"5·12"汶川地震堰塞湖应急处置措施的讨论——以唐家山堰塞湖为例

堰塞湖是地震诱发的次生灾害类型之一.唐家山堰塞湖是"5·12"汶川地震造成的规模最大、潜在威胁最严重的堰塞湖,水利部组织了唐家山堰塞湖应急处置,成功降低了该堰塞湖风险,未造成新的人员伤亡.从该堰塞湖溢流的流量过程曲线和对北川县城的影响来看,还有值得改进的地方.经初步分析,提出改进措施:1.变梯形过流断面为复式断面;2.增大设计纵比降;3.保护泄流槽的进、出口,控制沟道下切速度;4.抛掷人工结构体控制沟床下切速度.为了避免自然排泄的不利影响,提出"人工可控排泄"处理堰塞湖.希望这些措施在以后类似堰塞湖应急处置中能够被参考,最大限度减少灾害损失,减少防灾减灾的社会、经济成本.     

滑坡、泥石流堰塞湖灾害主要的成灾特点与减灾对策

"5·12"汶川特大地震,在灾区形成了大量堰塞湖,具有明显危害的达34处,严重地危害或威胁到上下游人民生命财产安全.为了及时有效地处置和减轻堰塞湖灾害损失,收集、分析了我国西部一些滑坡、泥石流堰塞湖灾害的形成、危害和处置的资料,启示如下:滑坡、泥石流形成的堰塞湖灾害往往较滑坡、泥石流本身的灾害更严重;滑坡堰塞湖一般较泥石流堰塞湖规模大,堵塞时间长,危害更严重;大地震既能形成滑坡堰塞湖,余震又能造成其溃决;冰湖溃决泥石流易堵塞江河,形成堰塞湖;控制或减缓湖水位上涨,尽早在水位较低时泄流是滑坡、泥石流堰塞湖首选的减灾对策.     

5·12汶川地震龙门山风景区地震次生山地灾害特征与处理

5·12汶川地震激发了龙门山风景区崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等链状次生山地灾害.通过应急调查发现,该区已有堰塞湖5处,危害性崩塌、滑坡6处,已成灾泥石流沟1条,潜在泥石流沟11条,根据各处灾害的主要特征,确定堰塞湖的危险程度,提出山地灾害处理建议.     

吉林省资源型城市转型阶段识别及其特征成因分析

分析、界定资源型城市不同转型阶段内涵及特征,构建吉林省资源型城市转型阶段识别体系。引入具有隶属函数性质的分段函数模型,识别转型阶段、分析转型特征及成因。结果表明,吉林省资源型城市经济与社会发展、基础设施建设、环境污染治理等方面转型效果均有所提升,总体进入基本转型阶段,经济转型特征最为明显,城市基础设施建设较落后。不同类型资源型城市转型效果差异显著,其中石油类城市转型较好,森工类、煤炭类城市转型较差,资源枯竭型城市较其他城市转型难度大;同时城市的资源依赖特征仍然突出。评价结果符合吉林省资源型城市实际情况。最后从中央政策、产业基础与空间区位、资源禀赋、地方财政等方面分析吉林省资源型城市转型特征成因,并提出了吉林省资源型城市未来的可持续发展模式与路径。     

5·12汶川地震龙门山风景区地震次生山地灾害特征与处理

5·12汶川地震激发了龙门山风景区崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等链状次生山地灾害。通过应急调查发现,该区已有堰塞湖5处,危害性崩塌、滑坡6处,已成灾泥石流沟1条,潜在泥石流沟11条,根据各处灾害的主要特征,确定堰塞湖的危险程度,提出山地灾害处理建议。     

