平衡施肥对棉麦套作中小麦生长发育的影响

根据田间区试结果,分析了有机肥与氮磷钾化肥配施对棉麦套作中小麦生物产量和经济产量的构成因素、养分含量及吸收量的影响,结果表明:有机肥与化肥配施能显著提高小麦的生物产量和经济产量,且以中肥最为适宜;增施氮磷钾肥能提高小麦各生育期养分含量和吸收积累量,并且还能增加旗叶的叶面积和叶绿素含量.小麦营养生殖并重时期(拔节至孕穗期),对养分的需求量大,此时土壤中足够的养分,可为小麦高产优质奠定营养基础,此期也是小麦平衡施肥的关键时期.     

青藏高原东侧"2003.8.28"暴雨的集合预报试验

利用MM5模式和国家气象中心的T213模式的预报资料,通过研究非绝热物理过程参数化方案对高原东侧"2003.8.28"暴雨数值预报的影响特征,进行了多物理模式集合预报试验,为开展青藏高原东侧集合预报扰动技术研究进行了试验.试验结果表明,模式物理参数化方案对中尺度降水预报结果有明显影响,包括局地降水强度、空间分布型态、时间演变特征等.随着模式分辨率的提高,积云对流参数化方案将增加小雨量级降水区域,产生一些虚假降水,就现阶段模式水平而言,高分辨率集合预报应重点发展考虑强降水预报不确定性的集合预报模式系统.多物理模式集合预报的初步试验结果表明,高分辨率集合预报可以改进单一确定性预报结果不稳定的缺点,为强降水灾害性天气预报提供有价值的预报信息.     

土壤水分对氮肥肥效影响的试验

针对当前高产麦田中氮肥用量过大，浇水次数过多，严重影响小麦产量问题进行了试验。分析了不同肥、水条件对产量的影响，建立了数学模式。并根据投入、产出综合评判，得出不同产量水平下的经济最佳氮肥施用量和浇水次数。对提高小麦肥、水利用率有较高的实用价值。     

GRAPES模式标准初始化方案设计与实现

文章介绍了GRAPES模式标准初始化系统的方案设计及程序结构，对3种不同方案产生的初始场进行了分析。结果表明:水平风场、温度场、位温场对插值方法的精度并不是很敏感，而高度场以及气压Exner函数则对垂直插值方法的精度要求很高；在3种模式变量产生方案中，方案一的效果较差，但它计算速度快，在地形梯度不大的地方可以选择使用；方案二与方案三的效果则比较好，用户可根据自己的需求任意选择。GRAPES模式标准初始化系统在完成其主要功能的同时，通过灵活的程序设计，对标准初始化系统的区域、分辨率、垂直层次、水平插值方法、垂直插值方法等的任意选取，使得标准初始化系统可以很容易满足模式初值的各种需求，为模式开发研究实验提供了各种便利。     

中国西部陆面过程次网格地形参数化的改进对区域气温和降水模拟的影响研究

地表作为大气模块的下垫面,为大气模块提供边界条件,地形对于模式结果的准确性起到至关重要的作用。现有的陆面过程模式在陆面同一网格内的次网格单元采用相同的大气强迫量,没有考虑次网格地形对网格内大气强迫量的影响,这关系到模式对气象要素和陆气交换量的模拟水平。本文在陆面模式NOAH处理次网格单元的同时,将输入的大气强迫量根据其与地形高度的关系进行修订,提出新的次网格地形的参数化方案,并引入到WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式中进行数值试验,通过3组数值模拟试验,与未改进的方案和细网格方案分析比较,探讨新参数化方案对WRF 模式模拟结果的影响。结果表明:地形越复杂区域,次网格地形的影响越大。本文引入的新陆面次网格地形方案对天山山脉和昆仑山脉以及青藏高原南部的地表气温的模拟有较大改善,模拟的地表气温在大范围区域内都更贴近细网格方案。虽然新陆面次网格地形方案和细网格试验都对温度的模拟结果都有改善,但新陆面次网格地形方案对降水的模拟改善甚微,而细网格试验对降水模拟却有改进,这是由于细网格试验在陆面和大气网格都进行了细化,而新陆面次网格地形方案只考虑了陆面次网格的影响。具体来说,新陆面次网格地形方案对温度的模拟结果改进是通过改变地表向上长波和地表感热实现的。而细网格试验由于同时细化了大气和陆面的空间网格,对降水和温模拟的改进是通过综合改变地表能量平衡实现的。     

