用.     

MIGRATION OF SEISMIC INTERFACES*

Most interpretation work is still based on stacked and not on migrated sections. In the case of heavy faulting and considerable velocity contrasts between formations, migration of interpreted interfaces poses a problem. In more detail, the problem may be specified as follows: — a given interpretation of a number of interfaces along with a given heterogeneous velocity field may not always have a plausible solution in the form of migrated interfaces in depth; — fault planes, salt boundaries, etc., are, in most cases, not directly interpretable in a section and are plotted by intuition using interface terminations as a guide; — the velocity field in fault zones is, in most cases, hard to determine. The interpreter may arrive at a plausible solution by repeating the migration process with various possible interpretations and various velocity assumptions. The subject of this paper is an algorithm based on ray-theory which allows one: — to handle faults and velocity variations at faults properly; — to perform migration in steps, working a particular geological unit at a time and proceeding to the next unit once the foregoing one has been properly migrated; — to display ray-paths, where necessary, for investigation of interface distortions, e.g., below fault areas. The algorithm is designed and implemented for application in an interactive environment. Inspection of intermediate and final results, investigation of interface distortions and modifications are performed on a graphics screen. Thus, various possible interpretations and velocity assumptions may be investigated within a short time. Interfaces interpreted on migrated sections may be over-migrated because of neglection of the influence of refraction in most section migration programs. This over-migration may also be corrected using the above algorithm in the “image ray” mode.     

利用叠前Kirchhoff积分偏移识别小断裂与低幅度构造

利用常规地震剖面精细解释小断层和低幅度构造存在较大困难.本文利用纵波和横波速度模型对采集得到的二维地震数据进行叠前Kirchhoff积分偏移得到纵波和转换横波深度和时间剖面,根据不同分量的深度和时间剖面联合解释小断层与低构造.深度剖面克服了时间剖面受地层厚度和地层速度共同制约的缺点,有利于识别低幅度构造.纵波（P）剖面与转换横波（PS）剖面相比有利于识别层间小断裂.我们对准噶尔盆地实际地震资料的处理和解释证实了这些优点.     

复杂地表低信噪比地震数据处理研究

焉耆盆地地质条件复杂,侏罗纪末燕山运动和第三纪喜山运动的挤压推覆作用在焉耆盆地南缘霍拉山前形成一系列推覆构造.由于地形起伏大,近地表结构复杂,采集的地震资料信噪比较低;以推覆构造为主体的地下地质复杂性给地震成像造成极大的困难.针对该复杂地区低信噪比地震资料,在偏移前资料预处理中,通过采取一系列旨在提高信噪比、重建反射信号的技术,为后续的复杂构造成像处理奠定基础.针对断裂交错的复杂推覆构造成像,采用增强高波数波场成像的半解析Fourier地震偏移方法,能很好地成像强速度对比下的陡倾角大断裂地质构造,有效突出推覆体构造的空间形态,改善推覆体下的成像效果.     

High-order generalized screen propagator migration based on particle swarm optimization

Various migration methods have been proposed to image high-angle geological structures and media with strong lateral velocity variations; however, the problems of low precision and high computational cost remain unresolved. To describe the seismic wave propagation in media with lateral velocity variations and to image high-angle structures, we propose the generalized screen propagator based on particle swarm optimization (PSO-GSP), for the precise fitting of the single-square-root operator. We use the 2D SEG/EAGE salt model to test the proposed PSO-GSP migration method to image the faults beneath the salt dome and compare the results to those of the conventional high-order generalized screen propagator (GSP) migration and split-step Fourier (SSF) migration. Moreover, we use 2D marine data from the South China Sea to show that the PSO-GSP migration can better image strong reflectors than conventional imaging methods.     

