四川活动断裂的区域性特征及其与板块构造的关系

四川是我国多地震的省份。史前地震、历史地震和现代地震资料表明，四川的强烈地震无不沿晚第四纪以来有强烈活动的断裂带发生。不同强度的地震带在很大程度上与断裂的晚第四纪活动性程度相对应。活动断裂的区域特征表明，四川的活动断裂具有明显的空间分布规律性。强活动断裂分布在晚第四纪运动断块的边缘及断块内部，四川盆地内部的断裂活动性甚微。不仅如此，地质资料和断裂活动年代样品的测定结果反映了四川的活动断裂不仅具有向西部活动强度明显增大的特点，而且断裂活动的时代也有向西部逐渐更新的趋势。这种现象揭示四川断裂运动的动力来源主要来自西部印度板块的推挤，但这种推挤作用有减弱之势。活动断层上的断陷盆地，拉分盆地及断错地貌现象的研究表明，四川的主要活动断裂在中、晚更新世发生过断层性质和断层运动方向的改变。这一改变使断块的水平移动变为晚第四纪以来的主要地壳运动方式，对四川及西南地区的构造应力场，断裂运动及地震活动性产生重要的影响。联系到我国西部广大地区断层运动学特征的区域性同步变化，高原物质的横向扩展可能具有重要的控制作用。西藏高原南部广泛发育的南北向拉张构造及其控制的第四纪盆地以及西藏高原中部的大型共轭断裂系所控制的第四纪盆地沉积物时代     

郯庐断裂带江苏段东地堑边界断层第四纪活动性

郯庐断裂带东地堑边界断层在断裂带演化过程和现今构造格局中都是重要断层,对该边界断层的第四纪活动性研究有助于了解郯庐断裂带的演化历史和地震活动性,而有关该边界断层第四纪活动性研究较少且至今尚无定论。本文通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面相结合的方法,针对郯庐断裂带江苏段东地堑两边界断层开展系统的断层第四纪活动性研究,结果显示,昌邑-大店断裂(F_1)第四纪以来未见构造运动证据,白芬子-浮来山断裂(F_2)在第四纪早期曾发生有关活动,晚更新世以来未见活动迹象。     

西藏北部双湖地堑构造与新生代伸展作用

以双湖地堑为代表, 羌塘地体内最新构造表现为东西向伸展作用下产生的南北向地堑构造, 双湖地堑由一系列近于平行的北东至北北东向正断层组成. 断层几何学、运动学及断陷盆地内沉积作用研究表明, 断层活动具明显阶段性, 其早期活动始于上新世, 并造成上新统与下覆双湖组和上覆第四系间不整合接触. 第四纪以来断层运动速率显著增大, 是断层强烈活动期. 地堑构造是青藏高原隆升后重力作用的结果, 预示高原腹地正在进行的伸展塌陷作用.     

陆内盆地与强震活动ht

1303年9月27日的山西洪洞8级地震发生于山西断陷盆地带中的临汾盆地，这是我国自有地震历史记载以来的第一次8级地震，也是一个在活动陆内盆地中发生的大地震. 2003年9月17~18日在山西太原市召开了1303年山西洪洞8级地震700周年暨陆内盆地与强震活动研讨会. 会上交流的论文讨论了我国不同地区发育的不同性质的陆内活动盆地，包括拉张构造区的地堑、半地堑张性盆地，挤压构造区的压陷盆地和前陆盆地及走滑构造带内的拉分盆地与强震活动的关系. 本文对这些问题作了简要的总结，本期刊登的论文是由部分会议论文组成的专辑.      

郯庐断裂带沂水-汤头断裂南段晚第四纪活动新证及构造意义

以往对郯庐断裂带沂沭段各条断层第四纪活动性研究工作都集中在有历史地震记录的东地堑断层,而对断裂带西地堑断层却极少涉及,仅有的关于西地堑2条断层活动性的研究也至今没有定论。针对沂沭断裂带南段西地堑2条断层开展系统的浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面相结合的研究,明确了鄌郚-葛沟断裂(F4)可能是第四纪早期断裂,而活动性较强的沂水-汤头断裂(F3)属于晚更新世活动断裂,其最新1次活动时间发生在距今(91.2±4.4)~(97.0±4.8)ka。结合断裂带其他断层的最新研究成果,对比东、西地堑活动断层最新活动时间,揭示出沂沭断裂带南段晚第四纪活动是断裂带对来自两侧应力的构造响应。沂水-汤头断裂可能是该区域未来中强地震的潜在发震构造。     