土石坝漫顶溃决模型

通过土石坝溃决的特征,建立了土石坝体溃决模型,并预测溃口流量过程和溃口拓展过程。模型溃口假定为梯形,且在坝体溃决过程中底宽和溃口边坡不发生变化。根据水量平衡和坝体物质守恒,模拟溃口的拓展过程;溃口水力过程用宽顶堰流表示,并使用经验公式计算溃口不同水头条件下的冲蚀量。针对这些差分方程为隐性格式,难以直接求解,提出了特殊的迭代解法,且较少的迭代次数即可收敛。通过模型对四川北川唐家山堰塞湖的溃决过程进行了反演,结果显示:坝体溃决相关参数包括溃决持续时间,溃决峰值流量和出现时刻、坝体最终几何形状以及堰塞湖溃决排出总水量,当计算参数选择合理时,预测值与实测值比较吻合。从模拟计算结果来看,模型预测具有一定的可行性,可以为堰塞坝的安全预警和应急处置提供数据支持。     

广东省翁源县红岭钨矿矿床地质特征及成因

广东翁源红岭钨矿区一突出特征是矿区的云英岩型和石英脉型两种类型的钨矿体在空间上密切伴生,相互叠加,矿化类型基本相似,为同一岩浆源在分异演化不同阶段的产物,矿体分布空间呈上下之分,形态产状各异,云英岩型矿床岩体是处于相对封闭的构造条件,花岗岩自变质交代作用过程中,有明显的岩浆期后的汽化-热液成矿特征.推断该矿床的成因类型...     

岷江上游潜在性泥石流堰塞湖危害及判识

汶川地震造成泥石流形成条件的改变,其次生灾害堰塞湖的危害已开始显现。如何对震后潜在性泥石流堰塞湖进行判识,成为迫切需要解决的问题。选取岷江上游映秀至汶川段为研究区,通过分析震后泥石流形成条件的变化、典型泥石流堰塞湖的危害及松散物质储量,选取潜在性泥石流堰塞湖的判识指标,利用模糊物元可拓模型,建立潜在性泥石流堰塞湖的综合判识模式。通过判识,研究区形成泥石流堰塞湖可能性高的一级支沟有17条,主要集中分布在映秀镇至草坡乡段,此段将是今后受堰塞湖危害的高危地段。     

内蒙古花哈勒金山矿区银多金属矿地质特征及找矿标志

本区位于华北板块与西伯利亚板块缝合带的北侧,经历了古生代西伯利亚板块陆缘增生和中-新生代滨太平洋板内演化两个大的发展阶段,使区域构造背景更为复杂;中-晚侏罗世,由于太平洋板块向欧亚板块的俯冲加剧,造成了大规模岩浆侵入和火山喷发.本区既有古构造的继承性,又有新构造的明显叠加,是多期次复合成矿作用的有利地区.通过地质特征、矿床特征的研究,对矿床成因进行了探讨,属斑岩型铅锌矿床、火山热液型银铅锌矿床的复合矿区.不同的矿床类型,在地表形成不同的找矿标志,勘查中要根据矿床类型选择不同的勘查手段.     

内蒙古饮用天然矿泉水地质成因和分布特征浅析

本文通过汇总分析近年内蒙古自治区矿泉水资源普查资料和相关区域地质资料,总结归纳了内蒙古矿泉水的地质成因类型,主要有岩浆活动型、构造断裂型、沉降盆地型三种,并从岩浆活动、地质构造、沉积建造条件等角度分析了各类型矿泉水的形成机理,在此基础上对各成因类型矿泉水在内蒙古地区的分布地域、赋存规律、埋藏特征等进行了阐述和探讨,以期为后续进行矿泉水资源勘查和开发利用提供基础依据。     