早稻的农业气象条件评判模型

本文利用模糊聚类方法对早稻各生育时段农业气象条件进行分类;并用一组农业气象模式,在计算机上作各种组合条件下的早稻生长状况和产量模拟试验;构造影响指数C_a和C作为农业气象条件定量评估的依据;通过计算机终端输出早稻生长状况和产量动态监测结果,提供农业气象信息服务和早稻生产决策方案。此外,还用决策分析方法讨论了上海早稻适宜的栽插密度。     

区域资料四维同化试验

根据国家气象中心有限区分析预报系统的基本方案，设计一个以6小时为周期的间歇区域资料四维同化方案，对我国的两次暴雨过程进行两种不同粗细水平分辨率的资料四维同化和短期模式预报的试验。结果表明，由同化方案初值获得的短期预报明显好于LAFS方案的预报结果，高分辨率同化方案对预报的改进更明显。     

广州区域数值预报模式并行化计算

采用消息传递方式 (MPI) 对最近发展的广州区域数值预报模式进行了并行化计算研究。根据模式的结构和计算过程特点, 模式适合采用水平分区方案进行并行计算处理。在曙光3000并行计算机上分别采用一维和二维分区并行方案实现了模式的并行化计算, 并对模式的并行效率、并行加速比和并行通讯时间百分比等做了测试。对测试结果的分析表明:采用8个CPU时, 两种方案都能在1 h内完成72 h的预报, 一维分区方案的并行效率则保持在90 %左右, 可以满足业务运行需要。当模式使用8个以上CPU时, 通讯时间迅速增加并超过了计算时间的50%, 模式并行效率明显下降。CPU相同时, 模式一维分区并行方案比二维分区并行方案并行效率高且实现起来简单。     

WRF中不同积云对流参数化方案对青岛降水预报影响的对比分析

1~10 km水平分辨率是中尺度模式是否采用积云对流参数化方案的"灰色带"。基于青岛市气象局9 km分辨率WRF模式,分别选择KF、GD和BMJ三种积云对流参数化方案对青岛5次大范围降雨过程进行预报试验,分析比较不同积云对流参数化方案对青岛地区降水预报效果的影响。结果表明,这三种积云对流参数化方案对不同量级的降雨具有不同的预报性能:BMJ对小雨预报性能最佳;没有考虑积云对流参数化过程的控制试验对中雨的预报效果最好,KF方案次之;GD方案对大雨和暴雨预报效果均较好。对稳定性降水,GD方案对沿海站点降雨量预报效果较好,KF方案则对内陆站点预报性能较好;对对流性降水,BMJ方案无论是在沿海站点还是在内陆站点都有比较好的预报效果。在降雨空间分布上,对稳定性降水过程,各试验方案均模拟出了小于50 mm的降雨区,对大于100 mm强降雨区,GD方案具有较好的预报效果;对对流性降水过程,BMJ方案预报效果整体较好。     

用聚类分析划分我省棉花产量气候区

我省是产棉大省,棉花生产在国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。按一定规则,将全省划分成若干个棉花产量气候区,再分区建立预报模式,以便满足政府部门预先掌握全省各区棉花丰欠状况的需要。为此,本文本着“农业气象产量预报模式应根据气候条件、生产水平、作物品种类型等因素,适当兼顾行政区完整,分区建立”的原则,用聚类分析方法,探讨我省模花产量气候区的划分。1 区划因子的选择与处理用于农业气象产量气候区区划的因子,必须是对作物产量形成有明显影响且各地差异较大的因子。     

