柴达木盆地土壤盐渍化程度快速动态监测

针对柴达木盆地土壤盐渍化的时空变化问题,该文采用了反演土壤盐度指数的方法快速评估了该地区的盐渍化程度变化及其空间分布,并且选择2015年利用土壤采样方法获取标本验证SI在研究区的适用性,集成RS技术和GIS空间分析的优势,综合利用空间分析和时序分析技术对柴达木盆地2000-2015年的盐渍化程度和分布面积进行了时空变化分析.研究结果表明了 SI值在研究区的适用性,同时发现2000-2015年,柴达木盆地土壤盐渍化的面积和程度整体上均有明显降低趋势,尤其在重度盐渍化区域更为明显,但中、低度积盐面积,程度均有所增加.研究可以为柴达木盆地土壤盐渍化程度的快速评估提供参考.     

新疆石河子地区20 a绿洲土地利用类型变化分析

以石河子地区为研究对象,利用1990年、2000年、2005年和2010年的遥感影像,分析了该区近20 a的土地利用动态变化情况。研究结果表明,耕地面积持续减少,共计减少了54.52 km~2,占整个研究区面积的12.23%;城乡建设用地面积累计增加了64.12 km~2,是区域内变化最为明显的地物类别;水域面积相比变化不大,只增加了0.56 km~2;其他地类面积减少了10.17 km~2,主要转变为城乡建设用地。地物类别发生变化的区域主要集中在水资源较充足的北部、东北部和东部靠近玛纳斯河中游的区域;土地利用类型与区域内人口数量的变化和GDP的增长呈现显著的相关特征,对区域内土地利用类型的变化影响极大。     

基于ALOS影像的内蒙古杭锦后旗土地盐渍化程度分级

土地盐渍化是影响区域生态环境质量和农业生产安全的重要因素,掌握其区域分布规律对盐渍化的预防和治理具有重要意义。基于ALOS影像和实地调查、土壤样品分析数据建立内蒙古杭锦后旗农用地盐渍化等级划分标准和遥感解译标志,分析了不同地物在不同波段的光谱特征,获得杭锦后旗土地盐渍化等级分类图。结果表明,杭锦后旗农用地盐渍化严重,中度以上盐渍化农用地占土地总面积的15.76%,占农用地总面积的25.68%;重度以上盐渍化农用地占土地总面积的3.28%,占农用地总面积的5.33%。研究区微度和轻度盐渍化农用地分布最广,中度盐渍化农用地分布比较分散,重度盐渍化农用地和盐土则主要沿灌渠和海子边缘分布,由西北向东南重度以上盐渍化土地比例有增加的趋势。     

基于遥感技术的开都河下游绿洲区土壤盐渍化动态监测研究

以3期遥感图像为数据源,经图像处理,并结合野外考察,建立解译标志进行遥感解译。结果表明,开都河下游绿洲区的盐渍化土地面积呈先增加后减少趋势,盐渍化程度呈先加重后减轻趋势;盐渍化土壤主要分布在开都河沿岸低洼地和博斯腾湖湖滨地区及其北岸清水沟、曲惠渠、乌什塔拉渠两岸附近;盐渍化的形成与研究区地形地貌、地下水以及干旱的气候条件密切相关,人类农业活动对盐渍化土壤形成具有重要作用。     

银川平原土壤盐渍化与中低产田遥感应用研究

土壤盐渍化是影响农业生产与生态环境的一个重要因素。长期以来,宁夏银川平原的次生土壤盐渍化问题十分突出,形成了许多盐渍型中低产田,影响和制约了区域农业的可持续发展。主要采用遥感解译方法提取了银川平原土壤盐渍化的分类与分布的现状信息。在此基础上,依据中低产田的分类标准,将相关的耕地类型、土壤肥力、作物产量、灌排水指标等因子转化成数字化专题图层,采用多源信息复合分类的方法,通过“综合分析,主导因子判定”实现了GIS辅助下的中低产田分类,为遥感和地理信息系统技术在土壤盐渍化和中低产田调查研究中的应用,探索出了一条可行的途径。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地遥感调查研究