安徽霍山地区断层活动习性研究的新进展

通过霍山地区地震地质调查和研究，发现晚第四纪以来该地区丰富的构造变形现象：盆地边缘断裂构成断层三角面；隆起区发育一系列的北东向断裂，含断层泥；盆地内中更新统中发现多期变形遗迹，共同显示晚第四纪以来构造变形的继承性和统一性.文中结合各观测点变形物质的微观、超微观变形分析和断错物质系统测龄结果分析，对研究区构造新活动期次、断层滑移特性、古地震事件等进行了有意义的探讨.结果表明，该区断裂在晚第四纪曾有过多期粘滑活动.最后结合地震层析成像等深部探测成果对研究区地震的深部介质条件进行了讨论.     

新书介绍——《西藏中部活动断层》

《西藏中部活动断层》是对西藏中部地区的活动断层、地震地表破裂研究的全面总结。书中详细论述了西藏中部主要活动断层及沿其分布的地震地表破裂的几何学、运动学特征;讨论了强震的发震构造;总结了西藏中部主要构造盆地类型及其特征,并探讨了拉分盆地和地堑系的发展演化;最后,根据不同方向活动断层、地震地表破裂的力学性质和运动特征,结合粘土实验、数学模拟结果,讨论了西藏中部的现今受     

孟连断裂晚第四纪活动特征

孟连断裂是滇西南地区的1条区域性活动断裂。本文通过地形地貌、断裂剖面及地震活动等对断裂的空间展布及晚第四纪活动性进行分析和研究,获得了断裂活动时代和活动速率等参数。研究表明:孟连断裂晚第四纪期间仍在活动,最新活动时代为全新世,运动性质以左旋走滑为主,晚第四纪以来的平均水平滑动速率为3.8—5.1mm/a;该断裂控制着孟连、勐阿等第四纪盆地的发展及演化,沿断层发生了1995年7月12日中缅边境7.3级地震。     

阿斯南地震地质条件与地震形变带特征

本文介绍了阿斯南地区的地震和地质概况,在此基础上重点论述了构造的成生、发展与地震形变带特征,认为谢利夫盆地是晚新生代以来逐渐发展形成的,北东向阿斯南断层第四纪以来活动强烈,本次地震是该断裂继续活动的结果。     

拉分盆地形成机制三维数值模拟——以海原断裂带老龙湾盆地为例

拉分盆地是走滑断层系中受拉伸作用形成的断陷盆地.一般在两条平行断层控制下发育.盆地形似菱形,几何形态主要受两条主控走滑断层错距和叠接长度影响.本文以青藏高原东北缘海原断裂带老龙湾拉分盆地第四纪所处的构造环境为基础,参考盆地周围断层几何分布,建立了三维有限元数值模型,模拟该拉分盆地的演化过程;进一步分析了断层力学性质、地壳分层结构等各因素对盆地形成和演化的影响.模拟结果显示,盆地地表沉降伴随有下地壳物质的上涌,此上涌对盆地地表沉降存在阻碍作用.各因素的影响具体表现为:(1)断层力学性质(弹性模量和黏滞系数)越弱,其对构造应力较低的传递效率导致盆地两端差异性运动越明显,从而形成较大的盆地地表沉降和明显的上地壳减薄.(2)平行主控断层的叠接长度反映盆地形成的拉伸作用范围,叠接长度越大,相同的差异性运动在单位面积形成的拉伸应力越小,盆地地表沉降较小.(3)下地壳流变性影响其物质的上涌量,下地壳黏滞系数越小,其对上部拉伸作用的响应越明显,上涌量越大,此上涌对上地壳沉降形成的阻碍作用也越明显.根据老龙湾拉分盆地所处的构造格局,将平行断层的叠接长度取20km,当断层黏滞系数取值为周围基岩的1/10,参考该盆地第四纪构造演化历史,模拟得到的盆地第四纪下沉量与盆地内第四系沉积层厚度在规模上近似,下地壳黏滞系数取值在(2.5~5.0)×1021 Pa·s范围内时,盆地下沉量模拟结果与老龙湾拉分盆地第四系地层厚度吻合较好.     

