北京郊区游憩空间分布要素研究(英文)

Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing,this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas,by analyzing the collected data from questionnaires,online survey,documentation and field investigations(2007).In order to achieve sound information,relevant data from different management departments,owners and land-use types involved in the case study area are collected.A sampling database for peri-urban recreation areas in Beijing is established,and GIS spatial analyses as well as statistic analyses are applied.The result indicates that spatial distribution of recreation areas is majorly influenced by four factors,e.g.tourism attractions and environmental conditions,policy and spatial governance,consumption demand and preference,land price and availability.Tourism attractions and environmental conditions are dominant factors for public recreation areas.Commercial recreation areas are highly related with accessibility.Agricultural recreation areas are usually attached to special farmlands near large-scaled scenic areas.Meanwhile,recreational business clusters have appeared in suburbs influenced by mass recreation market growth.Controlled by the land price,commercial recreation areas are differentiated on their scales and developing intensity.Policy and spatial governance have made arrangements of recreation areas more balancing and more human-oriented.A peri-urban recreation area model is therefore established on the basis of this analysis,which can guide urban planning and designing,land-use planning and recreation resource development.     

Factors of spatial distribution of recreation areas in peri-urban Beijing

Based on the case study of peripheral urban areas in Beijing, this paper aims to identify the factors which will influence the spatial distribution of peri-urban recreation areas, by analyzing the collected data from questionnaires, online survey, documentation and field investigations (2007). In order to achieve sound information, relevant data from different management departments, owners and land-use types involved in the case study area are collected. A sampling database for peri-urban recreation areas in Beijing is established, and GIS spatial analyses as well as statistic analyses are applied. The result indicates that spatial distribution of recreation areas is majorly influenced by four factors, e.g. tourism attractions and environmental conditions, policy and spatial governance, consumption demand and preference, land price and availability. Tourism attractions and environmental conditions are dominant factors for public recreation areas. Commercial recreation areas are highly related with accessibility. Agricultural recreation areas are usually attached to special farmlands near large-scaled scenic areas. Meanwhile, recreational business clusters have appeared in suburbs influenced by mass recreation market growth. Controlled by the land price, commercial recreation areas are differentiated on their scales and developing intensity. Policy and spatial governance have made arrangements of recreation areas more balancing and more human-oriented. A peri-urban recreation area model is therefore established on the basis of this analysis, which can guide urban planning and designing, land-use planning and recreation resource development.     

北京城市空间发展和土地利用—伦敦经验启示

Beijing is facing a huge challenge to manage the growth of its built-up area whilst also retaining both productive arable land and land for conservation purposes in order to simultaneously realize the three aims of economic development,protecting arable land and generating environmental improvements. Meanwhile,London,as a world city with more than 200 years of industrialization and urbanization,has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experiences for land use planning in a major urban area,such as the creation of Garden Cities,a designated Green Belt and New Towns. This paper firstly analyzes the main characteristics of the spatial distribution of the built-up area,arable land and conservation land in Beijing. Then,some of the key aspects of urban fringe planning in the London region are examined. Lastly,several implications from the experience of London are provided with respect to land-use planning for Beijing,concentrating on a re-appraisal of land-use functions around Beijing,measures to improve the green belt,the development of small towns to house rural-urban migrants and urban overspill,and effective implementation of land-use planning.     

Urban spatial development and land use in Beijing: Implications from London’s experiences

Beijing is facing a huge challenge to manage the growth of its built-up area whilst also retaining both productive arable land and land for conservation purposes in order to simultaneously realize the three aims of economic development, protecting arable land and generating environmental improvements. Meanwhile, London, as a world city with more than 200 years of industrialization and urbanization, has accumulated rich theoretical and practical experiences for land use planning in a major urban area, such as the creation of Garden Cities, a designated Green Belt and New Towns. This paper firstly analyzes the main characteristics of the spatial distribution of the built-up area, arable land and conservation land in Beijing. Then, some of the key aspects of urban fringe planning in the London region are examined. Lastly, several implications from the experience of London are provided with respect to land-use planning for Beijing, concentrating on a re-appraisal of land-use functions around Beijing, measures to improve the green belt, the development of small towns to house rural-urban migrants and urban overspill, and effective implementation of land-use planning.     

