基于GIS和景观生态学的土地整理景观研究

运用GIS技术和景观生态学理论方法,以安徽省淮南市潘集区市级投资重点土地整理项目为例,选取3类景观指标,对项目区内土地整理前后的土地利用现状和景观格局变化情况进行研究。结果表明： 景观类型中水田斑块占绝对优势,斑块分维数、形状指数呈下降趋势,表明斑块形状趋于规则和简单; 斑块数量和斑块密度降低,平均斑块面积和最大斑块面积增加,最大斑块指数增大,景观破碎度降低; 平均分维数和平均形状指数增大,表明景观形状较整理前变得规则,但总体形态变得复杂; 多样性指数和均匀度指数降低,表明在增加了景观分布均匀程度的同时降低了景观的多样性,景观类型有所减少。     

长沙市景观破碎化时空分异特征研究

基于2000年长沙市1:10万土地利用图,利用ERDAS软件对1989年、2006年的遥感图像进行解译;在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS和景观格局分析软件Fragstats支持下,以城镇建设空间重心为中心,分别选取东西、南北景观样带(40 km×8 km)和8个不同半径的同心圆缓冲区,用斑块密度、边界密度、平均斑块分维数...     

Monitoring landuse and landcover changes using landsat images

It is well known that changes in landuse and landcover e.g., vegetation, forests, soils, water quality etc. have a great impact on the economic and social development of a region. In most of these cases, a knowledge of existing landuse and landcover and its rate of change is essential prior to any planning activity. Remote Sensing, particularly from a satellite platform is potentially an effective and economic means to collect the data and to monitor changes occurring in landuse categories. This paper deals with a study carried out in Dehradun - Roorkee region for preparation of the landuse and landcover maps and monitoring changes, if any, over a period of 5 years, from landsat images using Visual Interpretation Techniques..     

Landscape Dynamics in North East Region of India (Meghalaya State) Using Spatial Decision Tree Model

Abstract

India has figured with two hotspots ‐ the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas ‐ in an identification of 8 ‘hottest’ biodiversity hotspots (Myers et. al. 2000). The Meghalaya state (study area) in North Eastern India lies within the “Indo‐Burma” area, which is one of the 8 ‘hottest’ biodiversity hotspots. Timber extraction, the age‐old practice of shifting cultivation and mining has been a major cause of extensive changes in this landscape. Human induced disturbance differs from natural disturbance especially in extension, severity and frequency. Spatial presentation of landscape dynamics can be used to infer disturbance regimes horizontally. Disturbance regimes are mostly dominated by landuse practices in Meghalaya and these landuse practices are important contributors for overall interpretation of ecological processes operating within the landscape. In this scenario, the development of models to study landscape dynamics using remote sensing and GIS would be of great importance to ecologists. In this paper, we make an attempt to characterize landscape dynamics using a decision tree based approach. The varying impacts of human interventions reflected in three zones at landscape level have been brought out in the present study. The physiographic zones of Meghalaya (viz. Garo hills, Khasi hills and Jaintia hills) manifest different landscape characteristics and present varying degree of degradation status. Garo hills, experiences maximum shifting cultivation and has shown highest dynamism in the study area followed by Jaintia and Khasi hills. Characterization of landscape dynamics is important in the perspective of decision makers and policy makers in order to prioritize conservation strategies, so that urgent and necessary action can be taken.     

基于3S技术的武汉城市湿地景观变迁

采用3S技术,以武汉城区为研究区,采用1991年、2003年Landsat-TM影像及2009年的CBERS02B-CCD影像为数据源,运用多尺度影像分割与目视解译相结合的方法提取3期湿地信息,并分析武汉城区近18年来湿地景观格局动态变迁。结果表明,近18年间城市湿地总面积减少,斑块的数目增加,破碎程度增加,平均斑块形...     