北京平原西北部地壳浅部结构和隐伏活动断裂——由地震反射剖面揭示

已有地质和地球物理研究结果表明,北京平原区存在有多条第四纪隐伏活动断裂和隐伏盆地.为了研究该区的地壳浅部结构、断裂的空间展布、断裂活动性以及深浅构造关系,2006年,在北京平原的西北部地区完成了1条60次覆盖的中深层地震反射剖面和跨断裂的浅层地震反射剖面.结果表明,沿剖面结晶基底埋深约为3～6 km在结晶基底以上,地震反射剖面揭示了一套连续性较好的强反射震相,应是新生代、中生代和古生代的沉积岩系;在结晶基底之下,为一系列横向连续性较差、能量较弱的短小反射事件,可能代表了变质程度较高的结晶变质岩系或不成层的其他岩体.中深层和浅层地震剖面揭示的断裂具有上下一致的对应关系和明显的第四纪活动,对本区地堑-地垒状盆岭构造和新生代地层厚度具有重要的控制作用.本项研究不仅可进一步提高对北京地区新构造活动的认识,而且研究中所采用的方法技术对其他地区的深浅构造探测研究也有借鉴意义     

THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY AND FORMATION MECHANISM OF BAOERTU FAULT ZONE,EASTERN TIANSHAN SEGMENT

Influenced by the far-field effect of India-Eurasia collision, Tianshan Mountains is one of the most intensely deformed and seismically active intracontinental orogenic belts in Cenozoic. The deformation of Tianshan is not only concentrated on its south and north margins, but also on the interior of the orogen. The deformation of the interior of Tianshan is dominated by NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults and ENE-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults. Compared with numerous studies on the south and north margins of Tianshan, little work has been done to quantify the slip rates of faults within the Tianshan Mountains. Therefore, it is a significant approach for geologists to understand the current tectonic deformation style of Tianshan Mountains by studying the late Quaternary deformation characteristics of large fault and fold zones extending through the interior of Tianshan. In this paper, we focus on a large near EW trending fault, the Baoertu Fault (BETF) in the interior of Tianshan, which is a large fault in the eastern Tianshan area with apparent features of deformation, and a boundary fault between the central and southern Tianshan. An M_S5.0 earthquake event occurred on BETF, which indicates that this fault is still active. In order to understand the kinematics and obtain the late Quaternary slip rate of BETF, we made a detailed research on its late Quaternary kinematic features based on remote sensing interpretation, drone photography, and field geological and geomorphologic survey, the results show that the BETF is of left-lateral strike-slip with thrust component in late Quaternary. In the northwestern Kumishi basin, BETF sinistrally offsets the late Pleistocene piedmont alluvial fans, forming fault scarps and generating sinistral displacement of gullies and geomorphic surfaces. In the bedrock region west of Benbutu village, BETF cuts through the bedrock and forms the trough valley. Besides, a series of drainages or rivers which cross the fault zone and date from late Pleistocene have been left-laterally offset systematically, resulting in a sinistral displacement ranging 0.93~4.53km. By constructing the digital elevation model (DEM) for the three sites of typical deformed morphologic units, we measured the heights of fault scarps and left-lateral displacements of different gullies forming in different times, and the result shows that BEFT is dominated by left-lateral strike-slip with thrust component. We realign the bended channels across the fault at BET01 site and obtain the largest displacement of 67m. And we propose that the abandon age of the deformed fan is about 120ka according to the features of the fan. Based on the offsets of channels at BET01 and the abandon age of deformed fan, we estimate the slip rate of 0.56mm/a since late Quaternary. The Tianshan Mountains is divided into several sub-blocks by large faults within the orogen. The deformation in the interior of Tianshan can be accommodated or absorbed by relative movement or rotation. The relative movement of the two sub-blocks surrounded by Boa Fault, Kaiduhe Fault and BETF is the dominant cause for the left-lateral movement of BETF. The left-lateral strike-slip with reverse component of BETF in late Quaternary not only accommodates the horizontal stain within eastern Tianshan but also absorbs some SN shortening of the crust.     

