Assessment of LULC and climate change on the hydrology of Ashti Catchment,India using VIC model

The assessment of land use land cover (LULC) and climate change over the hydrology of a catchment has become inevitable and is an essential aspect to understand the water resources-related problems within the catchment. For large catchments, mesoscale models such as variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model are required for appropriate hydrological assessment. In this study, Ashti Catchment (sub-catchment of Godavari Basin in India) is considered as a case study to evaluate the impacts of LULC changes and rainfall trends on the hydrological variables using VIC model. The land cover data and rainfall trends for 40 years (1971–2010) were used as driving input parameters to simulate the hydrological changes over the Ashti Catchment and the results are compared with observed runoff. The good agreement between observed and simulated streamflows emphasises that the VIC model is able to evaluate the hydrological changes within the major catchment, satisfactorily. Further, the study shows that evapotranspiration is predominantly governed by the vegetation classes. Evapotranspiration is higher for the forest cover as compared to the evapotranspiration for shrubland/grassland, as the trees with deeper roots draws the soil moisture from the deeper soil layers. The results show that the spatial extent of change in rainfall trends is small as compared to the total catchment. The hydrological response of the catchment shows that small changes in monsoon rainfall predominantly contribute to runoff, which results in higher changes in runoff as the potential evapotranspiration within the catchments is achieved. The study also emphasises that the hydrological implications of climate change are not very significant on the Ashti Catchment, during the last 40 years (1971–2010).     

降雨和地形地貌对水文模型模拟结果的影响分析

概念性水文模型数量众多,判断模型是否适合研究流域可以通过模拟结果来体现,但是熟悉流域的产汇流特性可以筛选模型,从根源上大量减少工作量,也可以解决相似流域无资料的问题。选取6种概念性水文模型,以马渡王、板桥和志丹这3个半湿润与半干旱流域为研究区域,探讨流域特性与模型结构之间的关系,并通过降雨和地形地貌分析其对模型模拟结果的影响。研究结果表明,流域地形及植被对产汇流过程有重要影响,由于局部产流现象严重,河道坡度影响大于流域平均坡度,当区域气候条件相差不大时,地形地貌比降雨对流域产汇流特性影响更大。因此对于水文模型的选择,可以在熟悉流域产汇流特性的基础上因地制宜,必要时可以增加适合研究流域的模块来获得更好的预报,在半干旱与半湿润流域,同时具有蓄满和超渗机制的模型能得到更好的应用。     

灵活架构水文模型在不同产流区的应用

对于给定的流域,选择合适的水文模型进行模拟是水文学研究的难点。选取中国11个典型流域,划分为蓄满产流区、超渗产流区及混合产流区,分别验证4种经典概念性模型与4种灵活架构模型。研究表明:蓄满产流区灵活架构模型难以提高模拟精度,但可以检验模型构件对模拟结果的影响,排除不合实际的模型结构;超渗产流区灵活架构模型可以提高模拟精度,但缺乏系统性,难以完整准确地描绘水文过程。综合而言,灵活架构模型表现不稳定,通用性差,但架设与修改方便,易于确定流域产汇流关键过程,是水文模拟的有效手段。     

考虑植被和人类活动影响的水文模型参数时变特征分析

变化环境下流域水文物理特性常呈现"非稳态"特征,代表流域特性的模型参数也会随之发生变化,因此,开展水文模型参数时变研究有助于提高水文模拟精度。考虑植被条件和人类活动对水文过程的影响,基于植被归一化指数、人口、地区生产总值、粮食产量和有效灌溉面积5个指标建立两参数月水量平衡模型参数的时变函数表达式,并考虑4种参数时变情形。选取直门达、张家山、咸阳、横江、丹江口和峡江站6个水文站分析对比4种情形下模型的径流模拟结果及其不确定性。结果表明:所有站点在1982—2006年内水文物理特性呈现"非稳态"特征;且较常参数而言,时变参数模型模拟效果更好,并获得更优的确定性预报结果,其中直门达站径流模拟精度提高最为显著,率定期和检验期内的纳西效率系数（N_S）分别提高了10.3%和8.8%。该研究可以为变化环境下流域水库调度、水资源规划与管理等提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