Spatial Metrics to Analyse the Impact of Regional Factors on Pattern of Urbanisation in Gurgaon,India

In recent years, there has been lot of emphasis on the study of urban land use/ land cover changes to discover the growth pattern due to rapid urbanisation. This study presents spatial metrics and gradient analysis approach for quantifying and capturing changes in urban landscape using LISS III imagery of 1999, 2001 and 2004 of Gurgaon, India. A combination of spatial metrics i.e. percentage of landscape, mean patch size, number of patches, landscape shape index and largest patch index, available in Fragstats ver. 3.3, have been used to quantify the patterns of urban growth in different directions in terms of size, shape and complexity of development. The local built-up areas were quantified by the “moving window” technique. A gradient analysis has been carried out through sampling from a reference point to 8 km in 16 directions with a window size of 500 mts. Results of this study demonstrate the potential of spatial metrics and gradient modelling to quantify the impact of regional factors on the growth pattern of Gurgaon city.     

Improvement of user’s accuracy through classification of principal component images and stacked temporal images

The classification accuracy of the various categories on the classified remotely sensed images are usually evaluated by two different measures of accuracy, namely, producer’s accuracy (PA) and user’s accuracy (UA). The PA of a category indicates to what extent the reference pixels of the category are correctly classified, whereas the UA of a category represents to what extent the other categories are less misclassified into the category in question. Therefore, the UA of the various categories determines the reliability of their interpretation on the classified image and is more important to the analyst than the PA. The present investigation has been performed in order to determine if there occurs improvement in the UA of the various categories on the classified image of the principal components of the original bands and on the classified image of the stacked image of two different years. We performed the analyses using the IRS LISS III images of two different years, i.e., 1996 and 2009, that represent the different magnitude of urbanization and the stacked image of these two years pertaining to Ranchi area, Jharkhand, India, with a view to assessing the impacts of urbanization on the UA of the different categories. The results of the investigation demonstrated that there occurs significant improvement in the UA of the impervious categories in the classified image of the stacked image, which is attributable to the aggregation of the spectral information from twice the number of bands from two different years. On the other hand, the classified image of the principal components did not show any improvement in the UA as compared to the original images.     

厦门市景观格局的尺度效应分析

在景观生态学研究方法的指导下,本文利用遥感和GIS技术,采用半变异函数分析,选取多样性指数和斑块密度,对厦门市不同幅度下的景观格局进行探讨。首先选取出厦门市景观格局研究的最佳幅度,然后在此基础上,对最佳幅度下的景观指数进行克里金空间插值分析,研究厦门市景观格局的空间异质性特征。结果表明,3km幅度是研究厦门市空间变化的一个比较好的幅度,3km幅度下,景观多样性指数可分为三个区域,斑块密度可分为三个层次。     

The Relationship of Urban Expansion,Landscape Patterns and Ecological Processes in Denizli,Turkey

Perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage and attrition in ecosystems take place due to urbanization. In this study, where and when temporal and spatial heterogeneity occurs is tried to be explained by taking human intervention in landscape pattern and processes in and around the city of Denizli into account and how this heterogeneity affects habitat conditions within the scope of landscape ecology. Landscape pattern metrics were estimated in order to reveal the change in habitats and present the properties of the landscape. 30 pattern indicators on class and pattern levels, which are important to show human–environment interaction, were analyzed in order to indicate the features of the landscape such as area, side, shape and dispersion. To this end, LANDSAT TM/7–ETM/8-OLI satellite images of 1987 and 2013 were classified for laying the foundations of the analysis. Analyses showed that between 1987 and 2013, complicated shape features, increase in edge habitats, de-growth in core areas and eventually fragmentation in landscape have been dominant. Heterogenic structure in landscape has increased. This points not to the self-functioning of the landscape, but to the domination of human intervention over the landscape. Particularly, due to urban growth and sprawl, fragmentation, isolation and habitat loss in croplands have increased. This study sets forth the usefulness of remote sensing, GIS and landscape metrics in understanding how urban dynamics and ecosystems change in developing urban politics.     