土壤盐渍化是干旱、半干旱农业的主要的土地退化问题，有关盐碱地的性质、范围、面积、地理分布及盐渍程度等方面的实时、可靠的信息，对治理盐碱地防止其进一步退化和进行农业可持续发展规划至关重要，提出运用Landsat TM遥感数据来获取这些信息。基于地物光谱特征、野外调查建立的地物与影像之间的关系以及土壤和地下水监测数据的辅助，将常规监督分类法和改进的图像分类法两种方法相结合，提取了不同盐渍程度的盐碱地，即光板地14477．67hm^2，重度盐碱地52086．33hm^2，中度盐碱地86699．61hm^2，轻度盐碱地215001.7hm^2，占黄河三角洲总面积的近二分之一（47．4％），除此之外，水体，滩涂，非盐碱地等也作了区分。     

利用不同时相的航空像片研究盐渍风沙积涝土壤历史变化的方法与效果——以河南天然-文岩渠流域为例

欲了解一个地区的盐渍、风沙、积涝土壤的变化,必须研究该地区这些土壤在不同时期的分布状况。要查清这些土壤的分布现状,只要利用最新的航空像片进行土壤遥感制图即可做到。但要了解它们自某个历史时期以来的变化情况,由于时过境迁,则不很容易。而航空像片不仅详细、真实地记录了不同时期的土壤分布状况,而且还记录了它们在不同时期所处的环境条件,如排灌、植被、利用方式等状况。借助不同时期的航空像片来比较、分析各种土壤的分布状况及有关环境条件的变化,可以研究某些土壤的变化和引起其变化的原因。在天然文岩渠流域盐渍、风沙、积涝土壤历史变化的研究中,我们以1957和1983年的航空像片为主要资料,完成了所述的研究任务。     

干旱区绿洲土地利用/土地覆被动态演变研究

选择生态环境脆弱的艾比湖流域内绿洲为研究对象,以1990年、2001年、2010年三期TM和ETM+影像为数据源,采用SVM分类方法进行土地利用/覆盖类型分类、统计与分析研究区20年土地利用/覆盖时空动态变化。研究结果表明:1)1990～2001年除了裸地面积减少外,其他地类均有增加,且耕地面积增加幅度最大,面积增加了483.42 km2。2001～2010年除了耕地面积增加了488.87 km2,其余地类的面积都有不同程度的减少。而研究期间裸地面积一直呈现不断下降的趋势,在20年间共减少了1 186.43 km2。2)经济发展、政策、人口以及自然环境等驱动因素对研究区土地利用结构变化影响甚为显著,而人口迅速增加对农产品的大量需求促使耕地变化剧烈,面积大幅增长。因此,合理地控制人口数量,正确的政府政策导向和合理经济发展需求是干旱区绿洲土地可持续发展的关键。     

近30年来密云水库上游水土流失动态监测

使用修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE,综合考虑降雨、土壤可蚀性、地形、土地覆盖和水土保持措施等因素,计算得密云水库上游地区1990年、2000年和2008年3期的土壤侵蚀数据,并对土壤侵蚀变化结果及其原因进行分析,发现：①研究区近20年水土流失状况经历由加剧到减轻的过程,但总体来说是减轻的,1990～2008年减轻区面积和加剧区面积分别为3083．11km。和2287．71km2;②研究区水土流失变化的原因主要为以土地利用类型变化为特征的人为因素,降雨也有影响,而与坡度没有关系。     

基于面向对象的大珠三角红树林动态变化分析

研究采用Landsat多时相影像和面向对象的遥感图像分类方法,获得1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年及2015年大珠三角沿海地区红树林与周边景观类型的空间分布及其面积信息,分析大珠三角地区红树林动态变化及其驱动因素。结果表明:1) 1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年及2015年大珠三角地区红树林的面积分别为5 280.07、2 870.63、1 374.24、1 961.71、2 831.56 hm~2,35年间红树林面积减少46.37%,年均减少1.32%; 2)大珠三角红树林主要分布在珠海市和江门市; 3)红树林主要转化为水面、农田、内陆森林及养殖池,围海造田及滩涂养殖是大珠三角地区红树林减少的主要原因。基于多时相遥感数据监测分析红树林的时空动态变化,为大珠三角红树林的保护和管理工作提供重要的数据支撑和决策依据。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地动态变化遥感监测

运用多期陆地卫星图像数据,结合野外调查及采样分析,对黄河三角洲近15a来盐碱地的动态变化进行了监测.研究区内发现盐碱地面积呈不断扩大趋势,不同类型的盐碱地变化不同:轻盐碱地不断增多,重盐碱地逐渐减少,光板地先增后减.盐碱地数量方面的增减并没有对盐碱地在不同土地类型中的空间分布格局产生太大影响.     

