采用重置参数的轨道改进算法

当使用精度差的初始根数作定轨计算时,被估值的模型参数会吸收初值中所含误差而偏离其合理数值(如CD约为2.2),使定轨计算过程的RMS已不再变化,但轨道收敛到与实际状态有偏离的轨道上。文中给出的算例采用重置被歪曲的估值模型参数方法,首先以TLE根数为初值用精密定轨程序解条件方程,然后以第一轮迭代计算结果作为初始根数并重置模型参数,再进行第二轮迭代计算,使定轨计算结果收敛到正确轨道上,文中还使用另一颗激光卫星的双行根数作初值验证了该方法的有效性。较好地解决了因初值不准所引起的定轨计算不收敛,或收敛到与实际状态有偏离的轨道上的问题。最终得出的RMS达到厘米级精度。文中图示了两次定轨计算的RMS变化曲线图、残差分布图,迭代过程的资料采用率及定轨计算结果。     

摄动分析法在小推力轨道优化中的应用

在对太阳系近地小行星的多目标多任务探测中,从大量小行星中快速筛选出可到达目标小行星是小推力轨道设计中一直在努力解决的问题.考虑了小推力作用下的探测器在行星际空间中的轨道运动,通过借鉴天体力学中摄动分析法的思想将小推力作为摄动力来考虑,给出了1阶意义下给定时间内两条开普勒轨道在小推力作用下得以转移成功的必要条件.该条件形式上为几个始末轨道根数差的简单组合,计算量极小,可以用来迅速剔除掉许多无法在给定时间和小推力作用下直接到达的小行星,数值结果验证了近地小行星探测情况下该条件的有效性.     

月球卫星最优小推力变轨研究

对利用小推力发动机将月球探器从双曲线轨道转移到圆轨的燃料最省转移问题,进行了研究,首先,将问题分解为双曲线到椭圆的转移和从椭圆到目标圆轨道的转移两步,然后,分别利用遗传算法解决了冲量假设下的最估转移、小推力加速民政部下从双曲线到椭圆的转移轨道优化,以及转移时间有约束情况下的从椭圆到圆轨道的转移轨道优化问题。     

基于Broyden方法的不对称与对称周期解延拓算法与应用

考虑周期解的数值延拓问题并提出基于Broyden拟牛顿法来延拓周期解的一种有效算法,先后以布鲁塞尔振子、平面圆型限制性三体问题(Planar Circular Restricted Three-Body Problem, PCRTBP)的周期解为例进行了验证.这里的Broyden方法包含线性搜索、正交三角分解求线性方程组的步骤.对一般的周期解,周期性条件方程组中含有周期作为待延拓参数,可用周期来决定积分时长,将解代入周期性条件得到积分型的非线性方程组,利用Broyden方法迭代延拓直至初值收敛.根据两次垂直通过一个超平面的轨道是对称周期轨道的性质,可采用插值的方法求得再次抵达超平面的解分量,得到周期性条件方程组,再用Broyden方法求解.结合哈密顿系统的对称性和PCRTBP周期轨道的一些分类,对2/1、3/1的内共振周期解族进行了数值研究.最后,对算法和计算结果做了总结和讨论.     

自由段弹道识别及快速预警

针对地面预警雷达捕获跟踪空间目标和实时测轨获取的目标轨道根数,提出了一种基于目标轨道运动特征识别自由飞行导弹及推算发点、落点的处理方法.该方法分为二体模型求解初交点和摄动修正两部分,分别进行迭代计算.数值实验结果表明:该处理方法计算收敛速度快,每次仅需6~8次迭代,能够满足导弹预警的高时效性要求.     

分点和赤道改正的分离摄动项求解法

本文所提出的分离摄动项求解法,是利用小行星在整个轨道上分布的不少于9次的位置测定值,与用该小行星的轨道根数初值计算出的列表位置进行比较,将由太阳系其它天体摄动力对小行星位置、速度的影响进行分离,求解出分点及赤道改正,小行星轨道根数改正,地球轨道根数改正和由摄动力引起的小行星位置和速度改正。这种方法的优点在于:(1)列表位置仅需根据小行星的轨道根数初值计算出,不考虑摄动力的作用,这样可避免小行星运动理论不完善对确定分点和赤道改正的影响;(2)在解算中,可以单独地求出摄动力对小行星运动速度和位置的影响,通过对摄动函数的数值积分,可求得任一时刻的小行星的真位置。     