北京城市休闲商务区的时空分布特征与成因

城市休闲商务区（Recreational Business District, RBD）作为城市重要的游憩空间,为外来游客和城市居民提供休闲消费的场所,逐渐受到学界和业界重视。目前大多数研究还停留在概念层面,在分类、空间结构、分布规律、分异成因等方面上还缺乏一定的实证和定量研究。结合前人研究经验,重新定义RBD,并依据城市RBD的特征和属性将其分为大型购物中心、休闲商业街、城市休闲区三类。选取1990年、2000年、2014年三个时间截面对北京各类城市RBD点进行统计,采用基尼系数、空间插值、核密度分析、地理探测器等方法,结合ArcGIS软件,对北京城市RBD的时空分布特征和成因进行分析,得出以下结论：① 时序上看,北京城市RBD的数量和规模不断增加,增速变快,不同类型的RBD出现不同幅度的空间扩张;② 北京城市RBD的空间集聚程度不断加强,不同类型的RBD,存在一定的增幅和增速差异;③ 北京城市RBD的整体空间结构呈“单核聚集—双核发展—网状扩散”的发展模式;④ 城市RBD多选址在交通便利、临近旅游景区、居民和游客密度较高、地价相对较高的地区。⑤ 游客密度对各类型的城市RBD规模均有较大影响;对于不同类型的城市RBD,各因素对其规模的影响也有所不同。     

北京市高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征及影响因素

高尔夫旅游不仅是中国旅游资源体系中的重要组成部分,也是旅游产业从观光型向休闲度假型调整的重要支撑点。选取北京市作为研究区域,对18洞及以上共51处标准高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征及影响因素进行研究,得出以下结论:①在区域经济发展水平的影响下,北京市高尔夫旅游资源发展可分为两个阶段:1985-2000年缓慢发展阶段,2001-2011年蓬勃发展阶段。②北京市高尔夫旅游资源的空间分布形态已经出现多中心特征,由空间点状集聚分布转向扩散化并形成线状网络体系。③从球场面积的空间容量分布来看,北京市高尔夫旅游资源呈现出空间不均衡的集聚特征格局。中心城区球场密度大,但空间容量规模低;外围新兴区域球场密度相对较低,但开发强度高,空间容量规模大。总体上看,区域地形特征、重要水系分布、交通区位条件、配套服务设施、关联产业开发、土地价格、规划及政策引导等各种要素,通过综合作用机制共同影响北京市高尔夫旅游资源空间分布特征。     

南京市城市土地价格空间分布特征

城市土地供给是城市扩张的重要支撑,分析城市不同类型的土地价格空间分布特征对于城市土地的合理开发具有重要意义,并已成为学者们研究城市扩张过程的重要视角。采用传统统计学与地统计学方法,以住宅、工业、商服三种不同土地利用类型的出让价格为样本,分析了南京市2001-2010年土地交易价格的统计特征及空间分布特征。结果表明,土地用途不同,其出让价格的空间分布特征也不同。商服用地对商服繁华度要求较高,价格高值区集聚在市中心,以新街口、夫子庙等商贸商务区为中心,向外围价格逐渐降低,为典型的单中心布局模式;住宅用地对环境质量要求较高,价格高值区相对商服用地集聚度有所下降,并呈现出由市中心向外迁移的趋势,圈层布局态势明显;工业用地由于有较高的对外交通条件要求,以及环境成本约束和政策导向,除部分对研发及基础设施等条件要求较高的高新技术等工业外,大多布局在远离市中心,区位条件良好的沿江产业园区及工业区内,呈现多中心发展格局。     

南京市主城区住宅地价的时空演变

城市地价在空间、时间分布上具有较强的关联性和特殊性,随着城市建设的快速发展和土地市场的不断发育,城市地价的时空变化日趋复杂。本文以南京市主城区为例,基于城市地价动态监测数据,运用统计分析方法和克里金插值方法,研究城市住宅地价时空演变特征。研究表明:从宏观上讲,地价时间上演变受宏观经济影响较大,大的经济形势、房地产市场的变动,对地价变化影响显著。从中观上讲,地价空间上演变主要体现在城市内部的区位条件、交通条件、城市规划、公用设施状况和环境条件等的影响。上述两者共同作用于地价的变化,并且两者相互关联、密不可分。通过城市地价的时空演变研究,以期快速、直观、准确地反映城市地价变化,为城市地价的宏观调控、合理利用土地资源提供参考。     