Role of remote sensing in residential site selection: A case study of Hisar town and its environs

To tackle the problems arising due to rapid urbanization, the urban planners need relevant data base. Since the conventional methods of data acquisition and processing ate not cost and time effective, introduction of new techniques is necessary. Application of satellite remote sensing is an alternative. Ia this paper attempt has been made to find out the usefulness of visual interpretation technique of satellite remote sensing data in the selection of new residential site. SPOT 1 HRV 1 MLA (FCC) date has been used to map existing landuse/landcover of Hisar town and its environs. Based on existing landuse/lsndcover conditions and evaluation of various suitability parameters like physiography, slope, drainage, availability of drinking water and wind direction, a new residential site has been selected. This study may be useful to the urban planners in the preparation of a comprehensive plan Df the town.     

The change of land use/cover and characteristics of landscape pattern in arid areas oasis: An application in Jinghe,Xinjiang

This paper uses 3S technology in macroscopic. Combining the integrated technology of ecological quantity analytical method with GIS technology through ArcGIS and Fragstats, the authors study the images of 1972, 1990, 2001, and 2005 and obtained land use data in Jinghe County. Then, the change of land use/cover and landscape pattern had been analyzed in the Jinghe County of Xinjiang. The conclusions were as follows: (1) The trend of LUCC is that the area of oasis expands slowly in nearly 33 years between 1972 to 2005 in Jinghe County. (2) The water area is mainly influenced by Ebinur Lake, so the area expands a little in this period. (3) The area of salinization-land expands at first and reduces later. The area of sand land decreases and the other land class increases, while the probability of transfer is always high. (4) Landscape change is also obvious throughout the decades. Overall, landscape density increases, the largest path index decreases at first and expends later, the weight area index decreases, and the shape of landscape becomes regulated. The nearest distances, the degrees of reunite, and outspread decreases. It shows that the connection of the main path in 1972 is better than 2005, wherein the patch becomes more complex. From the changes of Shannon’s Diversity Index and Shannon’s Evenness Index, we know that the diversity of landscape and the Interspersion Juxtaposition Index increase. The degree of diversity landscape and fragmentation increase also shows that the land uses become more complex. All in all, it is essential to intensify the spatial relationships among landscape elements and to maintain the continuity of landscape ecological process and pattern in the course of area expansion.     

Stratification approach for forest cover type and landuse mapping using IRS-1A LISS-II data — A case study

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite-1A (IRS-1A) LISS-II data of 24th Nov., 1988 was analysed digitally to differentiate three density classes viz. dense/closed forest, open forest and degraded forest within each vegetation type in the district, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal. Stratification approach was used to classify separately forest cover into pure sal forests, mixed forests, riverine forests along with man-made sal/teak plantations. In this approach the forested and non-forested areas were classified separately through supervised classification techniques using maximum likelihood algorithm using VAX 11/780 based VIPS-32 Image Processing software. Later the two classified outputs were composited to provide entire area of the district. The forest cover of the district was 1420.89 sq. km, (22.82 percent). Other broad landuse/landcover dominant in the district include agricultural areas.(45.20 percent) and tea gardens (10.49 percent). The accuracy of the classified output was estimated to be 90 percent for forested areas and 85 percent in case of other landuse/landcover classes.     

基于遥感的城市景观生态环境格局分析

借助RS和GIS技术，获取研究区城市的景观生态格局指标，运用定量分析的方法对各种生态类型在城市化进程中对景观格局的作用进行了研究。揭示了部分生态类型持续减少将对生态平衡造成破坏的情况，为城市的职能部门提出生态环境建设的建议和措施。     

基于多时相遥感影像的龙岩市景观格局变化分析

基于龙岩市多时相Landsat TM/ETM+数据,应用最大似然、决策树及支持向量机分类方法对龙岩市景观类型进行分类.从3种分类方法的比较得知,支持向量机分类方法表现出较高的性能,分类精度明显高于其他的分类方法.因此选择最佳的支持向量机分类结果,并结合景观生态学方法,分析了1992-2008年龙岩市新罗区景观格局及其动态变化信息.结果表明,1992-2008年新罗区主城区农业用地大幅度降低,相应转化为建筑用地,但是却保持着良好的森林覆盖率.同时城市景观组分经历了由扩散式增长过程到粘合式集聚增长过程的转变,城市形态由不稳定形态逐步向稳定形态演化.整体上而言,城市景观呈现出破碎度变小、多样性降低和聚集度升高的发展趋势,建筑用地是龙岩市新罗区的主要景观类型.     

