FY-3 A/MERS I积雪制图中NDS I指标建立及积雪判识模型研究 ——以祁连山区为例

我国新型自主的极轨气象卫星风云3号A星（简称FY-3A）上搭载的中分辨率光谱成像仪（MERSI）为大面积雪监测提供了新的遥感数据源。以中国西北祁连山区为例,分析FY-3A/MERSI传感器积雪与其它地物的图谱特征差异,建立了适用于FY-3A/MERSI的归一化差分积雪指数（NDSI）,以此为基础,构建了综合利用多光谱判别指标及土地覆盖类型（LULC）定类辅助的积雪判识模型,生成250 m分辨率的日积雪制图产品。模型通过逐步逼近的树状判别结构,去除了易和积雪混淆的部分乔木林、云、云阴影、水体、湖冰、沙（盐）地等地物,并提出应考虑积雪下覆地表特性的影响,调整设定不同LULC类型的积雪判别阈值约束,实时结合区域LULC影像进行积雪的最终判定与优化。对祁连山区2010-2011年积雪季FY-3A/MERSI影像的积雪制图应用结果表明,该资料能够客观精细地反映积雪的空间分布与动态发展过程。同时利用气象台站积雪观测记录及Terra/MODIS积雪判识结果进行对比验证,结果表明基于FY-3A/MERSI建立的积雪判识模型具有较高的精度和稳定性,特别是提高了云雪区分的效能。     

一种简化的MODIS亚像元积雪信息提取方法

遥感技术已逐步成为大范围内积雪信息提取的主要手段,但通常的遥感积雪像元识别算法使用二值判定的模式,这对于山区非连续分布的积雪监测能力较差.针对目前应用广泛的MODIS传感器数据,充分利用了雪盖指数在积雪监测中的重要性,并在考虑了地表覆盖的情况下,建立了像元雪盖率与雪盖指数、植被指数之间的线性关系模型,并利用ETM+数据对模型估算的雪盖率进行了验证.结果表明,该方法能有效地提取亚像元尺度的积雪信息.     

基于HJ-1B卫星数据的积雪面积制图算法研究

积雪是影响气候变化的重要因子, 采用更高时空分辨率的环境减灾卫星遥感数据进行积雪制图算法的研究, 对推进我国自主遥感卫星在积雪监测领域的应用具有重要意义. 采用环境减灾HJ-1B卫星数据, 以青海省果洛藏族自治州达日县为研究区, 应用归一化差值积雪指数(NDSI)法建立了基于HJ-1B卫星数据的积雪面积制图算法, 并比较MODIS与HJ-1B积雪图精度. 结果表明: 研究区HJ-1B积雪制图合理的NDSI阈值为0.37, 总分类精度达到97.97%; 与"真值"影像比较, HJ-1B积雪图K_hat系数为0.911, 高于MODIS的0.817. 说明该研究建立的基于HJ-1B积雪制图算法精度可靠, 适合对研究区积雪进行实时动态监测. HJ-1B更高的空间分辨率对提高研究区积雪覆盖面积监测精度具有重要的使用价值, 但是地形因素是影响HJ-1B数据积雪分类精度的一个重要原因, 随着坡度的增加, 分类误差也随之增大, 尤其是多测误差增加比较显著.     

基于MODIS数据的东北地区积雪覆盖率估算

东北地区是我国三大积雪区之一,森林覆盖面积占总面积的40%左右。受森林冠层的影响,当前的MODIS雪盖产品（V6）提供的积雪覆盖率标准模型对东北地区积雪覆盖率估算结果存在明显的低估现象。基于此,采用分区建模的方式：在森林地区,计算归一化差值林地积雪指数（NDFSI）,建立像元积雪覆盖率（FSC）与NDFSI及NDVI之间的线性关系;在非森林地区,采用MOD10A1 V6提供的归一化差值积雪指数（NDSI）,建立像元积雪覆盖率（FSC）与NDSI及NDVI之间的线性关系。采用Landsat 8 OLI数据提取的积雪覆盖率（FSC）对分区建模的估算结果与标准模型的估算结果进行对比,发现进行估算的过程中均方根误差和平均绝对误差这两项指标的数值相对于标准模型有了大幅下降,这一结果在林区有更显著的表现。计算得到的决定系数R²,在本文模型也有提高。以T1林区影像为例,本文模型的均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为0.246、0.055,而标准模型的两项指标则分别为0.420、0.348。本文模型和标准模型的决定系数分别为0.675、0.641。     