广州市商品住宅价格分布特征研究

通过收集整理、统计分析有关广州市商品住宅销售价格的信息资料，探讨了广州市商品住宅价格时空分布规律及影响因素。结果认为，广州市商品住宅价格分布不平衡，价格分布东山东东湖区为最高价中心，并向四周逐渐降低。而且住宅价格呈直线上升，其影响因素主要与地价、城市形态与功能结构、交通与绿化环境、生活服务设施以及物业管理水平有关。并就此提出一些建议。     

基于租金的北京城市办公活动经济空间结构解析

以北京市中心城区的6个行政区1037个写字楼实测点位数据和租金属性数据为基础,运用空间自相关和克里格插值等空间分析方法,与北京市基准地价的综合地价进行比较分析,研究北京办公活动的经济空间结构。研究结果表明,北京城区写字楼租金大体呈同心环状分布,与基准地价的综合地价在空间分布态势上基本吻合,并在一定程度上映射出北京城市经济空间结构特征,即总体上呈现同心环状向心集聚,并沿交通干道和对外放射状道路延伸。北京城区写字楼租金的空间分布"高高"模式在办公集聚区和交通主干道附近呈现明显的集中分布态势,说明北京目前办公活动的空间趋势仍然以向心集聚为主,区位与交通条件是影响写字楼租金的重要因素。写字楼租金的空间偏向差异显著,"高高"聚集区主要位于北城,而"低低"模式在南城集聚明显,城区内存在明显的空间差异性,揭示了北京城市内部经济格局失衡现象依旧显著。历史惯性、规划引导、事件推动以及办公活动自身对交通和区位条件的要求是导致北京城市办公活动经济空间结构现状特征形成与发展的主要原因。基于此,租金作为办公活动区位选择的主要因素以及衡量地价和经济发展程度的重要指标,间接影响着城市内部经济空间结构的形成与发展。     

北京市郊区游憩空间分布规律

郊区是城市发展的腹地,郊区游憩空间不仅能够满足都市居民出游的需求,而且对维护城市生态安全具有重要意义。本文选取北京作为案例地,对郊区的游憩空间布局规律进行研究。在前期研究的基础上,结合网络、文献、调研收集数据,将游憩空间按照功能划分为3类：公共游憩空间、商业游憩空间与附属游憩空间;将不同功能、不同经营主体与不同土地利用的游憩空间组织起来,从而建立北京郊区游憩空间采样数据库,采用GIS空间分析的技术手段得出结论。研究发现,北京郊区各类游憩空间布局具有空间分异规律。公共游憩空间中风景名胜区分布在远郊的山区;城市公园与城市形态相关;郊野公园属于政策导向型的游憩空间,在一定程度上缓解了资源本底条件造成的游憩空间不均匀分布。商业游憩空间呈现产品的空间分异,并与交通、水系条件密切相关;乡村游憩设施依托于大型景区,并与农业传统相关。北京郊区的游憩空间已经初步具备网络结构并向纵深发展,出现了产业集中区。最后指出北京游憩空间布局中存在的不合理现象和改进的方向。该研究旨在构建都市游憩空间的有机结构,为城市规划与游憩管理提供科学依据。     

北京市土地利用空间格局演化模拟及预测

土地利用空间格局的演化模拟可定量地从空间尺度揭示区域土地利用变化的驱动因素,是厘清未来时期内土地变化的重要途径。基于CLUE-S模型,以北京市为研究案例,结合1985、2000和2010年三期土地利用数据,运用Logistic逐步回归方法识别了北京市各种土地利用类型演化的驱动因素,对北京市土地利用空间格局进行模拟。在此基础上,基于北京市社会经济发展、土地利用规划、资源禀赋及生态保护等不同情景,对北京市2020年土地利用空间分布格局进行模拟及预测。结果表明：①不同的时期内,驱动因子对不同土地利用类型的影响呈现差异性,其中交通因素及社会经济因素对土地利用类型的转化率影响较显著,坡度对各个土地利用类型的影响较大。②通过对2010年北京市土地利用变化的模拟结果来看,Kappa指数为87.03%,说明预测结果与实际土地利用情况有较好的一致性。③预测结果显示,北京市的城市发展均表现为继续向外扩展,且以东南、东北为主要扩展方向,但扩张的程度存在差异。     