利用太阳光压的大偏心率伴飞卫星轨道控制

提出了利用太阳帆进行大偏心率伴飞卫星轨道控制的方法.伴飞卫星围绕其惯量主轴做角速度恒定的自转,其惯量主轴在惯性系内指向保持不变.对伴飞卫星的控制分为轨道面的控制和轨道面内控制两部分.在控制过程中,优先考虑轨道面内的控制,在轨道面内控制不能进行(或者因为几何原因不能进行轨道面内控制)时,进行轨道面的控制.通过滑膜控制方法(Sliding Mode Control)计算轨道面内控制需要的控制力的方向和大小.得到需求的控制力要求后,推算出在控制过程中太阳帆相对于伴飞卫星主体的角度解析表达式.通过控制太阳帆的方向得到所需的不同的控制力.整个控制过程只针对伴飞卫星,主星处于自然飞行状态.最后对于这种控制方法进行数值验证.在无摄运动状态下通过控制系统进行伴飞轨道的轨道调整和误差消除,在考虑4阶非球形引力和第三体引力摄动情况下进行伴飞轨道的轨道维持.数值结果表明通过这种控制方法伴飞轨道能够保持轨道误差小于5 m.     

轨道改进中插值系数的计算

数值法精密定轨在多步法积分产生轨道和插值法计算观测量和偏导数中,需要反复迭代来完成对航天器的历元状态的微分修正.严格地说插值的使用是合理的,但是重复的插值系数计算,对于有限的计算机资源来说,是一种负担.一次性插值技术的应用,将有利于在轨道改进中涉及的观测时刻的逐个处理的内循环和完成内循环反复迭代的外循     

基于CEI测量的GEO目标快速轨道恢复

连线干涉测量(Connected Element Interferometry, CEI)是一种全天时全天候的被动测角技术, 已用于空间目标的跟踪监视. 地球静止轨道(Geostationary Earth Orbit, GEO)卫星需要频繁机动以保持轨位或完成其他任务, 其机动后的快速轨道恢复能力对于监视预警极为重要. 针对基于CEI的GEO短弧定轨和预报, 分析了定轨算法的形亏和数亏, 在附加先验轨道约束的短弧定轨基础上, 提出了轨道半长轴初值的自适应优化方法. 利用亚太七号卫星的CEI仿真和实测数据进行了短弧定轨和预报, 实验结果表明, 采用优化后的半长轴初值, 30min短弧定轨和10min预报的卫星位置分量精度均优于4km, 能够满足非合作GEO目标机动后快速轨道恢复的需求.     

单位矢量法的数学模型(MMUVM)及其简化形式(PUVM1)的迭代法的收敛性

利用人造地球卫星观测资料测定有摄初轨的单位矢量法(PUVM1),已得到了非常广泛地实际应用.为了对单位矢量法作进一步地完善和改进,首先在考虑测量误差模型的基础上,建立单位矢量法所对应的数学模型MMUVM.它本质上就是一个非线性最优化问题.针对MMUVM,先分别使用多圈仿真数据和实测数据,形成了与之相对应的目标函数,再利用求解最优化问题的一种三对角二次插值模型的直接搜索方法,分别对其进行了数值处理.计算结果表明,所建立的优化模型MMUVM正确合理,所采用的直接搜索方法实用有效.其次,进一步指明了PUVM1和MMUVM之间关系,即:从本质上讲,PUVM1就是MMUVM的一种简化形式.从数学原理上,清楚地解释了利用PUVM1的准法化方程,只能使用单圈短弧段数据进行初始轨道确定,而不能使用长弧段多圈资料进行轨道确定或轨道改进的根本原因.最后,对PUVM1的迭代算法的收敛性问题进行了初步的理论分析,并给出了相应的数值验证实例,指出了PUVM1的迭代格式是条件收敛的,即:只有在满足一定条件后,才能收敛.这也就意味着:有的时候,尽管准法化方程是合情合理的,但是,此时该迭代法却是发散的,无法迭代求出所要的解.     