山坡表层关键带结构与水文连通性研究进展

山丘区是洪水的"策源地",山丘区坡地、沟谷及间歇性河道为洪水的形成提供了通道,同时也是水文连通时空变化最为强烈的地带。然而,对流域表层关键带结构特征及其水文连通机制等的认识尚存不足,限制了产汇流理论及模型方法的发展和应用。通过对比国内外山坡水文实验,发现山坡物理结构连通性控制并深刻影响着水流的连通过程,现有水文连通实验侧重孔隙等微观尺度的规律研究,与水文模型理论存在尺度上的巨大偏差。为此,提出水文连通性应侧重揭示水流在山坡地表、地下的宏观表象通道及分布特征,探索径流连通的动力学机制,即山坡水文连通性研究重在剖析其结构特征的水文累积效应,应保持关键带结构特征合理概化与产汇流理论适度复杂之间的平衡。     

Coupling a glacier melt model to the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model for hydrological modeling in north-western China

For the sustainable utilization of rivers in the mid and downstream regions, it is essential that land surface hydrological processes are quantified in high cold mountains regions, as it is in these regions where most of the larger rivers in China acquire their headstreams. Glaciers are one of the most important water resources of north-west China. However, they are seldom explicitly considered within hydrological models, and climate-change effects on glaciers, permafrost and snow cover will have increasingly important consequences for runoff. In this study, an energy-balance ice-melt model was integrated within the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrological model. The extended VIC model was applied to simulate the hydrological processes in the Aksu River basin, a large mountainous and glaciered catchment in north-west China. The runoff components and their response to climate change were analyzed based on the simulated and observed data. The model showed an acceptable performance, and achieved an efficiency coefficient R ² ≈ 0.8 for the complete simulation period. The results indicate that a large proportion of the catchment runoff is derived from ice meltwater and snowmelt water. In addition, over the last 38 years, rising temperature caused an extension in the snow/ice melting period and a reduction in the seasonality signal of runoff. Due to teh increased precipitation runoff, the Aksu catchment annual runoff had a positive trend, increasing by about 40.00 × 10⁶ m³ per year, or 25.7 %.     

植被分布对小流域产流影响的数值实验

基于二维运动波模型,建立了一个适用于小流域场次降雨产汇流过程的动力学模型。通过对典型小流域内不同区域(坡顶、坡中及坡底区域及距离流域出口的远近)种植植被时产流过程的数值模拟,分析了小流域内植被分布对产流过程的影响。结果表明:植被分布及其特性对小流域场次降雨产流有较明显的影响;下游区域种植植被的减水效果和延滞洪峰作用优于上游区域,陡坡区域减水效果优于缓坡区域,且郁闭度越大,这种差别越明显;在该研究条件下,下游区的减水效果可达到上游区的3倍;30%郁闭度条件下减水效果可达10%和20%郁闭度条件下的3倍和1.4倍。     

森林火灾对典型小流域径流影响模拟

以澳大利亚东南部Mcmahons Creek 流域1983年发生的森林火灾为例,运用AWRA-L和新安江模型模拟火灾后流域的基准径流过程,进而估算火灾对径流的影响。AWRA-L和新安江模型模拟结果表明,火灾发生后14年(1983—1997年)内流域产水量分别增加140 mm和123 mm,占火灾前(1974—1982年)年均径流量的33%和29%;火灾发生14年后的1998—2004年,增加量分别为43 mm和33 mm,占火灾前年均径流量的10%和8%。说明森林火灾引起短期内流域径流量的明显增加,随着植被的恢复流域产流增加量减少,森林砍伐是后期径流增加的重要原因。该研究对森林流域的水资源管理具有重要的参考价值。     