利用MODIS和AMSR-E进行积雪制图的比较分析

MODIS和被动微波辐射计AMSR-E提供了识别积雪的不同方法.MODIS首先计算反映积雪在1.6μm强吸收特性的归一化差值积雪指数NDSI,在剔除卷云的影响后,得到MODIS积雪分布.AMSR-E则根据积雪在微波波段的差异性散射特性识别积雪.通过案例分析比较了MODIS和AMSR-E积雪分布,发现由于云的遮蔽使MODIS积雪分布面积会比实际小,但由于MODIS的空间分辨率很高,得到的积雪边界线轮廓清晰.而微波由于不受云的影响,得到的AMSR-E积雪分布比较符合实际,但积雪的边界线较粗.     

基于不同土地覆盖类型NDSI阈值优化下的青藏高原积雪判别

美国国家雪冰数据中心（NSIDC）发布的MODIS第6版本逐日积雪范围产品（V6）仅提供了归一化积雪指数（NDSI）,而用户往往关心的是积雪范围或积雪覆盖率。NSIDC推荐全球积雪范围最佳的NDSI阈值为0.4,但是青藏高原地形复杂,积雪斑块化特征明显,单一的NDSI阈值并不能精确地判识不同下垫面上的积雪。不同的土地覆盖类型可能影响积雪判别的NDSI阈值。以青藏高原为研究对象,基于高分辨率卫星Landsat-5 TM数据,获取了青藏高原不同土地覆盖类型下判识积雪的最优NDSI阈值。结果表明,在草地和稀疏植被地表类型下,最优NDSI阈值分别为0.33和0.40;在其他下垫面类型下,最优NDSI阈值为0.47。以Landsat 8 OLI数据为"真值"对该NDSI阈值确定的积雪范围进行了精度检验。结果表明,采用新的NDSI阈值获取的MOD10A1 V6积雪范围产品的总体精度OA、错分误差OE和漏分误差UE分别为87.88%、5.20%和6.87%。而采用传统的0.4阈值时,其OA、OE和UE分别为87.36%、3.98%和8.60%。这表明考虑不同土地覆盖类型下的NDSI阈值优化可以有效地提高青藏高原积雪判别精度,特别是对占比面积较大的草地区域,通过NDSI阈值优化可以更加准确地识别积雪范围。     

基于ETM+的积雪提取方法研究——以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例

为了高精度地提取积雪信息, 消除森林覆盖区以及结冰河流水体对于积雪信息提取的影响, 以Landsat ETM+为数据源, 分析了玛纳斯河流域积雪信息提取的归一化差值积雪指数阈值, 并建立积雪信息提取方法. 对研究区进行了积雪信息提取, 并与国际数据服务平台所得的积雪信息提取结果进行了比较. 结果表明: 基于Landsat数据利用归一化差值积雪指数提取积雪信息时, 其合理阈值应为0.37; 通过总体精度以及Kappa相关系数在结冰水体区域以及森林覆盖区域的提取结果进行对比, 认定所使用的提取方法更加准确可靠.     

Accuracy verification of MODIS daily cloud-free snow cover products over the Tibetan Plateau北大核心CSCD

Snow cover is of great hydrological,ecological,and climatic significance in the Tibetan Plateau. MODIS snow products are widely used at present but are seriously affected by clouds. Scholars at home and abroad have developed a variety of cloud removal products for raw MODIS daily snow products,but the accuracy of these products in the Tibetan Plateau has not been evaluated comprehensively. Therefore,this paper uses Landsat-8 data with high resolution as the reference value to conduct systematic verification of three datasets of cloud-free snow products released on a daily basis. The results show that compared with the two sets of products （M*D10A1GL06 and MODIS_Dysno_Cloudfree）,which are produced based on raw MODIS daily snow cover product realized by NSIDC（National Snow and Ice Data Center）,the MODIS CGF SCE product produced based on MODIS surface reflectance data,has a great advantage in snow identification accuracy. The MODIS CGF SCE product optimized the NDSI threshold for different land cover types. Although the accuracy of snow identification was significantly improved,the problem of large snow identification error in forest areas was still not effectively resolved,and there was a high underestimate error. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