堰塞湖溃决人工结构体滞洪效果实验研究

汶川地震后唐家山、小岗剑等堰寒湖的应急处置中都采用了开挖泄流槽这一措施,但出现了溃决流量超过了下游城镇防洪标准的危险情景.为控制堰塞湖排泄洪水超过下游区域的防护能力,排泄后期在泄流槽中加入人工结构体可能是一种有效的措施.通过室内模型实验,在泄流槽排泄后期抛投不同型式的人工结构体进行流量调控,包括四面体实体结构、四面体实体结构串、四面体实心框架结构和四面体实心框架结构串4种型式.通过抛投人工结构体与未抛投人工结构体的对比实验,发现:1.前者比后者溃决洪峰流量减小了26.6%～61.7%,说明人工结构体在控制溃决洪峰流量方面有显著效果;2.通过流量综合分析,提出人工结构式优选次序为:四面体实心框架结构串、四面体实体结构串、四面体实心框架结构、四面体实体结构;3.从残留体高度上看,未抛投人工结构体的坝体残留高度为原始坝高的1/3,堰塞体后部基本上是冲刷到底,而抛投了人工结构体的坝体残留高度为原始坝高的1/2,说明人工结构体控制堰塞坝下切侵蚀方面有较显著的效果.且从制作工序、制作时间和制作成本三方面,探讨了四面体实体和四面体实心框架结构的适用性,在施工条件许可的情况下,使用四面体实心框架结构更为理想.     

ON BIO-EFFECTS ON KARST LANDSCAPE IN JIUZHAIGOU CONSERVATION, SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINA—WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A MICROMORPHOLOFICAL APPROACH

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Former glacial lakes of the Bunger Hills,Antarctica

The Bunger Hills in East Antarctica occupy a land area of approximately 400 km². They have been exposed by Holocene retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet and its outlet glaciers. The accompanying sea level rise flooded the marine inlets that now separate the northern islands and peninsulas from the major part of the hills. During deglaciation the continental ice sheet margin retreated south‐eastwards with several temporary halts, during which ice‐dammed lakes were formed in some valleys. These lakes were maintained long enough to permit formation of beaches of sand and gravel, and for the erosion of shore platforms and low cliffs in bedrock. Around the western end of Fish Tail Bay impressive shoreline features 20 m above sea level define a former ice‐dammed lake that was 5.5 km long. A similar 7 km long former ice‐dammed lake was formed at Lake Dolgoe. The more extensive and deeper glacial lake is revealed by well‐developed and preserved shoreline features cut at 29 m which is 16 m above present lake level. In addition, several small ice‐dammed lakes existed temporarily near Lake Shchel and in the valley to the west. Lake Fish Tail existed more than 6,900 ¹⁴C years ago and Lake Shchel probably more than 6,680 ¹⁴C years ago. It is inferred that the shore platforms and beaches were formed by lake ice and wave action over considerable periods when the lakes were impounded by steep cold ice margins. There appears to have been a balance between meltwater input and evaporative loss from the lakes in the cold dry continental climate. There is no evidence for rapid lake level fluctuations, and there was very little input of clastic sediment. This resulted in poor development of deltaic and rhythmically laminated lake floor deposits. It is suggested that such deposits are more characteristic of ice‐dammed lakes formed in association with wet‐based temperate ice than those associated with dry‐based polar ice.     

中昆仑山阿什库勒盆地地貌与第四纪环境问题

本文论述了阿什库勒盆地的地貌和沉积物的发育等问题。认为:(1)阿什库勒盆地的火山锥至少有11座,1号火山1951年不可能有岩浆喷发,火山泥石流体是不存在的;(2)黄土物质是全新世风积物,戈壁荒漠是其物源区;(3)阿什库勒湖与乌鲁克库勒湖均是火山堰塞湖,前者是18kaB.P.前熔岩流阻塞盆地东部出口而成;后者则是6.5kaB.P.新期火山喷发物拦截阿什库勒湖的部分水域所致。     

中国盐湖卤水主要成矿元素分布特征及其资源禀赋综合评价

我国350多个盐湖湖表卤水水化学成分综合研究表明,成矿元素K、Li、B主要分布在青藏高原地区,但新疆一些富K、B盐湖也具有较好的开发潜力。我国盐湖卤水中的Br、I、Rb、Cs呈现明显的区域分异,富Br和I盐湖主要分布在内蒙古的中东部,而Rb和Cs则主要分布在青藏高原地区。我国盐湖区按主要成矿元素禀赋情况可以分为3种类型,K+B+Li资源综合利用型;K+B(Li)资源综合利用型以及单一的K(B或Li)资源利用型。青藏高原地区的盐湖卤水矿床以前两者为主,新疆和内蒙的盐湖则以后两者为主。     

