基于BDS精密星历产品的水汽探测性能分析

研究北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）反演大气可降水量的性能有利于推动BDS在数值天气预报、气象学研究等方面的应用. 基于武汉大学发布的BDS最终精密星历产品(WUM)、快速精密星历产品(WHR)和超快速精密星历产品(WHU),利用MGEX站和单基站连续运行参考站（CORS）提供的全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）多模观测数据,在验证三种BDS精密星历产品解算对流层天顶延迟的精度达到要求后,将基于三种BDS精密星历产品解算的大气可降水量分别与GPS水汽探测结果、ERA-5再分析资料和探空站数据进行对比,分析基于三种精密星历产品的BDS水汽探测性能. 实验结果表明:基于BDS最终精密星历产品的大气水汽探测精度高于快速星历产品和超快速星历产品,三种BDS星历产品反演大气可降水量的相对精度和可靠性与GPS相当,满足中小尺度数值天气预报和气象学研究等要求.      

GPS水汽在雾霾天气监测中的应用研究

雾霾天气的形成与天气条件密切相关。GPS技术作为一种新的水汽探测手段,能高时效、高时空分辨率、自动实时、全天候地获取空气中的水汽含量。首先统计分析了雾霾的形成原因与变化规律,然后从GPS水汽、雾霾指数与空气相对湿度等方面进行了定性的相关性分析。研究结果表明,GPS水汽与雾霾天气的形成存在一定的相关性,GPS水汽在一定程度上可用于雾霾天气的监测与预报,而且气象部门可依据GPS水汽含量开展人工增雨（雪）来减缓雾霾天气的持续影响,进而为改善空气质量提供科学依据。     

利用星载GPS无线电掩星数据分析全球水汽分布

水汽是大气成分中重要的组成部分,了解全球水汽分布规律及其形成机制对于未来全球气候至关重要。并且,GPS无线电掩星技术用于GPS气象学,为研究者提供了高精度、全球性、连续性的数据资料,特别是海洋及无人区的数据。本研究主要利用GPS无线电掩星数据反演全球水汽所对应的绝对湿度值,从而得到较为精确和全面的全球水汽分布情况,为进一步提升气象预报、未来气候分析的准确性及未来的大气研究提供精确的参考数据。     

利用超快速星历进行数值天气预报的可行性研究

实时获取高时空分辨率的大气水汽是制约数值天气预报准确性的关键问题。基于地基GPS遥感大气水汽原理,结合香港CORS网的实测数据进行处理,对由IGU超快速星历、IGS精密星历和探空资料解算的大气可降水量(Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV)序列进行比较分析。实验结果表明,利用超快速星历估计PWV用于数值天气预报是切实可行的。     

Estimating the motion of atmospheric water vapor using the Global Positioning System

Water vapor is both an important component in the atmosphere for the transport of energy and a noise source for space geodetic observations of the Earth's surface, such as from GPS and interferometric SAR (InSAR) measurements. GPS data collected from ground receivers are sensitive to the total amount of water vapor above the antenna and data from continuously operating GPS receivers are routinely used to estimate delays caused by atmospheric water vapor. Using these time series of atmospheric delay, we have estimated the motion of atmospheric water vapor above GPS networks. The motion above each site is determined by comparing the time series from different sites and estimating relative time offsets in these time series. These are then used to determine the velocity field of the atmospheric delays as they move across the network. We have compared the results with similar estimates inferred from geostationary satellite data and found clear correlation on several occasions. Such results can be useful for improving the understanding of the energy transport in the atmosphere, the spatial interpolation of water vapor, and for calibrating InSAR observations for delays caused by water vapor. Electronic Publication     

基于超快速星历进行实时反演大气水汽总量的可行性研究

从GPS气象学实际应用的角度出发,能够实时获取高时空分辨率的大气水汽场是一个十分关键的问题。基于地基GPS遥感水汽的原理,利用香港地区CORS网的实际测量数据进行试验,根据IGS网站提供的不同精度的轨道信息设计了试验方案,并且比较了方案中最终精密星历、超快速星历以及气象探空站探测得到的大气可降水量序列。实验结果表明,利用超快速星历反演算出的大气水汽总量与最终精密星历一致,其精度可以满足气象预报等实时业务的需求。      