Correction to: Assessing real options in urban surface water flood risk management under climate change

Windblown dust originating in China and Mongolia causes health effects and agricultural damage in its source areas and causes Asian dust events in Japan. An early warning system that could be combined with weather forecasts would be helpful in preventing serious damage. However, it is difficult to specify source areas of dust with current dust modeling systems because land surface information, including vegetation coverage and land surface soil water content, is inadequate. To find and monitor dust source regions, a semi-real-time dust erodibility map was developed based on MODIS satellite data that focuses particularly on the threshold wind speed in a target area of northeast Asia including China and Mongolia (35°–50°N, 75°–120°E). The mapping system incorporates satellite data on snow cover, areas of frozen soil, surface soil water content, and vegetation cover.     

The correlation between geochemical data and SPOT satellite imagery of lateritic terrain in southern Mali

Detailed geochemical mapping of superficial lateritic formations is compared with recent high-resolution SPOT satellite images in the Dagadamou prospect in southern Mali.The two main landscape features standing out in SPOT images are expressed by thematic indices derived from multispectral data. They reflect the distribution of vegetation cover and the distinction between silty clay soils in the valleys and ferruginous duricrust exposed on the plateaus. Geochemical differentiation factors are closely related to the nature of sampled materials and reflect the relative amounts of major constituent minerals estimated by normative calculation.Duricrust samples with high Fe and Al content are also enriched in trace elements, P, V, Cr, As, Mo, Nb and Cu, immobilized in the weathering profile with secondary oxihydroxide minerals.Soils of flats are composed mainly of quartz and kaolinite; they also concentrate heavy minerals characterized by high contents of Zr, Ti, Ce and Y.Accumulation of detrital material at the periphery of duricrust plateaus is marked by a geochemical halo of higher contents in Zr and quartz at their periphery. This feature is clearly visible on SPOT imagery as a zone of high reflectance, devoid of vegetation.The density of vegetation on duricrust is related to its kaolinite content. Its distribution is characterized by a striped pattern, which is probably controlled by bedrock lithological structures preserved in the lateritic cover.This study shows the relationships, both direct and indirect, existing between spectral reflectance and geochemical composition of superficial lateritic formations. Many other landscape features identified with high resolution on SPOT images provide complementary information, which could be very helpful at various stages of geological and mineral exploration in lateritic terrain.     

植被覆盖度遥感估算研究进展

植被覆盖度是刻画地表植被覆盖的重要参数,在全球变化研究、地表过程模拟和水文生态模型中发挥着重要作用.遥感能够反映不同空间尺度的植被覆盖信息及其变化趋势,是获取区域及全球植被覆盖度参数的一个重要手段.综合分析了用于植被覆盖度估算的遥感数据源,包括高光谱数据、多光谱数据、微波数据和激光雷达数据.而且分析了各种常用的植被覆盖度遥感估算方法及其优缺点,并评价了现有基于遥感数据的植被覆盖度产品及存在问题.最后,针对目前研究中存在的问题,讨论了植被覆盖度遥感估算研究的发展趋势,指出高时空分辨率长时间序列的全球植被覆盖度数据集、多源遥感数据融合和同化技术是未来植被覆盖度遥感估算研究的主要方向.     

基于NDSI-NDVI特征空间的积雪面积反演研究

积雪是新疆高海拔地区大多数河流的重要补给来源之一, 不仅是春汛期间融雪性洪水灾害和冰冻灾害的直接原因, 在水资源管理、 灾害防治和融雪模拟预报中也扮演着重要角色. 针对目前积雪信息提取方法的优势与不足, 结合二维特征空间理论, 构建积雪信息反演模型, 并与支持向量机提取积雪信息进行精度对比分析. 结果表明: 相比其他积雪信息提取方法, 利用归一化积雪指数(NDSI)和归一化植被指数(NDVI)建立二维特征空间, 且在特征空间基础之上构建的NN模型, 反演新疆北部积雪信息精度较高, 相关系数达0.837, 提取精度优于支持向量机(SVM)方法, 对当地防洪灾害模拟预测、 生态环境保护、 社会经济发展等方面具有一定参考意义.     