Optimization of Low-Thrust Trajectories Using an Indirect Shooting Method without Guesses of Initial Costates

According to the optimal control theory, the optimal control problem of the low-thrust tra jectory can be converted into a solution of nonlinear two- point boundary-value problem (TPBVP). To solve the TPBVP, the repeated random guesses for the initial costate variables and iterative computations are needed. In order to enhance the convergence of the iterations, we select an appropriate performance index, and then linearize the equations of the TPBVP around a Keplerian orbit. For multi-revolution transfers, instead of the multi- revolution Lambert tra jectory, multiple segmented Keplerian arcs are used to ensure the effectiveness of the linearization. The method is totally automatic with multiple iterations. With this method, we can get the results within 3 ∼ 5 iterations, and the random guess of the initial costates is unnecessary. Finally by the iterative optimization of the performance index, a better control strategy approaching to the bang-bang control is obtained.     

A Study on the Precise Design of Direct Transfer Trajectory of Mars Probe

Aiming at the problem of the precise design of the direct transfer trajectory of Mars probe, this paper proposes an algorithm of fast differential correction. It is based on the mathematical model of the difference between the control and target parameters, henceforth the matrix of partial derivatives of the system is solved. This can effectively reduce the number of times of integration in the process of solution. Taking the opportunity of the 2018 Mars probe as an example, the algorithm is verified. The results of emulation show that by using the initial values yielded by the method of patched conical curves, only 6-9 orbit integral iterations are needed to get a standard trajectory. Via the STK (satellite tool kit) technique, the results of computation are compared and justified.     

An intermediate matching technique for solving two point boundary value problems using the perturbation method

The perturbation method, a numerical method for solving two point boundary value problems (TPBVP), is modified to attempt to improve inherent instability and sensitivity problems associated with the method. The desired solution to the TPBVP is divided into two time intervals. The differential equations required to define a solution to the two point boundary value problem are integrated independently over these shorter segments rather than consecutively over the entire trajectory. The independent integration of the differential equations over approximately half of the trajectory instead of the entire trajectory substantially decreases sensitivity and stability properties associated with the numerical integration. The equations for both time segments can be integrated simultaneously. By this procedure, a system of twice the dimension of the original problem is integrated for a period of time equal to half of the time interval for the original problem. To show the effectiveness of the method, two impulse trajectories which minimize the total velocity increment required to transfer a spacecraft from an Earth orbit into a lunar orbit are calculated.     

A fast Stokes inversion technique based on quadratic regression

Stokes inversion calculation is a key process in resolving polarization information on radiation from the Sun and obtaining the associated vector magnetic fields. Even in the cases of simple local thermodynamic equilibrium(LTE) and where the Milne-Eddington approximation is valid, the inversion problem may not be easy to solve. The initial values for the iterations are important in handling the case with multiple minima. In this paper, we develop a fast inversion technique without iterations. The time taken for computation is only 1/100 the time that the iterative algorithm takes. In addition, it can provide available initial values even in cases with lower spectral resolutions. This strategy is useful for a filter-type Stokes spectrograph, such as SDO/HMI and the developed two-dimensional real-time spectrograph(2DS).     

A multi-objective approach to the design of low thrust space trajectories using optimal control

In this article, we introduce a novel three-step approach for solving optimal control problems in space mission design. We demonstrate its potential by the example task of sending a group of spacecraft to a specific Earth L ₂ halo orbit. In each of the three steps we make use of recently developed optimization methods and the result of one step serves as input data for the subsequent one. Firstly, we perform a global and multi-objective optimization on a restricted class of control functions. The solutions of this problem are (Pareto-)optimal with respect to ΔV and flight time. Based on the solution set, a compromise trajectory can be chosen suited to the mission goals. In the second step, this selected trajectory serves as initial guess for a direct local optimization. We construct a trajectory using a more flexible control law and, hence, the obtained solutions are improved with respect to control effort. Finally, we consider the improved result as a reference trajectory for a formation flight task and compute trajectories for several spacecraft such that these arrive at the halo orbit in a prescribed relative configuration. The strong points of our three-step approach are that the challenging design of good initial guesses is handled numerically by the global optimization tool and afterwards, the last two steps only have to be performed for one reference trajectory.     