4D GPS water vapor tomography: new parameterized approaches

Water vapor is a key variable in numerical weather prediction, as it plays an important role in atmospheric processes. Nonetheless, the distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere is observed with a coarse resolution in time and space compared to the resolution of numerical weather models. GPS water vapor tomography is one of the promising methods to improve the resolution of water vapor measurements. This paper presents new parameterized approaches for the determination of water vapor distribution in the troposphere by GPS. We present the methods and give first results validating the approaches. The parameterization of voxels (volumetric pixels) by trilinear and spline functions in ellipsoidal coordinates are introduced in this study. The evolution in time of the refractivity field is modeled by a Kalman filter with a temporal resolution of 30 s, which corresponds to the available GPS-data rate. The algorithms are tested with simulated and with real data from more than 40 permanent GPS receiver stations in Switzerland and adjoining regions covering alpine areas. The investigations show the potential of the new parameterized approaches to yield superior results compared to the non parametric classical one. The accuracy of the tomographic result is quantified by the inter-quartile range (IQR), which is decreased by 10–20% with the new approaches. Further, parameterized voxel solutions have a substantially smaller maximal error than the non parameterized ones. Simulations show a limited ability to resolve vertical structures above the top station of the network with GPS tomography.     

成都地区地基GPS观测网遥感大气可降水量的初步试验

利用首个成都地区地基GPS观测网2004年7～9月30s间隔的测量数据，通过Bernese GPS SoftwareV4．2解算出30min间隔的天顶总延迟量，结合自动气象站获得的气象资料计算出30min间隔的GPS遥感的大气可降水量。与根据气象探空站探测资料算出的可降水量进行统计对比，确定出本次GPS遥感可降水量试验的精度为3．09mm，两种可降水量时间序列呈现高度的一致性。同时验证了计算对流层加权平均温度的Bevis经验公式在成都地区的适用性。     

Remote sensing of water vapor content using ground-based GPS data

Spatial and temporal resolution of water vapor content is useful in improving the accuracy of short-term weather prediction. Dense and continuously tracking regional GPS arrays will play an important role in remote sensing atmospheric water vapor content. In this study, a piecewise linear solution method was proposed to estimate the precipitable water vapor (PWV) content from ground-based GPS observations in Hong Kong. To evaluate the solution accuracy of the water vapor content sensed by GPS, the upper air sounding data (radiosonde) that are collected locally was used to calculate the precipitable water vapor during the same period. One-month results of PWV from both ground-based GPS sensing technique and radiosonde method are in agreement within 1–2 mm. This encouraging result will motivate the GPS meteorology application based on the establishment of a dense GPS array in Hong Kong.     

Remote sensing of water vapor content using ground-based GPS data

Spatial and temporal resolution of water vapor content is useful in improving the accuracy of short-term weather prediction.Dense and continuously tracking regional GPS arrays will play an important role in remote sensing atmospheric water vapor content.In this study,a piecewise linear solution method was proposed to estimate the precipitable water vapor (PWV) content from ground-based GPS observations in Hong Kong.To evaluate the solution accuracy of the water vapor content sensed by GPS,the upper air sounding data (radiosonde) that are collected locally was used to calculate the precipitable water vapor during the same period.One-month results of PWV from both ground-based GPS sensing technique and radiosonde method are in agreement within 1～2 mm.This encouraging result will motivate the GPS meteorology application based on the establishment of a dense GPS array in Hong Kong.     

MODIS水汽反演用于InSAR大气校正的理论研究

大气效应尤其是大气水汽的影响是InSAR干涉测量中主要的误差源和限制因素之一,因此高精度的InSAR应用迫切需要及时掌握大气水汽含量及其时空变化。本文深入分析了利用MODIS的水汽反演结果进行InSAR干涉测量大气校正的可行性,对MODIS近红外水汽反演结果与地基GPS水汽探测结果进行了比较和分析。同时根据GPS解算结果,利用实例讨论了基于地面气象参数的水汽延迟模拟的效果。     

Experiment on driving precipitable water vapor from ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain

The estimates of total zenith delay are derived using Bernese GPS Software V4. 2 based on GPS data every 30 s from the first measurement experiment of a ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain of Southwest China during the period from July to September 2004. Then the estimates of 0.5 hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from global positioning system (GPS) are obtained using meteorological data from automatic weather stations (AWS). The comparison of PWV derived from GPS and those from radiosonde observations is given for the Chengdu station, with RMS (root mean square) differences of 3.09m. The consistency of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS to those from radiosonde is good. It is concluded that Bevis’ empirical formula for estimating the weighted atmospheric mean temperature can be applicable in Chengdu area because the relationship of GPS PWV with Bevis’ formula and GPS PWV with radiosonde method shows a high correlation. The result of this GPS measurement experiment is helpful both for accumulating the study of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS in Chengdu areas located at the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau and for studying spatial-temporal variations of regional atmospheric water vapor through many disciplines cooperatively.     

Interpolating atmospheric water vapor delay by incorporating terrain elevation information

In radio signal-based observing systems, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), the water vapor in the atmosphere will cause delays during the signal transmission. Such delays vary significantly with terrain elevation. In the case when atmospheric delays are to be eliminated from the measured raw signals, spatial interpolators may be needed. By taking advantage of available terrain elevation information during spatial interpolation process, the accuracy of the atmospheric delay mapping can be considerably improved. This paper first reviews three elevation-dependent water vapor interpolation models, i.e., the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator in combination with the water vapor Height Scaling Model (BLUE + HSM), the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator coupled with the Elevation-dependent Covariance Model (BLUE + ECM), and the Simple Kriging with varying local means based on the Baby semi-empirical model (SKlm + Baby for short). A revision to the SKlm + Baby model is then presented, where the Onn water vapor delay model is adopted to substitute the inaccurate Baby semi-empirical model (SKlm + Onn for short). Experiments with the zenith wet delays obtained through the GPS observations from the Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) demonstrate that the SKlm + Onn model outperforms the other three. The RMS of SKlm + Onn is only 0.55 cm, while those of BLUE + HSM, BLUE + ECM and SKlm + Baby amount to 1.11, 1.49 and 0.77 cm, respectively. The proposed SKlm + Onn model therefore represents an improvement of 29–63% over the other known models.     

基于超快速星历反演大气可降水量的精度分析

水汽是预报某些灾害性天气的重要依据,因此及时获得高分辨率的水汽产品对精准预报天气具有至关重要的意义．针对最终精密星历更新速度较慢、时延较长,无法满足实时反演大气可降水量的要求,提出一种利用超快速星历代替最终精密星历反演大气可降水量的方法:基于地基GNSS反演大气可降水量的原理,利用GAMIT软件,根据国际GNSS服务(IGS)网站提供的不同精度的星历产品获得大气可降水量,并与气象探空站所获得的大气可降水量对比分析．研究结果表明,利用超快速星历所获得的大气可将水量与最终精密星历一致,二者平均差值优于0.1 mm,且与探空站测得的大气可降水量值非常一致,其精度可以满足天气预报的需求．      

Experiment on Driving Precipitable Water Vapor from Ground-Based GPS Network in Chengdu Plain

The estimates of total zenith delay are derived using Bernese GPS Software V4. 2 based on GPS data every 30 s from the first measurement experiment of a ground-based GPS network in Chengdu Plain of Southwest China during the period from July to September 2004. Then the estimates of 0.5 hourly precipitable water vapor (PWV) derived from global positioning system (GPS) are obtained using meteorological data from automatic weather stations (AWS). The comparison of PWV derived from GPS and those from radiosonde observations is given for the Chengdu station, with RMS (root mean square) differences of 3.09m. The consis- tency of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS to those from radiosonde is good. It is concluded that Bevis’ empirical formula for estimating the weighted atmospheric mean temperature can be applicable in Chengdu area because the relationship of GPS PWV with Bevis’ formula and GPS PWV with radiosonde method shows a high correlation. The result of this GPS measurement experiment is helpful both for accumu- lating the study of precipitable water vapor derived from GPS in Chengdu areas located at the eastern side of the Tibetan Plateau and for studying spatial-temporal variations of regional atmospheric water vapor through many disciplines cooperatively.     

