南海海水中DO的平面、垂直分布以及海-气交换通量

根据1998年7月和1999年1月南海两个航次的综合调查结果,对溶解氧(DO)的平面、垂直分布以及海-气交换通量进行了研究,结果表明:表层海水是DO浓度最高的含氧层,在次表层20~75 m处普遍存在着DO浓度的最大值(440μm o l/dm3),同时该层还出现了pH值的最大值和活性磷酸盐浓度的最小值,其位置在温跃层的下界附近。对夏季表层DO和活性磷酸盐进行相关性分析可知,其相关系数为-0.915(n=288),两者呈显著负相关;同时,DO和pH值垂向变化趋势相一致,相关系数为0.951(n=288),两者呈强烈正相关。通过计算,得到1998年夏季和1999年冬季海面溶解氧的海-气交换通量:夏季释放通量为-0.346~0.226 m o l/(m2.d);冬季为-0.234~3.123 m o l/(m2.d)。由于夏季南海海水生物的初级生产力相对要高于冬季,因此夏季溶解氧向上通量的区域较冬季广,同时,海-气交换的通量随区域的变化也有所不同。     

春、秋季北黄海生源要素的平面分布特征

根据春季和秋季对北黄海2个航次的调查数据,分析了北黄海春秋两季节生源要素的平面分布特征,并简要讨论了其成因.结果表明:(1) 春季北黄海DIN,PO4-P,SiO3-Si的平均浓度分别为(3.46±2.66),(0.18±0.17)和(3.29±3.06)μmol·dm-3,含量较低;到秋季则分别升高至(6.45±3.64),(0.40±0.24)和(7.64±3.84)μmol·dm-3;DO则表现出了相反的变化,秋季较低,春季为秋季的1.42倍.(2) 春季DIN,PO4-P,SiO3-Si在各个层次的分布趋势较为类似,表层和10 m层表现为北黄海中部低,近岸较高,30 m层以下则在冷水团盘踞区及海域东部有高值.DO表层和10 m层变化趋势不显著,但在30 m以下表现出与营养盐相反的分布规律.秋季,DIN,PO4-P,SiO3-Si在各个层次分别具有相同的分布趋势,表层和10 m层表现为北黄海中部低,近岸较高,30 m层以下则在冷水团盘踞区含量较高.而DO由表到底都表现出与营养盐相反的趋势.     

海水抽水蓄能电站运行中的有机污染物排放对周边海域的环境影响

为保障海水抽水蓄能电站运行的环境友好和生态安全,文章以大万山岛为例,在海水水质监测分析的基础上,模拟拟建海水抽水蓄能电站运行中的化学需氧量（COD）排放对周边海域的环境影响。研究结果表明：大万山岛周边海域水质较好,COD浓度在0.2 mg/L以下;当海水抽水蓄能电站的COD排放浓度不超过50 mg/L时,周边海域的COD最高浓度为2.29 mg/L,满足海水水质要求,但当COD排放浓度超过100 mg/L时即存在超标风险;受水温和潮流的影响,海水抽水蓄能电站周边海域COD的浓度、扩散方向、聚集位置和影响面积随季节变化而变化;海水抽水蓄能电站排水口周边海域的COD最高浓度随排水量增大而提高,COD最高浓度海域与排水口的距离约为1.6 km。研究结果可为控制海水抽水蓄能电站的COD排放对周边海域的环境影响提供科学参考。     

2007年春季南黄海溶解氧的分布特征及影响因素

基于2007年4月对南黄海调查所得的溶解氧(DO)资料,重点分析了DO的分布特征,并在此基础上初步探讨了DO与温、盐度水文要素分布之间的关系。结果表明,2007年春季南黄海DO的质量浓度范围为7.33~11.41 mg/L,平均值为9.24 mg/L;上层水体(0~30 m)中,西南部海域DO质量浓度较低,而在黄海暖流影响的中北部海域,受浮游植物光合作用的影响,DO的质量浓度却保持了一个较高的水平;底层DO质量浓度呈近岸高、远海低的分布趋势,并在黄海暖流影响的中北部海域,由于有机物的耗氧分解,存在1个DO低值区;从DO的垂直分布来看,5 m和10 m层的DO质量浓度均值最高,这一现象可被认为是增温季节DO垂直分布最大值形成的初始阶段,此外,DO断面分布还存在4种典型的类型。水温、浮游植物光合作用以及有机物在底层的分解是影响DO质量浓度的主要因素,而DO分布趋势则主要受控于南黄海环流结构。     