Assessing soil salinity using WorldView-2 multispectral images in Timpaki,Crete, Greece

Salinization is one of the major soil degradation threats occurring worldwide. This study evaluates the feasibility of operational surface soil salinity mapping based on state-of-the-art Earth Observation (EO) products captured by sensors on-board WorldView-2 (WV2) and Landsat 8 satellites. The proposed methods are tested in Timpaki, south-central Crete,Greece, where brackish water irrigation puts soil health at risk of soil salinization. In all cases, EO products are calibrated against soil samples collected from bare soil locations. Results indicate a moderate correlation of observed EC_e values with the investigated remote sensing parameters. Regarding sensitivity to saline soil, the yellow band displays higher values. Comparison between methods used in the literature shows that those developed specifically for soil salinity, and especially index S5, perform better. The proposed ‘detection index’ and 3D PCA transformation methodology perform reasonably well in detecting areas with high EC_e values and provide a simple and effective operational alternative for saline topsoil detection and mapping.     

Delineation and Characterization of Waterlogged Salt Affected Soils in IGNP Using Remote Sensing and GIS

The India Remote Sensing data on 1:50,000 scale revealed the occurrence of permanent waterlogging in low-lying flats and depressions of the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojona (IGNP) command area. Such data also indicated seasonal dynamics of waterlogging and soil salinization (Salt efflorescence/crusting) in irrigated areas. Mixed spectral signatures of high moisture content and poor crop stand indicated the presence of shallow aquifers close to the main canal. Digital analysis facilitated some indicators for segregating such land uses, limited to optical range. Ground truth study found patchy crop stand, moist soil profile and subsurface soil salinization indicating the presence of high water table (<1.5 m). It also found fluctuating (1.5–6.0 m) water table with poor vegetative growth indicating areas sensitive to waterlogging These were classified as potential waterlogging. Moderate to high soil salinity was found at surface and at the control section (0.2–0.8 m) of soil profiles indicating initiation of secondary salinization. Coarse to medium soil texture facilitated capillary rise of salts with the advancing water table in irrigated zone. The presence of fine textured and impermeable calcium carbonate layers at a depth below the surface enhanced waterlogging and rise of water table. The preponderance of chlorides and sulfates of sodium, calcium and magnesium was found in the salinized areas. The quality of ponded water was extremely poor and unfit for its reuse. The ground water was saline in some areas but normally lies within the prescribed limit. The quality of drainage water was poor in saline depression and unsuitable for reuse. These were moderate in other areas suggesting its safe reuse if mixed with good quality water. Suitable soil and water management practices are necessary for sustainable crop production in the irrigated areas     

基于Aster数据的新疆渭——库绿洲及其周边地区土地沙化信息提取

以新疆渭干河——库车河绿洲及其周边地区为研究区,在野外调查的基础上,基于Aster数据,利用NDVI、植被盖度作为特征变量,结合偏最小二乘回归法模型反演得到的盐分含量(SSC)指标作为决策树分类的各节点的判别函数,通过决策树分类方法实现了沙化土地信息的提取与制图。结果表明结合植被覆盖信息与土壤特性能够在提取沙化信息的同时区分出盐渍化土壤,结果与野外调查较为一致。该研究为大区域土壤沙化信息提取与制图提供了较好的方法。     

豫北盐碱化土壤的遥感影像特征及成因机理浅析

遥感资料的分析表明,豫北土壤盐渍化受半干旱气候、圈闭地形和浅埋藏地下水等因素制约。黄河侧渗为本区提供了丰富的地下水和盐份。地表及埋藏古河道与决口扇造就了该区复杂的微地貌与水文地质结构,并决定了盐渍化程度和类型。本区盐渍化的宏观地质背景是难以改变的,但微观地质环境可以改造。盐渍化土壤的主要治理目标应是经常保持水盐动态平衡,不断采取措施淡化地下水盐份,使土壤含盐浓度从结晶浓度向低盐浓度转化。那种期望一次治理可永远根绝盐渍化的想法是不现实的。     