基于数字摄影测量的雪盖制图方法探讨

受地形、 植被、 太阳辐射以及分吹雪等因素影响, 山区积雪时空分布差异性很大, 人工观测和卫星遥感手段很难获取高时空分辨率的雪盖信息. 2010年3-5月在祁连山葫芦沟一级小支流开展了相机摄影试验, 并应用摄影测量技术将野外拍摄影像转化为正射积雪空间分布图像, 以此获取小流域高时空分辨率的积雪分布信息. 结果表明: 20次摄影测量后方交会解得到的摄影中心与实测摄影中心误差ΔX 分布在-9.27~25.51 m之间, 而ΔY分布在-33.53~18.2 m, ΔZ区于-3.33~9 m之间. 单张积雪制图误差分析表明, ΔX 分布在-9.27~25.51 m之间, 而ΔY分布在-33.53~18.2 m, ΔZ区于-3.33~9 m之间, 边缘处积雪制图误差大于中心位置. 进一步分析表明, 高程数据精度、 摄影距离和摄影倾角等因素影响数字摄影测量雪盖制图的精度. 随着地形数据精度的提高, 正射积雪制图的精度有很大的提升空间, 相机摄影测量也将成为小流域尺度、 坡面尺度雪盖信息获取的有效手段之一.     

A technique for improving MODIS standard snow products for snow cover monitoring over Eastern Turkey

Daily snow cover maps at 500 m resolution are available from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors on NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites. However, information of the ground can only be obtained during clear sky conditions. In addition, the spectral similarity between clouds and snow in the visible part of the spectrum causes some ambiguities in separation of them. The dynamic behavior of clouds with their tendency to move faster often enables discrimination between cloud and snow, since snow remains relatively stationary. In this study, a daily merging methodology to combine Terra and Aqua based snow maps are proposed, and the benefits of this combination are evaluated. The methodology was tested for Eastern Turkey covering the period from December 2002 to March 2003. Merged maps derived from the standard daily snow maps from Terra (MOD10A1) and Aqua (MYD10A1) reduce the cloud cover present in any one image alone, provide better representation of the surface snow cover, and indicate better agreement with ground snow measurements than when either one is used alone. For “on the ground data date” analyses yielded 31% match ratios for MOD10A1 and MYD10A1, whereas combined images enabled 38%. One- to 2-day temporal window shifting enabled further 7% and 5% improvements in match ratios, respectively. The maximum improvement of 25% was achieved in January of 2003. The proposed methodology provides an easy and effective way to improve snow cover maps with little effort and provides fewer cloud-contaminated images for snow monitoring, for hydrology, and water resource management.     

NOAA16卫星积雪识别和参数提取

通过对积雪、地物和云进行光谱分析,指出传统的NOAA-AVHRR可见光和近红外波段进行云雪识别存在困难,而雪在红外波段的低反射性特点是区分云雪的一个可行途径.利用NOAA16气象卫星新增的1.6μm红外波段,对中国北方冬季的卫星积雪图象进行识别,结果显示,云雪可以准确区分.同时,提出了利用AVHRR资料估算积雪面积、积雪深度和积雪时间的方法,并对积雪深度进行了精度检验.     

基于卫星的水资源监测预报技术应用与研究

基于卫星遥感的降水监测的基本方法是建立云顶温度与象素点降水的统计相关关系,同时利用卫星信息在地面雨量站点间进行雨量插值。基于气象卫星的实际蒸散发计算通过定标、大气订正、空气温度、总辐射、净辐射、显热通量等步骤计算。降雪处理的依据是降雨和地表温度。融雪计算的基础是能量平衡,融雪发生时刻用雪盖的寒冷度估算。决定土壤冻结的因素能量平衡和温度。土壤冻结逆方程可用于确定土壤解冻的深度。坡面径流以用二维扩散过程模拟。河道部分以有侧向入流的Muskingum-Cunge方法为基础。     

Snow cover depletion under changed climate with the help of remote sensing and temperature data

Snow cover depletion curve (SDC) is one of the important variables in snow hydrological applications, and these curves are very much required for snowmelt runoff modeling in a snowfed catchment. Remote sensing is an important source of snow cover area which is used for preparation of SDC. Snow cover maps produced by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellites are one of the best source of satellite-based snow cover area at a regular interval. Therefore, in this study, snow cover maps have been prepared for the years 2000?C2005 using MODIS data. The study area chosen viz. Beas basin up to Pandoh dam falls in western Himalayan region. For snowmelt runoff modeling, catchment is divided into number of elevation zones and SDC is required for each zone. When sufficient satellite data are not available due to cloud cover or due to some other reasons, then SDC can to be generated using temperature data. Under changed climate conditions also, modified SDC is required. Therefore, to have SDC under such situations, a relationship between snow cover area and cumulative mean temperature has been developed for each zone of the catchment. This procedure of having snow cover maps has two main purposes. First, it could potentially be used to generate snow cover maps when cloud-free satellite data are not available. Second, it can be used to generate snow-covered area in a new climate to see the impact of climate change on snowmelt runoff studies.     