西藏自治区洛扎县冰湖溃决危险度评价

西藏自治区湖泊星罗棋布,在高山极高山地区分布大量冰湖,受各种因素的影响,有时会产生冰湖溃决并形成灾害。本文根据最新TM遥感影像对西藏自治区洛扎县283个冰湖进行了初步评价。依据冰湖类型、规模、后方现代冰川与冰湖的距离及冰湖离居民地、公路等设施的距离等,将冰湖溃决分为高危险度、中危险度及低危险度。并针对高危险度的冰湖提出防护对策。     

Glacier Dammed Lakes in Norway

Glacier dammed lakes may have their outflow over a bedrock threshold like other lakes, or they may flow on the surface or below the damming ice. In the former case the lake, over some considerable period, has a constant maximum level with marked shore lines corresponding to the threshold. But when the level is determined by the ice dam, the conditions are unstable. The level of the lake will then to a certain extent vary in step with the glacier, and never remain at a certain level for any length of time. The normal behaviour of such a lake will be a moderately fast rise of the water level, dependent upon the supply, until a certain critical level is reached, whereupon drainage is rapid. Such is also to some extent the case with the type of lake first mentioned, if the height of the pass is situated near to the critical level for drainage.     

四川宝兴大板桥堵江滑坡作坝的可行性分析

针对四川宝兴县大板桥堵江滑坡堆积体,在现场调查分析的基础上,对其作坝存在的主要工程地质问题及作坝的可行性进行了分析研究,为开展堵江滑坡作坝提供参考。     

长江口北支湿地鸟类多样性研究 Ⅱ.水鸟群落多样性研究

野外实地调查表明,光滩、藻类盐渍带-藨草、海三棱藨草带-芦苇带-堤内养殖塘4种典型湿地生境是长江口北支湿地水鸟的主要活动区域。光滩、藻类盐渍带中水鸟的种类和数量均最多,其次为堤内养殖塘和藨草、海三棱藨草带,芦苇带中水鸟的种类和数量均最少,食源状况是导致不同生境中水鸟群落分布差异的主要原因。在4种典型湿地生境中,鸟类群落的物种多样性和均匀度均存在差异,但总体上差异不明显,物种多样性均处在中等偏上水平,而均匀度普遍较低。光滩、藻类盐渍带与堤内养殖塘水鸟群落的相似性最高,相似性指数高达0.697;芦苇带与其他3种生境中水鸟群落的相似性均很低,相似性指数均不大于0.257。表明芦苇带与其他3种生境中水鸟群落组成有较大差异。     

Cladoceran remains reveal presence of a keystone size-selective planktivore

We tested the use of cladoceran remains as a proxy for the presence and life history type of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) from pre-colonial times to present in a group of coastal lakes in southern New England. Alewife are a keystone predator that structure the zooplankton community through strong predation on large-bodied zooplankton species, which releases small zooplankton species, such as Bosmina spp., from competition and predation pressure. In southern New England there are lakes without alewife, lakes with anadromous alewife that only reside in lakes during the summer, and lakes with landlocked alewife that reside in lakes year-round. The entire zooplankton community of these lakes is structured differently based on the presence and type of alewife they contain. We examined differences in the morphology of Bosmina spp. from sediment core samples and contemporary zooplankton samples between lakes with different types of alewife. We found that there were significant differences in the morphology of Bosmina spp. between lakes with and without alewife. We also used discriminant analysis on the morphology of Bosmina spp. to classify lakes in terms of alewife presence and alewife type. We found that the morphology of Bosmina spp. can serve as a useful proxy for detecting the presence, but not the life history type of alewife from paleoecological and contemporary inferences.