广州市工业用地空间分异及其影响因素分析

基于定量分析,采用GIS技术,对广州市工业用地空间演变和分异特征进行了研究。分析表明,工业用地拓展以市中心区外围地带强度最大,其时空变化除了深受产业政策和城市发展战略的影响,在空间分异上,工业用地还与行政中心、道路交通和河流水面等因素密切相关,城市和交通的等级和功能不同对工业用地分异的影响不同。     

Research on spatial calculating analysis model of landuse change

The spatial calculating analysis model is based on GIS overlay. It will compartmentalize the land in research district into three spatial types: unchanged parts, converted parts and increased parts. By this method we can evaluate the numerical model and dynamic degree model for calculating land-use change rates. Furthermore, the paper raises the possibility of revising the calculating analysis model of spatial information in order to predicate more precisely the dynamic changing level of all types of land uses. In the most concrete terms, the model is used mainly to understand changed area and changed rates (increasing or decreasing) of different land types from microcosmic angle and establish spatial distribution and spatio-temporal principles of the changing urban lands. And we will try to find out why the situation can take place by combining social and economic situations. The result indicates the calculating analysis model of spatial information can derive more accurate procedure of spatial transference and increase of all kinds of land from microcosmic angle. By this model and technology we can conduct the research of land-use spatio-temporal structure evolution more systematically and more deeply, and can obtain a satisfactory result. The result will benefit the rational planning and management of urban land use of developed coastal areas in China in the future.     

国土空间规划中城镇空间和城镇开发边界的划定

在2016年国务院印发的《省级空间规划试点方案》所提出的“开展基础评价”和“绘制规划底图”两项主要任务中,城镇适宜性的评价与城镇空间、城镇开发边界的划定属于核心内容,同时也是一项具有较强探索性的工作。以国家对国土空间规划的基本设想为依据,对城镇空间和城镇开发边界的概念和内涵、空间关系、相关规则进行深入探讨,确定了城镇适宜性评价与城镇空间、城镇开发边界划定的主要思路和技术路线。结合福建省空间规划的案例,分析了城镇适宜性评价与城镇空间、城镇开发边界划定的过程、方法和结果。不同于以往各部门开展的空间性规划,城镇空间和城镇开发边界的划定建立在资源环境承载能力和国土空间开发适宜性的基础评价之上,这使得城镇开发建设活动的空间布局在资源环境本底方面得到合理保障,城镇空间和城镇开发边界的划定也有了较为科学、客观的依据。此外,把基础底图的研制与城镇发展潜能、城镇开发指向的评估,以及开发建设的规模管控、空间管控、开发强度管控系统地整合起来,使得规划底图的随意性得到了较好的控制。实践表明,本文的思路和技术方法是合理可行的,这一尝试可为空间规划理论和方法体系的完善提供参考。     

北京批发企业空间格局演化与区位选择因素

随着服务业对居民生产、生活影响程度逐渐增强,其企业区位选择已成为从微观视角解析城市空间结构的重要途径。以北京为典型案例地,将批发企业作为研究对象,运用核密度估计方法、Ripley's K(d)函数以及条件Logit模型,分析了北京批发企业空间格局演变规律与集聚特征,在此基础上探究了批发企业区位选择的影响因素。结果表明：① 从空间分布特征来看,批发企业主要集中在北京五环以内,且呈现明显的空间集聚特征,集聚规模主要集中在0~28 km范围内;② 从空间集聚强度看,集聚峰值出现的距离不断向外扩张,二环内集聚强度有所下降,并在外围形成了3个核心集聚区;③ 地方化经济、城市化经济、土地价格、集聚效益、劳动力成本等因素对批发企业区位选择具有显著影响,其中土地价格和集聚效益的影响最大,新企业在区位选择中都存在明显的集聚效益;④ 从不同类型批发企业来看,外资批发企业通过检验的影响因素较少,受已有该企业空间分布的影响显著且对交通区位条件、创新环境要求更高,但商业基准地价在外资企业区位选择中影响不显著。     

北京绿色空间格局演变研究

本文从“绿色空间”这一城市发展中人与自然统筹的切入点入手, 通过对北京市域绿色空 间格局和演化过程的追踪, 从土地利用类型的角度, 对1992 年、1996 年、2000- 2004 年土地变更 数据进行分类汇总, 通过计算绿色空间的信息熵, 分区域揭示绿色空间的面积和结构变化, 探索 了北京市绿色空间的格局演变特征及影响因素, 为北京市域的生态建设提供科学依据。     