Anisotropic migration velocity analysis: Application to a data set from West Africa

Although it is widely recognized that anisotropy can have a significant influence on the focusing and positioning of migrated reflection events, conventional depth imaging methods still operate with isotropic velocity fields. Here, we present an application of a 2D migration velocity analysis (MVA) algorithm, designed for factorized v(x, z) VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) media, to an offshore data set from West Africa. By approximating the subsurface with factorized VTI blocks, it is possible to decouple the spatial variations in the vertical velocity from the anisotropic parameters with minimal a priori information. Since our method accounts for lateral velocity variation, it produces more accurate estimates of the anisotropic parameters than those previously obtained with time‐domain techniques. The values of the anellipticity parameter η found for the massive shales exceed 0.2, which confirms that ignoring anisotropy in the study area can lead to substantial imaging distortions, such as mis‐stacking and mispositioning of dipping events. While some of these distortions can be removed by using anisotropic time processing, further marked improvement in image quality is achieved by prestack depth migration with the estimated factorized VTI model. In particular, many fault planes, including antithetic faults in the shallow part of the section, are better focused by the anisotropic depth‐migration algorithm and appear more continuous. Anisotropic depth migration facilitates structural interpretation by eliminating false dips at the bottom of the section and improving the images of a number of gently dipping features. One of the main difficulties in anisotropic MVA is the need to use a priori information for constraining the vertical velocity. In this case study, we successfully reconstructed the time–depth curve from reflection data by assuming that the vertical velocity is a continuous function of depth and estimating the vertical and lateral velocity gradients in each factorized block. If the subsurface contains strong boundaries with jumps in velocity, knowledge of the vertical velocity at a single point in a layer is sufficient for our algorithm to determine all relevant layer parameters.     

ON THE MIGRATION OF REFLECTION TIME CONTOUR MAPS*

After the sampling of a reflection time contour map, i.e. after times and time gradients at the grid points of a square sampling grid have been determined, its conversion into true depth contours can be performed by normal incidence ray tracing. At each grid point the spatial orientation of the ray is uniquely defined by a corresponding time gradient vector, whereas its continuation into the subsurface is controlled by Snell's law. For arbitrarily orientated velocity interfaces the 3 – D ray tracing problem can systematically be solved with the aid of vector algebra, by expressing Snell's law as an equation of vector cross products. This allows to set up a computer algorithm for migration of contour maps. Reliable sampling of reflection time contour maps in the presence of faults is essential for the realization of a practical map migration system. A possible solution of the relevant sampling problem requires a special map editing and digitization procedure. Lateral migration shifts cause a translation and distortion of the original sampling grid. On the transformed grid the true positions of faults can be related to their apparent ones on the reflection time contour map. Errors in the time domain correlations or an incorrect velocity distribution or a combination of both these effects may cause migration failures due to total reflection and time deficiencies, or give rise to an anomalous distortion of grid cells, the latter signifying a violation of the maximum convexity condition. Emphasis is placed upon the significance of map migration as an interpretive tool for solving time to depth conversion problems in the presence of severely faulted or salt intruded overburdens.     

MIGRATION IN THE PRESENCE OF A RUGGED INTERFACE WITH HIGH VELOCITY CONTRAST*

In the western coal-mining area of Ruhrkohle AG, reflection seismic prospecting for the Carboniferous coal measures is severely impaired by structures with halokinetic features. These structures make the interface between Mesozoic and Paleozoic layers, i.e., the top of Zechstein in general, very rugged. Unfortunately the velocity contrast at this interface is very high in that area, the ratio of velocities being 1.5 to 2.0. Therefore, migration and stacking become a problem. Three types of migration are presented:

• 1 (f, x)-time-migration with vertical time-to-depth conversion as a second step.
• 2 Kirchhoff migration down to a level determined approximately by the highest points of the top of Paleozoics, i.e., 0.35 s, and Kirchhoff-downward continuation for all times exceeding 0.35 s. Intermediate static corrections for these latter times with subsequent (f, k)-time-migration and final vertical time-to-depth conversion.
• 3 Direct depth migration in the (f, x)-domain using three interval velocities.