我国华中地区稻田甲烷排放特征

本文主要讨论地处我国华中水稻生态区的湖南红壤稻田的CH4排放特征。稻田CH4排放的日变化都有一致的规律，即在下午16:00左右出现最大值；CH4排放的日变化幅度与天气条件和水稻植物体有关；CH4排放的日变化与温度日变化的相关性很好（R>0.90）。早稻和晚稻的CH4排放季节变化规律有明显的差别，这主要是由于早、晚稻水稻生长期间的天气特别是空气温度变化的差异引起的，早稻CH4排放率在水稻生长中期（6月）略大，而晚稻在水稻移栽后几天内CH4排放就达到整个季节中的最大值，以后随时间逐渐降低；缺水会使CH4排放率明显降低，而且在重新灌水后相当长时间内CH4排放率没有回升；CH4排放在全有机肥的田中最大，然后依次是常规施肥、全沼渣肥及化肥田；尿素、氯化钾和复合肥的多施可降低稻田CH4排放率；不同施肥田中CH4排放率的温度效应不同；施肥是控制CH4排放的一种可行手段；在整个晚稻生长季节中瞬时CH4排放率与瞬时温度呈明显的指数关系；在1991年双季水稻生长季节中，稻田中CH4的排放量为67.96 g·m-2，其中早稻的CH4排放率为0.36 g·m-2·d-1，晚稻为0.48 g·m-2·d-1。     

Assessing and Mitigating N2O Emissions from Agricultural Soils

Agricultural cropping and animal production systems are important sources of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O). The assessment of the importance of N fertilization from synthetic fertilizer, animal wastes used as fertilizers and from N incorporated into the soil through biological N fixation, to global N2O emissions presented in this paper suggests that this source has been underestimated. We estimate that agricultural systems produce about one fourth of global N2O emissions. Methods of mitigating these emissions are presented which, if adopted globally could decrease annual N2O emissions from cropped soils by about 20%.     

Climate Change Impacts on the Potential Productivity of Corn and Winter Wheat in Their Primary United States Growing Regions

We calculate the impacts of climate effects inferred from three atmospheric general circulation models (GCMs) at three levels of climate change severity associated with change in global mean temperature (GMT) of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 °C and three levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) – 365 (no CO2 fertilization effect), 560 and 750 ppm – on the potential production of dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) for the primary (current) U.S. growing regions of each crop. This analysis is a subset of the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) which has the goal of integrating the linkages and feedbacks among human activities and resulting greenhouse gas emissions, changes in atmospheric composition and resulting climate change, and impacts on terrestrial systems. A set of representative farms was designed for each of the primary production regions studied and the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) was used to simulate crop response to climate change. The GCMs applied were the Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS), the United Kingdom Meteorological Transient (UKTR) and the Australian Bureau of Meteorological Research Center (BMRC), each regionalized by means of a scenario generator (SCENGEN). The GISS scenarios have the least impact on corn and wheat production, reducing national potential production for corn by 6% and wheat by 7% at a GMT of 2.5 °C and no CO2 fertilization effect; the UKTR scenario had the most severe impact on wheat, reducing production by 18% under the same conditions; BMRC had the greatest negative impact on corn, reducing production by 20%. A GMT increase of 1.0°C marginally decreased corn and wheat production. Increasing GMT had a detrimental impact on both corn and wheat production, with wheat production suffering the greatest losses. Decreases for wheat production at GMT 5.0 and [CO2] = 365 ppm range from 36% for the GISS to 76% for the UKTR scenario. Increases in atmospheric [CO2] had a positive impact on both corn and wheat production. AT GMT 1.0, an increase in [CO2] to 560 ppm resulted in a net increase in corn and wheat production above baseline levels (from 18 to 29% for wheat and 2 to 5% for corn). Increases in [CO2] help to offset yield reductions at higher GMT levels; in most cases, however, these increases are not sufficient to return crop production to baseline levels.     

Sensitivity of the Carbon Storage of Potential Vegetation to Historical Climate Variability and CO2 in Continental China

The interest in the national levels of the terrestrial carbon sink and its spatial and temporal variability with the climate and CO2 concentrations has been increasing. How the climate and the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in the last century affect the carbon storage in continental China was investigated in this study by using the Modified Sheffield Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (M-SDGVM). The estimates of the M-SDGVM indicated that during the past 100 years a combination of increasing CO2 with historical temperature and precipitation variability in continental China have caused the total vegetation carbon storage to increase by 2.04 Pg C, with 2.07 Pg C gained in the vegetation biomass but 0.03 Pg C lost from the organic soil carbon matter. The increasing CO2 concentration in the 20th century is primarily responsible for the increase of the total potential vegetation carbon. These factorial experiments show that temperature variability alone decreases the total carbon storage by 1.36 Pg C and precipitation variability alone causes a loss of 1.99 Pg C. The effect of the increasing CO2 concentration alone increased the total carbon storage in the potential vegetation of China by 3.22 Pg C over the past 100 years. With the changing of the climate, the CO2 fertilization on China's ecosystems is the result of the enhanced net biome production (NBP), which is caused by a greater stimulation of the gross primary production (GPP) than the total soil-vegetation respiration. Our study also shows notable interannual and decadal variations in the net carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems in China due to the historical climate variability.     