利用地震折射和反射波资料研究银川盆地浅部结构和隐伏断裂

银川盆地是华北克拉通西部构造活动较为强烈的一个新生代断陷盆地.为了研究银川盆地的地壳浅部结构和活动断裂特征,我们利用2014年在银川盆地完成的深地震反射剖面数据,采用初至波层析成像方法得到了银川盆地高精度的基底P波速度结构和构造形态;考虑到仅根据速度结构剖面还难以确定断裂的准确位置、断层上断点埋深、断层的近地表构造组合样式等特征,研究中还采用浅层地震反射波勘探方法对银川盆地内的隐伏断裂和1739年平罗8.0级地震的地表破裂带浅部结构进行了高分辨率成像.研究结果表明:银川盆地与两侧地块的浅层P波速度结构和沉积盖层厚度差异较大,银川盆地总体呈现出明显的低速结构特征,盆地基底面起伏变化较大,基底最深处位于芦花台断裂和银川断裂之间的银川市下方,其深度约为7000~7200 m;贺兰山隆起区显示为明显的高速特征,地表出露中-古生代基岩地层,缺失新生代地层;鄂尔多斯地块西缘的浅层P波速度明显高于银川盆地,基底埋深相对较浅,推测其新生界地层厚度小于2500 m.浅层地震反射剖面揭示的地层反射界面形态和断裂的浅部构造特征非常清楚,黄河断裂、贺兰山东麓断裂、银川断裂和芦花台断裂不仅是错断盆地基底的断裂,而且还是第四纪以来的隐伏活动断裂,这些断裂的交替活动形成了"堑中堑"的盆地结构,并对银川盆地的形成、盆地内的新生代地层厚度和第四纪沉降中心具有重要的控制作用;在近地表这些断裂表现为由2~3条断层组成的"Y字形"断裂构造,且主断裂的最新活动可追踪至晚更新世末期或全新世,是构造继承性活动的结果.本文的研究结果不仅可为进一步分析银川盆地的基底结构、隐伏断裂特征和活动构造研究等提供新的地震学证据,而且还可为该区城市规划中避让活动断层提供科学依据.     

Tectonics and Seismicity of the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon Region

The Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon region is located in the frontal zone of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, where neo-tectonics and seismicity are intensive and closely related to each other. In the region, two sets of fault structures have developed, striking NNE-NE and NWW-NW, respectively. Investigation shows that they differ markedly in terms of scope, property, active times and intensity. The NWW-NW trending faults are large in size, and most are thrust and thrust strike-slip faults, formed in earlier times. The NEE-NE-strike faults are relatively small in size individually, with concentrated distribution, constituting the NNE-trending shear extensional fault zone, which is relatively younger with evident late Quaternary activities. Strong earthquakes occur mainly in the areas or zones of intensive differential movement of the Himalayas, e.g. along the deep and large fault zones around the crustal blocks. Most earthquakes of M≥7.0 are closely related to tectonics, where large-scale Holocene active faults are distributed with complicated fault geometry, or the faults of multiple directions intersect. Among them, earthquakes of M≥7.5 have occurred on the NW and NE-trending faults with a greater strike-slip component in the fault tectonic zones.     

青藏高原北部NNW向构造活动方式及形成年代

对青藏高原北部ＮＮＷ向构造的地质地貌组合特征、活动方式及形成年代等问题进行的研究表明,ＮＮＷ向构造在地貌上由西向东表现为隆、拗相间排列的构造格局。其中ＮＮＷ向活动断裂依次发育在隆起带的东缘,形成伴有褶皱构造的逆冲－挤压构造带。拗陷带则由一系列位于隆起带之间的压陷性盆地带组成。ＮＮＷ向构造活动强烈,特别是在第四纪中、晚期以来,它们不仅制约着青藏高原北部区地质地貌的发生和发展,而且还在地震活动及强震孕育和发生过程中扮演着重要的角色,ＮＮＷ向隆起从第三纪末期至第四纪初期开始发育,但大规模隆起发生在第四纪中更新世以来     

天祝盆地边缘断层的全新世活动及盆地的演化与形成

根据作者１／５０，０００活断层地质填图的资料，讨论了天祝盆地内断层的全新世活动及盆地的形成与演化历史。结果表明，天祝盆地内断层的全新世活动强烈，上窑洞沟深槽揭示３９８０±５０ａＢ．Ｐ．曾发生过一次古地震事件，天祝盆地是一个典型的拉分盆地，其形成及演化与断裂活动密切相关．     

Active Fault and Volcanic Activity in the Longhai-Zhangpu Coastal Area, Fujian Province

INTRODUCTION TheLonghai ZhangpucoastalareaofFujianProvinceliesonthesouthernsideoftheoutletofthe JiulongjiangRiver.Tectonically,itislocatedonthesouthernsegmentoftheChangle Zhao’anfault zone.Previously,alotofseismogeologicresearchworkhasbeencarriedoutinthi…     