Adaptive particle swarm optimization for optimal orbital elements of binary stars

The paper presents an adaptive particle swarm optimization (APSO) as an alternative method to determine the optimal orbital elements of the star η Bootis of MK type G0 IV. The proposed algorithm transforms the problem of finding periodic orbits into the problem of detecting global minimizers as a function, to get a best fit of Keplerian and Phase curves. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach of APSO generally more accurate than the standard particle swarm optimization (PSO) and other published optimization algorithms, in terms of solution accuracy, convergence speed and algorithm reliability.     

Dynamical instability of laminar axisymmetric flows of ideal compressible fluid

The instability of axisymmetric flows of inviscid compressible fluid with respect to two-dimensional infinitesimal perturbations with the nonconservation of angular momentum is investigated by numerically integrating the differential equations of hydrodynamics. The compressibility is taken into account for a homentropic flow with an adiabatic index varying over a wide range. The problem has been solved for two angular velocity profiles of an initial axisymmetric flow. In the first case, a power-law rotation profile with a finite enthalpy gradient at the flow edges has been specified. For this angular velocity profile, we show that the instability of sonic and surface gravity modes in a nearly Keplerian flow, when a radially variable vorticity exists in the main flow, can be explained by the combined action of the Landau mechanism and mode coupling. We also show that including a radially variable vorticity makes the limiting exponent in the rotation law at which the unstable surface gravity modes vanish dependent on the fluid compressibility. In the second case, a Keplerian rotation law with a quasi-sinusoidal deviation has been specified in such a way that the enthalpy gradient vanished at the flow edges. We have found than the sonic modes are then stabilized and the flow is unstable only with respect to the perturbations that also exist in an incompressible fluid.     

Rotation rate and velocity dispersion of planetary ring particles with size distribution: I. Formulation and analytic calculation

We derive an equation for the evolution of rotational energy of Keplerian particles in a dilute disk due to mutual collisions. Three-dimensional Keplerian motion of particles is taken into account precisely, on the basis of Hill's approximation. The Rayleigh distribution of particles' orbital eccentricities and inclinations, and the Gaussian distribution of their rotation rates are also taken into account. Performing appropriate variable transformation, we show that the equation can be expressed with two terms. The first term, which we call collisional stirring term, represents energy exchange between rotation and random motion via collisions. The second term, which we call rotational friction term, tends to equalize the mean rotational energy of particles with different sizes. The equation can describe the evolution of rotational energy of Keplerian particles with an arbitrary size distribution. We analytically evaluate the rates of stirring and friction for the random kinetic energy and rotational energy due to inelastic collisions, for non-gravitating particles in a dilute disk. Using these results, we discuss equilibrium states in a disk of spinning, non-gravitating Keplerian particles.     

Osculating and Superosculating Intermediate Orbits and their Applications

A method of construction of intermediate orbits for approximating the real motion of celestial bodies in the initial part of trajectory is proposed. The method is based on introducing a fictitious attracting centre with a time-variable gravitational parameter. The variation of thisparameter is assumed to obey the Eddington–Jeans mass-variationlaw. New classes of orbits having first-, second-, and third-order tangency to the perturbed trajectory at the initial instant of time are constructed. For planar motion, the tangency increases by one or two orders. The constructed intermediate orbits approximate the perturbed motion better than the osculating Keplerian orbit and analogous orbits of otherauthors. The applications of the orbits constructed in Encke's methodfor special perturbations and in the procedure for predicting themotion in which the perturbed trajectory is represented by a sequenceof short arcs of the intermediate orbits are suggested.The use of the constructed orbits is especially advantageous in the investigation of motion under the action of large perturbations.     

A new probability-one homotopy method for solving minimum-time low-thrust orbital transfer problems

Homotopy methods have been widely utilized to solve low-thrust orbital transfer problems, however, it is not guaranteed that the optimal solution can be obtained by the existing homotopy methods. In this paper, a new homotopy method is presented, by which the optimal solution can be found with probability one. Generalized sufficient conditions, which are derived from the parametrized Sard’s theorem, are first developed. A new type of probability-one homotopy formulation, which is custom-designed for solving minimum-time low-thrust trajectory optimization problems and satisfies all these sufficient conditions, is then constructed. By tracking the continuous zero curve initiated by an initial problem with known solution, the optimal solution of the original problem is guaranteed to be solved with probability one. Numerical demonstrations in a three-dimensional time-optimal low-thrust orbital transfer problem with 43 revolutions is presented to illustrate the applications of the method.