Saline degradation of Indian agricultural lands : A case study in Khambhat Taluka,Gujarat state (India), using satellite remote sensing

In certain agricultural fields of Khambhat Taluka in Gujarat State, the salinity has increased considerably rendering the land completely infertile. The occurrence of salinity in this area can be attributed partly to subsurface sea‐water ingress and partly to improper land and water management practices prior to implementation of irrigation. Landsat MSS or TM and IRS IA LISS II data was used to test the feasibility of delineating saline soils by both visual image interpretation and digital analysis. The study of saline soils using multi‐temporal Landsat images of the year 1977, 1983, and 1987, indicated an evident increase in saline areas in past few years. The Soil Brightness Index (SBI) generated from the IRS‐IA data by the application of MSS equivalent coefficients brought out different categories of soil degradation. The supervised classification scheme aided in generating various salinity levels. The analysis of the soil samples of the above area exhibited increasing values of Electrical Conductivity (ECe), and the soluble cations with increasing levels of salinity.     

Towards decadal soil salinity mapping using Landsat time series data

Salinization is one of the major soil problems around the world. However, decadal variation in soil salinization has not yet been extensively reported. This study exploited thirty years (1985–2015) of Landsat sensor data, including Landsat-4/5 TM (Thematic Mapper), Landsat-7 ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) and Landsat-8 OLI (Operational Land Imager), for monitoring soil salinity of the Yellow River Delta, China. The data were initially corrected for atmospheric effects, and then matched the spectral bands of EO-1 (Earth Observing One) ALI (Advanced Land Imager). Subsequently, soil salinity maps were derived with a previously developed PLSR (Partial Least Square Regression) model. On intra-annual scale, the retrievals showed that soil salinity increased in February, stabilized in March, and decreased in April. On inter-annual scale, soil salinity decreased within 1985–2000 (−0.74 g kg⁻¹/10a, p < 0.001), and increased within 2000–2015 (0.79 g kg⁻¹/10a, p < 0.001). Our study presents a new perspective for use of multiple Landsat data in soil salinity retrieval, and further the understanding of soil salinization development over the Yellow River Delta.     

Mapping of soil degradation hazards by remote sensing in Hanumangarh district (western Rajasthan)

In the present study, efforts have been made to identify and map areas affected by various soil degradation processes in Hanumangarh district of western Rajasthan. Soil degradation processes were identified by using IRS-1B satellite image of the year 1998, SOI toposheets, ground truth verification and soil studies. The kind, extent and degree of soil degradation have been mapped in an area of 9703 km². The study reveals that the soil degradation problems were mainly due to wind erosion/deposition and water-logging, followed by salinity/alkalinity, water erosion and wind and water erosion combinedly. Nearly 38.7% area is subjected to slight and moderate degradation, which can easily be combated by adopting the suggested techniques and 17.1% area is free of hazard. Soil degradation processes have resulted in the loss of organic carbon, available Phosphorus and Potassium. Soil degradation due to water logging/salinization has also shown a significant increase in electrical conductivity and available potassium content of soil.     

基于电磁感应的干旱区土壤盐渍化定量遥感研究

以南疆典型干旱区Landsat 7 ETM+遥感图像为数据源,利用决策树分类法提取农业用地,并对农业用地进行移动式电磁感应调查(简称磁感调查)和光谱特征提取,同时分析磁感数据和图像光谱特征与土壤盐分含量的相关性,从而建立土壤盐分的定量反演模型。研究结果表明:土地利用类型决策树的分类精度达到93.75%,Kappa系数达0.915 4;经多元逐步回归分析,磁感调查获得的土壤盐分含量与差值植被指数(DVI)、ETM+图像第二波段像元值(B2)以及比值植被指数(RVI)间具有显著相关性,由此建立的遥感反演模型可用于土壤盐分含量的定量反演。经89个样点检验,基于磁感调查的土壤盐分遥感反演精度虽低于基于磁感调查的地统计空间分析的精度,但遥感定量反演值与磁感调查实测值仍具有良好的相关性,而且精度较高,因此利用本文方法进行土壤盐渍化大面积监测是快速有效的途径。