THRUST OF THE SOUTHERN LONGMENSHAN FAULT IN THE LATE QUATERNARY REVEALED BY RIVER LANDFORMS

The Longmenshan fault zone is divided into three sections from south to north in the geometric structure. The middle and northern segments are mainly composed of three thrust faults, where the deformation of foreland is weak. The geometric structure of the southern segment is more complex, which is composed of six fault branches, where the foreland tectonic deformation is very strong. The Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake occurred in the middle of the Longmenshan in 2008, activating the bifurcation of two branches, the Yingxiu-Beichuan and the Guixian-Jiangyou faults. In 2013, the Lushan M_S7.0 earthquake occurred in the southern Longmenshan, whose seismogenic structure was considered to be a blind fault. After the Lushan earthquake, the seismic hazard in the southern Longmenshan has been widely concerned. At present, the studies on active tectonics in the southern Longmenshan are limited to the Dachuan-Shuangshi and the Yanjing-Wulong faults. The Qingyi River, which flows across the southern Longmenshan, facilitates to study fault slip by the deformation of river terraces. Based on satellite imagery and high-resolution DEM analysis, we measured the fluvial terraces along the Qingyi river in detail. During the measurement, the Sichuan network GPS system (SCGNSS)was employed to achieve a precision of centimeter grade. Besides, the optical luminescence dating (OSL)method was employed to date the terraces' ages. And the late Quaternary activities of the six branch faults in the southern Longmen Shan were further analyzed. The Gengda-Longdong, Yanjing-Wulong and the Xiao Guanzi faults (west branch of the Dachuan-Shuangshi fault)all show thrust slip and displaced the terrace T₂. Their average vertical slip rates in the late Quaternary are 0.21-0.30mm/a, 0.12-0.21mm/a and 0.10-0.12mm/a, respectively. Since the Late Quaternary, vertical slip of the east branch of the Dachuan-Shuangshi fault was not obvious, and the arc-like Jintang tectonic belt was not active. Crustal shortening rate of the southern Longmenshan thrust fault zone in the late Quaternary is 0.48-0.77mm/a, which equals about half of the middle segment of the Longmenshan. Based on the previous study on the tectonic deformation of the foreland, we consider that the foreland fold belt in the southern Longmenshan area has absorbed more than half of the crustal shortening. The three major branch faults in the southern Longmenshan are active in the late Quaternary, which have risk of major earthquakes.     

FIRST REPORT OF BERO ZECO ACTIVE FAULT IN GÊRZÊ, NORTHERN TIBET

In the interior of the Tibetan Plateau, the active tectonics are primarily marked by conjugate strike slip faults and north-trending rifts, which represent the E-W extension since late Cenozoic of the plateau. The conjugate faults are mainly composed of NE-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults in Qiangtang terrane and NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip faults in Lhasa terrane. While, the rifts mainly strike N, NNW and NNE within southern Tibet. However, it is still a debate on the deformational style and specific adjustment mechanism of E-W extension. One of key reasons causing this debate is the lack of detailed investigation of these active faults, especially within the northwestern plateau. Recently, we found a 20km long, NNW-trending active fault at Bero Zeco in northwestern Tibet. This fault is presented as fault sag ponds, channel offsets and fault scarps. Displacement of channels and geomorphic features suggested that the Bero Zeco Fault(BZF)is a dextral strike-slip fault with a small amount of normal slip component, which may result from the E-W extensional deformation in the interior of Tibet. BZF strikes N330°~340°W, as shown on the satellite image. The main Quaternary strata in the studied area are two stages alluvial fans around the Bero Zeco. From the satellite images, the old alluvial fans were cut by the lake shoreline leaving many of lake terraces. And the young fans cut across the lake terraces and the old fans. By contrasting to the "Paleo-Qiangtang Huge Lake" since late Quaternary, these old alluvial fans could be late Pleistocene with age ranging from 40ka to 50ka. And the young fans could be Holocene. The sag ponds along the BZF are distributed in the late Pleistocene alluvial fans. Also, the BZF displaced the late Pleistocene fans without traces within Holocene fans, suggesting that the BZF is a late Pleistocene active fault. The fault scarps are gentler with the slope angle of around 10° and the vertical offset is about 2m by field measurement. Reconstruction of the offset of channels suggested that the accumulated dextral offset could be about 44m on the late Pleistocene alluvial fans. Therefore, we infer that the dextral slip-rate could be around 1mm/a showing a low-rate deformation characteristic. The angle between the strike of BZF and principal compressive stress axis(σ₁)is around 30°, which is significantly different to the other faults within the conjugate strike-slip fault zones that is 60°~75°. Now, the deformation mechanisms on these conjugate faults are mainly proposed in the studies of obtuse angle between the faults and σ₁, which is likely not applicable for the BZF. We infer that the BZF could be the northward prolongation of the north-trending rifts based on the geometry. This difference suggests that the conjugate strike-slip faults may be formed by two different groups:one is obtuse angle, which is related to block extrusion or shear zones in Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes possibly; the other is acute angle, which may represent the characteristics of new-born fractures. And more studies are needed on their deformation mechanisms.