In all cases an intermediate picking of the velocity interfaces is necessary. In case 2 this occurs at an earlier stage of the process than in case 1, and in case 3 at a still earlier stage. The results of the second and third migration procedures are superior to those of the first. Possibilities for misinterpretation of faults are reduced considerably when the second or third migration procedure is applied.     

地震资料精细处理技术在神狐海域研究区的应用

探讨以神狐海域研究区三维地震资料为基础,针对研究区崎岖海底造成的成像精度不高的问题,提出相关的处理方法:利用组合多次波压制技术解决崎岖海底多次波衰减难题,凸出中深层构造特征;利用预测反褶积及零相位处理技术提升浅层水合物分辨率;利用多次迭代速度分析技术逐步细化速度分析精度,突出水合物相关的速度反转特征。最终的处理效果表明,提出的相关处理技术达到了预期效果,成果中BSR极性反转、振幅空白带、速度反转等水合物相关地球物理特征清晰,断层等与水合物气源及运移通道研究相关的地质构造特征清晰,利于解释专家研究水合物的富集、成藏特征。      

Diffraction imaging in depth

High resolution imaging is of great value to an interpreter, for instance to enable identification of small scale faults, and to locate formation pinch-out positions. Standard approaches to obtain high-resolution information, such as coherency analysis and structure-oriented filters, derive attributes from stacked, migrated images. Since they are image-driven, these techniques are sensitive to artifacts due to an inadequate migration velocity; in fact the attribute derivation is not based on the physics of wave propagation. Diffracted waves on the other hand have been recognized as physically reliable carriers of high- or even super-resolution structural information. However, high-resolution information, encoded in diffractions, is generally lost during the conventional processing sequence, indeed migration kernels in current migration algorithms are biased against diffractions. We propose here methods for a diffraction-based, data-oriented approach to image resolution. We also demonstrate the different behaviour of diffractions compared to specular reflections and how this can be leveraged to assess characteristics of subsurface features. In this way a rough surface such as a fault plane or unconformity may be distinguishable on a diffraction image and not on a traditional reflection image.
We outline some characteristic properties of diffractions and diffraction imaging, and present two novel approaches to diffraction imaging in the depth domain. The first technique is based on reflection focusing in the depth domain and subsequent filtering of reflections from prestack data. The second technique modifies the migration kernel and consists of a reverse application of stationary-phase migration to suppress contributions from specular reflections to the diffraction image. Both techniques are proposed as a complement to conventional full-wave pre-stack depth migration, and both assume the existence of an accurate migration velocity.     

3D P-WAVE VELOCITY STRUCTURE AT THE NORTHEASTERN MARGIN OF ORDOS BLOCK

Using the 7 100 absolute first arrivals of P waves and 91 513 relative P arrival times of 726 events at the northeastern margin of the Ordos block since 2009, the 3D fine structure of P wave velocity within the depth of 15km in the crust was inverted by the double difference seismic tomography method. The results show that there exist obvious high-speed continuous bodies in the northwest of the study area, and their lateral areas increase gradually with depth, while the velocity of east and south is relatively low. The velocity inhomogeneity exists and differs at different depths. The lateral differences of velocity are related to seismicity and faults. The 5~15km depth profile shows that earthquakes tend to occur in the area with relatively high velocity or high speed transition zones, which to some extent reflects the fragility of regional crustal media and the strong differential movement of faults in vertical and horizontal directions where the crust body is easy to absorb and store strain energy and generate major earthquakes. A "Y"-shape low-velocity channel is present in the lower crust around Liangcheng, corresponding to the NW-trending Heilaoyao-Shahukou fault set, which may reveal the migration path of the Late Tertiary-Quaternary basalt eruption. The Helingeer M6.2 earthquake in 1976 was related to the formation of the locking section of the thermal welding in this area. The three-dimensional fine structure of P wave velocity presented in this paper provides intuitive seismological evidence for physical and chemical properties of crustal media and the deep tectonic environment of earthquake preparation.