气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化及CO2浓度升高对滦河流域径流的影响

在构建分布式水文模型与生物地球化学模型的耦合模型（DTVGM-CASACNP）及应用元胞自动机-马尔科夫（CA-Markov）土地利用预测模型基础上,以滦河流域为例分析气候变化、土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）及CO₂浓度升高对径流的影响。研究结果表明: DTVGM-CASACNP耦合模型以及CA-Markov模型在滦河流域均具有较好的适用性;气候变化与土地利用/植被覆盖变化对滦河流域径流的影响较CO₂浓度升高的影响程度大;未来不同情景下滦河流域2020—2049年径流呈减小趋势,大部分情景下年径流较基准年减少,与非汛期相比,滦河流域未来汛期径流对不同情景更敏感,总体上在汛期径流相对基准年减少,而在非汛期径流相对基准年增加。     

贵州典型岩溶流域日降雨径流过程模拟研究

以蓄满产流方式描述岩溶地区的产流过程,采用稳定入渗法划分径流,将非线性水箱模型用于模拟单元流域的调蓄过程,以遗传算法为基础率定模型参数,建立了基于遗传算法率定参数的概念性岩溶水文模型,并以贵州普定后寨河流域为例,采用流域内老黑潭、六谷、后寨测站的水文资料对所建模型进行检验,以相对误差、互相关系数和确定性系数来评定模型.结果表明,本模型预报结果的相对误差均小于士10%,互相关系数均大于0.80,确定性系数均大于或等于0.70,说明所构建的模型能够模拟及预报岩溶地区的降雨径流过程.      

气候变化下中国主要流域气象水文干旱潜在风险传播

全球气候变化影响了气象水文要素的时空分布特性,气象水文干旱事件的转化关系及风险传播特征亟待研究。基于站点、栅格观测资料和CMIP5（Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase5）的19个气候模式输出数据,采用新安江等4个水文模型模拟了中国135个流域历史（1961—2005年）和未来时期（2011—2055年,2056—2100年）的水文过程,计算了SPI（Standard Precipitation Index）和SRI（Standard Runoff Index）干旱指标,通过游程理论识别了气象干旱与水文干旱事件,利用Copula函数与最大可能权函数度量二维干旱风险特征,定量评估了气象干旱至水文干旱的潜在风险传播特性。结果表明:①气象-水文干旱对气候变化响应强烈,华北和东北地区的干旱联合重现期增大,干旱潜在风险减小,华中和华南地区的干旱联合重现期减少60%~80%,干旱潜在风险增加;②气象干旱与水文干旱风险在历史和未来时段均存在显著的正相关关系,相关系数超过0.99;③各流域水文干旱风险变化对气象干旱风险变化的敏感程度不会随气候变暖发生较大变化,但未来北方地区水文干旱同气象干旱同时发生的概率将会小幅度增加。     

基于土壤植被不同参数化方法的流域蒸散发模拟

植被和土壤是水循环中的重要载体,模拟流域水循环时植被和土壤的参数化也显得尤为重要。通过对比流域蒸散发模拟中分布式模型和集总式概念模型的土壤植被参数化方法,计算了潘家口水库流域不同时间尺度上的流域蒸散发,分析了不同时间尺度下流域蒸散发的影响因素。通过分析得出:(1)分布式水文模型中的植被参数化方法包括对植被时空分布与变化的描述,以及与之相关的土壤-植被-大气中水分和能量的传输过程的描述。(2)从GBHM模型与流域水热耦合平衡模型的对比分析可知,在流域尺度上,年实际蒸散发与潜在蒸散发之间呈互补的高度非线性关系;但在山坡和小时时间尺度上,实际蒸散发与潜在蒸散发之间呈正比关系,并可近似为线性正比关系。(3)基于流域水热耦合平衡模型在不同时间尺度的参数化分析可知,考虑植被土壤水分和植被覆盖度能改善对流域蒸散发的年际和季节变化的模拟精度;土壤水分和植被的影响随着时间尺度变小表现得越来越显著。     