Influences of international agricultural trade on the global phosphorus cycle and its associated issues

Industrial phosphorus (P) fertilizer has substantially improved global food production, but has also led to environmental impacts. Intensive global agricultural trade has increased and the impacts of trade on aggravating or alleviating future P scarcity must be examined, especially for the most vulnerable countries. We combined data to estimate the global P trade among countries and its impacts on global P flows, based on global agricultural trade, cropland soil P budgets and crop P fertilizer footprints (the amount of industrial P fertilizer applied for producing one unit of P in the harvested crop). The global agricultural P trade represented a fraction of 16% of P in harvested crops in 2014, half of which was exported from the United States of America, Brazil and the European Union and one fifth imported by China. Virtual P fertilizer flows (about 2.60 Tg P y^-1) referred to industrial P fertilizers applied to traded crops by exporting countries; thus, 1/3 of global virtual P fertilizer flows were associated with the international soybean trade. P use efficiency (PUE), the ratio of the harvested crop-P to the total external P inputs, is a larger problem for tropical than temperate countries. Global crop trade had brought in a net 0.2 Tg P y^-1 savings of industrial P fertilizers globally, compared to crop production in export and import countries. >0.50 Tg y^-1 of the gross global accumulation of soil P and P in freshwater were associated with global agricultural trade. Global PUE, however, could be improved considerably, and thus global cooperation and improving PUE could help to solve the problem of future P scarcity. Vulnerable countries should also propose urgent national plans to address their own situations of P scarcity or low PUE.     

Mitigation options for methane, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from agricultural ecosystems

1.IntroductionNitrousoxide(N,O)andmethane(CH.)arethemostimportantgreenhousegassesintheatmospherewithitscontributiontoglobalwarmingjustlowerthanCO2.Theirconcentrationsinatmospherehavebeennotedtoincreasecurrentlyattherateof0.25%yr--'andl.02%yr',respectively(IPCC,1995).Atpresent,theincreaseofNZOandCH4intheatmospherehasbeenestimatedtoaccountfor20--25%oftheglobalwarming(FAO&IAEA,1992;Bailes&Bridges,1992).NOdoesnotabsorbradiationdirectlyintheatmosphere,buttheincreasingconcentrationofNOmay…     

水分和氮肥对冬小麦产量的影响及其调控技术

通过对冬小麦进行不同水分等级和不同施氮量的控制试验,利用数理统计和数学分析方法,从水分利用效率和经济效益角度,分析了水分和氮素对冬小麦产量的影响及其相互作用的关系,提出了河南省冬小麦砂壤土的水肥配置模式,经生产检验,这种模式是可行的。     

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the COS and CS2 emissions from temperature forest soils

The net fluxes of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) to the atmosphere from nitrogen amended and unamended deciduous and coniferous forest soils were measured during the spring of 1986. We found that emissions of these gases from acidic forest soils were substantially increased after nitrogen fertilization. The total (COS+CS₂) emissions were increased by nearly a factor of three in the hardwood stand and were more than doubled in the pine stand. Furthermore, vegetation type appeared to have an influence on which was the dominant sulfur gas released from the forest soils. The added nitrogen caused a dramatic increase in COS emissions from the hardwood stand (a factor of three increase), while CS₂ emissions from this site were not affected. We observed the opposite response in the pine stand; that is, the nitrogen fertilization had no affect on COS emissions, but did stimulate CS₂ emissions (a factor of more than nine increase).     

中国气象科学研究院农业气象研究50年进展

该文在简要回顾20世纪我国农业气象学科发展历程基础上, 重点阐述了50年来中国气象科学研究院在农业气象各主要研究领域, 包括农业气候资源与区划、农业产量气象预测与卫星遥感估产、农业气象灾害、气候变化影响评估、作物生长模拟与模式以及农业气象情报信息服务等所取得的若干重大进展, 并从当前面临的挑战与机遇出发, 探讨了中国气象科学研究院未来发展中在农业气象研究领域的可能热点趋势。