地基GNSS大气水汽探测遥感研究进展和展望

大气水汽是表征极端天气事件和气候变化的重要参数,准确监测与分析水汽含量对于精准预测各类灾害性天气事件与研究气候变化具有显著意义。作为新兴的大气水汽探测方法,GNSS大气水汽探测技术得到了广泛的关注与应用研究,随着多频多模GNSS系统的发展,全球服务能力的逐步完备和地面基础设施的不断加强,地基GNSS大气水汽探测遥感技术水平得到显著提升,为基于空间大数据揭示气候变化、极端天气过程提供了强有力的数据支撑和发展契机。本文首先系统阐述了GNSS大气水汽探测遥感技术及其应用的发展过程;然后介绍了近年来包括对流层延迟、大气可降水量等多类型GNSS大气参数高精度反演的研究进展,特别是对GNSS大气反演在极端天气短临预报及气候变化现象解释两个方向的研究工作进行了科学探析;最后,阐明了GNSS大气水汽探测遥感技术面临的主要挑战及未来研究展望。     

GPS可降水汽含量在强降雨过程中的特征分析

针对水汽在大气中易于变化,高时空分辨率水汽资料的欠缺,造成强降雨短时临近的预报水平不高的问题,探讨分析了GPS水汽反演的精度。利用香港CORS数据,通过GAMIT软件解算获得各测站1 h大气可降水量时间序列,将其与探空数据获得的液态水含量（PWV）和实际降水量进行比较分析。结果表明,GPS／PWV与Radio／PWV在整体变化趋势上具有很好的一致性,其相关系数大于0.9;GPS／PWV与Radio／PWV精度相当,两者平均偏差小于1 mm,均方根误差小于3 mm;GPS反演的大气可降水量与实际降水量具有较好的对应关系,能够精确地监测到水汽变化的过程,可以用于水汽的监测和预报研究。      

用GPS观测反演大气中水汽的含量

介绍用GPS测量提取水汽的原理和过程，讨论如何提高其精度和实时性，并提出构造三维水汽分布的方法。通过用GPS观测量反演大气的影响，从而提取大气中水汽的含量，这对气象研究和天气预报有很好的作用。     

UNB3m_pack: a neutral atmosphere delay package for radiometric space techniques

Several hybrid neutral atmosphere delay models have been developed at the University of New Brunswick. In this paper we are presenting UNB3m_pack, a package with subroutines in FORTRAN and corresponding functions in MatLab which provides neutral atmospheric information estimated using the UNB3m model. The main goal of UNB3m is to provide reliable predicted neutral atmosphere delays for users of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and other transatmospheric radiometric techniques. Slant neutral atmosphere delays are the main output of the package, however, it can be used to estimate zenith delays, Niell mapping functions values, delay rates, mapping function rates, station pressure, temperature, relative humidity and the mean temperature of water vapor in the atmospheric column. The subroutines work using day of year, latitude, height and elevation angle as input values. The files of the package have a commented section at the beginning, explaining how the subroutines work and what the input and output parameters are. The subroutines are self-contained, i.e., they do not need any auxiliary files. The user has simply to add to his/her software one or more of the available files and call them in the appropriate way. The GPS Tool Box is a column dedicated to highlighting algorithms and source code utilized by GPS engineers and scientists. If you have an interesting program or software package you would like to share with our readers, please pass it along; e-mail it to us at gps-toolbox@ngs.noaa.gov. To comment on any of the source code discussed here, or to download source code, visit our website at . This column is edited by Stephen Hilla, National Geodetic Survey, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, and Mike Craymer, Geodetic Survey Division, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.     

GPS水汽含量自动处理系统的研究及应用

随着北京全球定位系统(GPS)综合网的建设,以及地基GPS水汽反演技术的不断成熟,建立实时GPS数据下载和水汽自动处理系统,可提供气象科学研究所需的数据资料,为地基GPS气象学的业务化提供技术支持。本文介绍地基GPS反演水汽的基本原理及北京市GPS综合网的水汽含量自动处理系统,并利用该系统对2004年7月10日北京的一次强降水过程的大气水汽含量进行了反演。结果表明:在暴雨发生前3~4小时左右,GPS测量的气柱水汽含量在两小时内突增了6-7mm,很好地预示了其后的降水过程。可见该系统反演的全天候大气水汽场,可为准确监测和预报突发性强降水提供有意义的指标。