Development of peri-urban catchment hydrological model with the multi-outlet approach

The peri-urban catchments are distinguished by discontinuous urban extensions. They extend between the margins of the city and the borders of the rural space forming a mid-urban, mid rural mosaic. They experience unprecedented expansion movement since the end of the 60 years. When hydrological models for urban and for rural catchments have been developed, it was until recently impossible to apply those principles in a concrete manner to peri-urban catchments. The representation of the hydrological functioning of these surfaces can be done by considering both urban processes and rural processes. In this paper, we present the simulation model named “Multi-Outlets model”. This model allows taking into account the mixed nature of peri-urban areas. The model was applied to Yzeron catchment located in Lyon, France.     

内陆河高寒山区流域分布式水热耦合模型（Ⅱ）：地面资料驱动结果

以黑河出山日平均流量作为对比，利用26个降水站点、11个气温站点和14个潜在蒸发站点2000年日资料，模型设计了6套气象因子空间分布方案，进行数值模拟试验，结果表明，在黑河流域现有观测站点的情况下，利用各种空间插值方法所得结果基本相当，考虑地面高程的三维插值与不考虑地面高程的二维插值结果相差不大，补充距离研究区较远的站点观测资料，模型结果反而变差。最终模型采用基于二维算法的最近距离法（nearest），利用2000年资料校正模型，计算与实测黑河日出山平均流量序列的效率系数为0.6101，平衡误差为0.0808％。以1999年资料验证模型，效率系数和平衡误差分别为0.6270和-2.9824％。模型基于水热连续方程模拟了黑河山区流域水热交换和耦合过程，探讨了流域的水量平衡，分析了水量平衡因子的时空分布，其模拟结果表明，内陆河高寒山区流域主要为浅表产流，高山草甸具有拦蓄降水和水源涵养作用，并反映了高山地区浅表土壤地下厚层冰的聚集过程。各种模型结果与本区野外实际调查结果基本一致，也符合当前对寒区流域水文循环过程的定性认识。     

GR4J模型在赣江流域日径流模拟中的应用

GR4J是一个简单实用的概念性水文模型,在模型原理和结构上具有鲜明特色,目前在国内应用还较少。本文将该模型应用于赣江流域19个集水区域2003~2009年日径流模拟中。结果显示,在各集水区域,GR4J在检验期和率定期的确定性系数均达到0.85以上,径流总量相对误差在10%以内。因此,GR4J模型在赣江流域的日径流模拟中具有较高精度,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

1960—2010年中国主要流域径流量减小原因探讨分析

针对1960—2010年径流量显著减少的中国主要流域,包括松花江、辽河、海河、黄河和汉江等,选择其上游地区受人类直接取用水影响较少的山区小流域,分析径流变化及其原因.采用基于Budyko假设的流域水热耦合平衡方程,估计了流域年径流量变化的气候弹性系数和下垫面弹性系数,并对各流域径流变化进行了归因分析.结果表明,在气候较为湿润的地区,径流对气候和下垫面变化均不敏感;在气候较为干燥的地区,径流对气候和下垫面变化都更为敏感,且区域差异性明显.潜在蒸散发的变化对径流减少的影响微弱,降水减少和下垫面变化是径流减少的主导因素,其中人类活动导致的下垫面变化对径流减少的影响尤为显著.对比两个阶段的径流变化归因分析结果,近10年间流域下垫面变化对年径流量的影响程度较前20年有显著增加.通过分析近30年的归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据发现,植被覆盖改善是下垫面变化的重要原因,说明中国水土保持工程发挥了显著生态效益的同时也导致了流域径流减小.     