北京市房价与地价的动态关系——基于结构方程模型的实证分析

城市房价与地价之间的关系错综复杂,不仅受多种因素的交织影响,相互之间也存在动态关系。研究房价与地价关系的传统方法,如Granger因果检验和回归分析等,无法刻画房价与地价之间多维的网络状关系,相比之下,结构方程模型能同时处理多个内生潜变量,且不受观测指标共线性的影响,为刻画地价与房价的交互作用提供了新的工具。从住房与土地市场的供需传导机制出发,推导出房价与地价的结构模型,以北京市为例,运用2003-2013年居住用地价格和2014年在售楼盘价格,与北京市GIS电子地图相匹配,提取商服中心可达性、公共交通可达性、道路可达性、商服繁华度、设施便利性等解释变量,构建地价与房价结构方程模型,分析二者之间的结构关系。     

北京市城区扩展的空间格局与影响因素

2000年以来北京市持续推进产业结构升级,由此引发了经济活动的空间重构,伴随着住宅郊区化、职住分离以及交通基础设施的配套建设,将引起新一轮城市空间扩展。构建顾及综合可达性因素、邻域因素、自然因素、规划因素以及社会经济因素的城市空间扩展模型,分析诊断北京城区扩展进程中的主要影响因素及问题,从而为指导与管治北京市城市空间的有序扩展提供科学支撑。研究表明：① 综合交通静态可达性（单一年份）与城市扩展呈显著负相关;综合交通动态可达性（年份之间的可达性变化）则在引导北京市城市空间发展方面并无显著影响。② 邻域建设用地百分比与城市扩展呈正相关,而农用地、林业用地及水域用地的比例将减少土地开发的概率。③ 城市总体规划在指导城市空间扩展的纲领性地位逐渐受到重视,其对城区扩展的影响程度最为显著。④ 常住人口的分布现状、第二产业企业数量、第三产业企业数量分布现状对土地开发无显著影响。⑤ 认为北京市静态可达性与土地利用变化呈负相关,即可达性条件较差的地区,土地开发的可能性越小,这与北京市“摊大饼式”空间蔓延和居住郊区化的发展现实相符;北京市动态可达性与土地利用变化亦呈负相关,表明可达性提高程度越大的区域并不一定带来更高的土地开发几率,这从侧面传递了沿着既有建成区进行土地扩展的概率远远大于由于诸如轨道交通建设而带来可达性极大改善区域的概率。因此,重视与发挥综合交通动态可达性指标对城市扩展的引导作用,将是有效破解城市蔓延式扩张、优化城市扩展的重要手段。     

Classifying and mapping the urban transition in Vietnam

The urban transition almost always involves wrenching social adjustment as small agricultural communities are forced to adjust rapidly to industrial ways of life. Large-scale in-migration of young people, usually from poor regions, creates enormous demand and expectations for community and social services. One immediate problem planners face in approaching this challenge is how to define, differentiate, and map what is rural, urban, and transitional (i.e., peri-urban). This project established an urban classification for Vietnam by using national census and remote sensing data to identify and map the smallest administrative units for which data are collected as rural, peri-urban, urban, or urban core. We used both natural and human factors in the quantitative model: income from agriculture, land under agriculture and forests, houses with modern sanitation, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Model results suggest that in 2006, 71% of Vietnam's 10,891 communes were rural, 18% peri-urban, 3% urban, and 4% urban core. Of the communes our model classified as peri-urban, 61% were classified by the Vietnamese government as rural. More than 7% of Vietnam's land area can be classified as peri-urban and approximately 13% of its population (more than 11 million people) lives in peri-urban areas. We identified and mapped three types of peri-urban places: communes in the periphery of large towns and cities; communes along highways; and communes associated with provincial administration or home to industrial, energy, or natural resources projects (e.g., mining). We validated this classification based on ground observations, analyses of multi-temporal night-time lights data, and an examination of road networks. The model provides a method for rapidly assessing the rural–urban nature of places to assist planners in identifying rural areas undergoing rapid change with accompanying needs for investments in building, sanitation, road infrastructure, and government institutions.