东北地区MODIS和AMSR-E积雪产品验证及对比

通过2002-2008年6个积雪季节的Terra-Aqua/MODIS积雪产品(MOD10A2、MOD10C2)和Aqua/AMSR-E雪水当量产品,分析了东北地区积雪覆盖面积的变化特征,以研究区气象站点观测的积雪数据为真实值来验证两种产品积雪信息的精度,探讨了云覆盖、土地利用类型和雪深对积雪覆盖精度的影响.结果表明:云的存在对微波数据积雪识别的影响较小,在积雪量较多的12月至次年的2月随云量百分比的变化,MOD10A2积雪覆盖面积比例大体出现负变化.因此,在有云情况下AMSR-E数据反演积雪精度最好.对比草地、耕地、林地和居民地4种土地覆盖类型对监测积雪覆盖精度的影响,发现林地对其影响最大,在林区3种积雪产品的积雪识别精度分别为55.8%、81.2%、85.4%;雪深对AMSR-E积雪产品识别精度影响较小,总体精度为97.8%;积雪深度对MOD10A2积雪产品识别精度影响较大,总体精度为57.3%.MOD10A2、MOD10C2和AMSR-E 3种积雪产品的总体反演精度分别为69.3%、76.6%、76.3%.有必要开发适用于东北地区的积雪覆盖算法,提高估算精度,为能量平衡估算、气候模型、农业生产、土壤墒情监测服务.     

Automated mapping of snow/ice surface temperature using Landsat-8 data in Beas River basin,India, and validation with wireless sensor network data

In this paper, an automated method for retrieval of snow surface temperature (SST) in Beas River Basin, India, using Landsat-8 thermal data is proposed. Digital number (DN) values of thermal data were converted into Top of Atmospheric (TOA) radiance. Surface radiance has been estimated from TOA radiance using a single channel method. The estimated surface radiance was then converted into SST. Cloud free Landsat-8 data for January and February 2017 has been used to estimate SST. Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) has established a wireless sensor network (WSN) in an avalanche prone slope in Beas River Basin, India. Landsat-8 retrieved SST has been compared and validated with recorded SST at WSN stations. The retrieved SST using proposed algorithm was in good agreement with SST recorded on ground by sensor network. The mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) between estimated and recorded SST has been observed as ~?1.1 K and ~?1.5 K for 23 January 2017 and ~?0.7 and ~?1.6 K for 24 February 2017. Algorithm has shown a potential for automated mapping of snow and ice surface temperature using Landsat-8 data for snow cover and glaciers in Himalaya.     

水平和垂直尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取研究进展

植被覆盖及其变化是区域生态系统环境变化的重要指示,而植被覆盖度是植物群落覆盖地表状况的一个综合量化指标,是生态模型、碳循环、水循环模型等的重要特征参量。传统的植被覆盖度是指一定尺度下所有植被(乔、灌、草)覆盖的综合反映值,当考虑植被垂直方向的异质性,垂直尺度的乔、灌、草覆盖度提取为定量化准确衡量生态环境、全球气候变化等领域提供更具有生态意义的植被参量。目前,遥感大面积估算水平尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度已有比较成熟和可靠的算法,主要方法有：植被指数法、回归分析法、分类决策树法、神经网络法、像元分解模型法、物理模型反演法等,其估算精度基本能达到应用要求。植被垂直方向的异质性给垂直尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取带来较大挑战,垂直尺度上的乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取的研究在欧美等国已经有了一定规模的开展,在国内则处于起步阶段。遥感提取垂直尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度的主要手段有：激光雷达（LIDAR）、多角度遥感以及两层结构冠层反射模型反演。综述了水平尺度和垂直尺度上乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取的最新进展,比较和分析主要的遥感提取方法、模型和现存的一些问题,并对未来的研究发展趋势进行了展望。