天山南坡高冰川覆盖率的木扎提河流域水文过程对气候变化的响应

木扎提河是天山南坡冰川面积覆盖率最大（48.2%）的河流, 流域径流过程对气候变化极为敏感, 为了合理管理和规划水资源, 确保水资源的可持续利用, 亟需定量评估气候变化对该流域水文过程的影响。以VIC-CAS分布式水文模型为计算平台, 利用实测的径流和两次冰川编目间的冰川面积变化数据开展了模型的多目标参数化校正和验证, 有效提高了模拟结果的“真实性”, 然后通过数值模拟结果结合观测数据定量解析了流域径流的组成、 变化特征及对气候变化的响应机理。结果表明： 木扎提河总径流集中在暖季（5 - 9月）, 占全年总径流量的77.9%, 冰川径流、 融雪径流和降雨径流分别占总径流量的66.6%、 26.4%和7.0%。1971 - 2010年木扎提河流域气温和降水呈显著增加趋势, 由于降水的增加, 降雨和融雪径流均呈增加趋势, 但冰川径流呈现明显减少趋势, 导致总径流呈现下降趋势。在RCP4.5情景下, 未来该流域气温呈现明显升高趋势, 降水表现为微弱下降趋势; 气候变暖后, 更多降水以降雨形式发生, 未来降雨径流将明显增加, 降雪和融雪径流已于20世纪90年代达到峰值, 随后明显减少; 冰川面积将持续萎缩, 冰川径流于21世纪10年代达到拐点, 随后明显减少, 导致河道总径流量也将明显减少。     

Test of a distributed modelling approach to predict flood flows in the karst Suoimuoi catchment in Vietnam

The major obstacles for modelling flood processes in karst areas are a lack of understanding and model representations of the distinctive features and processes associated with runoff generation and often a paucity of field data. In this study, a distributed flood-modelling approach, WetSpa, is modified and applied to simulate the hydrological features and processes in the karst Suoimuoi catchment in northwest Vietnam. With input of topography, land use and soil types in a GIS format, the model is calibrated based on 15 months of hourly meteorological and hydrological data, and is used to simulate both fast surface and conduit flows, and groundwater discharges from karst and non-karst aquifers. Considerable variability in the simulation accuracy is found among storm events and within the catchment. The simulation results show that the model is able to represent reasonably well the stormflows generated by rainfall events in the study catchment.     

The relationship between runoff and ground temperature in glacierized catchments in China

A single parameter index method, in which ground temperature and air temperature is the sole input variable, respectively, is used to evaluate and compare the glacial runoff in three typical glacier catchments, Dongkemadi glacier catchment in Tibetan plateau, Koxkar glacier catchment and the headwater catchment of Urumqi River catchment in Tianshan Mountains in West China. The method based on ground temperature is an attempt to evaluate glacier runoff in elevated terrains, as few studies have focused specifically on the association between glacier runoff and ground temperature. The results identify ground temperature versus a certain depth, which is a critical factor that affected glacier hydrological processes and showed that runoff data is much better correlated with ground temperature than air temperature. Especially, at the latter two catchments, the largest coefficients of exponential relationship R ² between glacier runoff and ground temperature are 0.9 and 0.83, respectively. The accuracy of the method makes it possible to estimate the glacier runoff with a certain depth ground temperature at a certain site, which may provide a new approach to evaluate the glacier runoff for areas where there is a lack of observation data.     

流域地貌结构因子对径流特征的影响分析

选取淮河两个主要暴雨中心的11个中小流域为研究对象,分析流域地貌结构因子(流域高程曲线特征值等)对其水文响应特征(多年平均径流系数、流量历时曲线斜率值)的影响.研究发现,流域高程曲线积分值及其斜率对径流特征影响最大.多年平均径流系数、流量历时曲线高流量阶段的斜率值(S_fh)与高程曲线斜率成正比,确定性系数达到0.77和0.67;而流量历时曲线低流量阶段的斜率值(S_fl)与高程曲线积分值也成正相关,确定性系数达0.65.这表明:在地形起伏较大的流域,其蓄水能力较弱,容易造成暴雨洪水过程的陡涨陡落,且多年平均降雨径流系数较大;反之在较为平坦的流域,其径流响应相对缓慢,表现出较强的流域调蓄能力.