江苏滨海工业园区排污口海域 COD 环境容量

本文以江苏滨海沿海工业园尾水离岸排放区为例,在参考和借鉴国内外海洋水环境容量研究成果和实践的基础上,综合分析离岸排放的特点,建立了基于物理扩散的离岸排放区COD三维对流-扩散运输模型。根据海洋水环境现状,按半径2 km设定排污区,排污区外边界按照二类水质标准确定水质标准控制点,计算出该海域COD在一级排放标准80 mg/dm3的条件下,允许的尾水最大排放量为不超过12×104t/d,由此确定出该离岸排放区COD基准剩余环境容量为不超过9.6 t/d。     

苍南沿浦湾浅海养殖区水质质量评价

根据2013~2015年对沿浦湾浅海养殖区的水质进行的监测与分析资料,采用富营养化指数法和有机污染指数法对该海域海水营养状况和有机污染状况进行了评价.结果表明,该养殖区海水的溶解氧(DO)和化学需氧量(COD)含量符合国家二类海水水质标准,超过二类标准的指标为无机氮(DIN)、活性磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)和石油类.该养殖区春、冬两季水质指标超标情况较为明显,春季超标指标为无机氮和石油类,冬季超标指标为无机氮和活性磷酸盐.该养殖区的富营养化程度日趋严重,而有机污染程度总体不高.     

长江口邻近海域溶解氧的时空分布及影响因素研究

基于2018年早春和夏季长江口邻近海域的调查数据,分析溶解氧(DO)的时空分布,并讨论其影响因素.结果表明,夏季DO浓度变化范围为1.58～9.37 mg/L,浮游生物光合作用产生的DO是夏季表层水体过饱和的主要因素;夏季调查海域受台湾暖流北上引起海水层化加强,同时水体富营养化导致表层生物大量繁殖所引起有机碎屑的沉降和耗氧分解作用是底层低氧区存在的主要因素.夏季在台湾暖流影响下底层水体表观耗氧量(AOU)与营养盐成正相关关系,底层有机物耗氧降解过程与营养盐的再生密切相关.早春DO浓度变化范围为7.90～10.1 mg/L,长江口外北部海域和浙江近岸海域海水混合均匀,DO浓度主要受温度控制,而台湾暖流影响区海水出现层化现象,其低DO含量也为低氧区的形成奠定了基础.     

光合细菌对重盐碱地养殖池塘水质的影响

通过实验室试验结合池塘试验的方法研究了光合细菌(Photosynthesis Bacteria;PSB)对重盐碱地区养殖池塘水质的影响。结果表明:施用不同剂量的PSB后试验组pH变化不大,DO(溶解氧)显著升高,COD(化学耗氧量)、NH4+-N、NO-2-N显著降低,Alk(总碱度)、CO32-、HCO-3、NO-3-N、PO34--P变化不明显;试验池塘与施用同浓度的试验组的水质因子变化规律相似;PSB适宜施用浓度为6.68×1011个/m3,周期为8~10d。     

胶州湾水体四季之交之时的污染状况研究

2003年5月至2004年2月期间,对胶州湾海域进行4个航次的现场调查,根据海洋监测规范对采集水样的pH值、DO、COD、石油、重金属等化学指标进行测定,并对水质现状进行评价.结果表明,2003年5月胶州湾海域DO,COD,石油和Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,总Hg的质量浓度平均值分别为:6.63,1.51,0.038和2.58,24.86,1.05,0.096,0.043 μg/L;2003年8月DO,COD,石油和Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,总Hg的质量浓度平均值分别为:5.61,1.27,0.026和3.9,20.5,0.77,0.13,0.041 μg/L;2003年11月DO,COD,石油和Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,总Hg的质量浓度平均值分别为:7.27,1.86,0.016和4.02,16.55,0.63,0.093,0.06 μg/L;2004年2月DO,COD,石油和Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,总Hg的平均值分别为:10.1,2.38,0.011和3.45,18.18,0.64.0.16,0.051 μg/L.海泊河口和黄岛轮渡水质已接近重污染;重金属Pb和Zn在部分海区受到轻度污杂;有机物污染呈现加重的趋势.     

生物膜净水栅搭配水生植物浮床修复草鱼混养池塘水环境的效果研究

采用设置生物膜净水栅搭配水生植物浮床对比实验的方法,在6 口草鱼混养池塘开展水质修复效果和养殖效益的研究.结果显示,在7个月的养殖期间,试验组pH值和DO值分别高于对照组3.89％、7.89％(P＞0.05),NH3-N、NO2--N、COD、TN、TP 浓度分别显著低于对照组32.95％、29.73％、23.86％、...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,