基于ETM＋制作土地利用覆盖图——以制作北京1：5万土地利用覆盖图为例

简要介绍了基于LANDSAT7 ETM＋影像,采用计算机非监督分类、监督分类与人工解译相结合的方法制作土地利用覆盖图的过程和所采用的关键技术,给出了适用于规模化生产土地利用覆盖数据的工艺流程图。使用该方法制作的十一种分类要素的北京地区1：5万土地利用覆盖图,平均分类精度为84．85％,可以满足一般用户对土地利用覆盖图的要求。     

Dynamic Change of Landscape Pattern at Jilin Province from 1980 to 2000

By using remote sensing images from three periods (1980, 1995, 2000) and with the support of GIS and RS, the spatial information of landscape elements of Jilin Province from 1980 to 2000 was interpreted and extracted. Using models of landscape indices such as diversity, fragmentation, and mean patch fractal dimension, dynamic spatio-temporal changes of landscape patterns of the province were analyzed. The results: ① cropland and forestland were the main landscape types, and forestland became a landscape matrix; ② in the study area, landscapes were distributed unevenly, and there was low heterogeneity, a simple ecosystem structure and a tendency of irrational landscape patterns. There were also simple spatial shapes of patches and strong self-similarities, and in terms of dynamic change analysis, patch shapes tended to be more simple; ③ from 1980 to 2000, holistic landscape fragmentation was low and changed slightly. As far as landscape elements were concerned, the fragmentation of grassland, water area, land for residential area and factory facilities was relatively low; land distribution for residential areas and factory facilities was dispersed; and cropland and forestland were most concentrated-an indication that the trend will continue. Comprehensive effects among human activity, local policy, regional climate and environmental change led to the results.     

景观格局在地理国情综合统计分析中的应用——以三江自然保护区为例

为了研究景观格局在地理国情综合统计中的应用,本文以三江自然保护区为例,综合考虑景观格局指数的生态意义并对区域景观的总体结构、斑块特征、多样性及脆弱性进行综合统计分析。研究结果表明,通过景观格局分析可以有效了解区域生态环境状态及地表覆盖格局特征,为地理国情普查综合统计分析生态协调性专题定量化计算提供参考。     

Geoenvironmental characteristics and identification of hydropotential zones in Tansa and Bhatsai resrvoir catchments

In the present paper efforts have been made to establish basline information on the landuse/landcover, hydrogeomorphology, physiography, drainage pattern, settlements, erosion and soils with the aid of satellite imagery by visually interpreting the enhanced colour composites. The resulting information base has been integrated for evaluating the potentialities of the mapping units. The area statistics of the different theme files are also generated.     

遥感时空不一致性对城市景观格局动态分析影响

采用时空相结合的分类方法来获取多时相土地利用/覆盖,有效减少了多时相遥感的时空不一致性。为探测时空不一致性对景观指标取值及其变化轨迹的影响,将时相独立分类方法和时空相结合分类方法进行了对比,四种常用的景观指标——斑块数(NP)、边缘密度(ED)、平均斑块大小(MPS)和平均形状指数(MSI)用来探测两种方法的差异。结果表明,时空不一致性不仅影响到景观指标取值,而且改变了景观指标的变化轨迹。     

深圳市土地覆盖格局空间变化研究

以深圳市为研究对象,利用遥感影像和空间分析方法,研究了深圳市土地覆盖格局的梯度变化特征:各个土地覆盖类型的斑块形状指数沿梯度区呈先增大后减少的趋势,在城区内其值较低,城乡结合区其值较高;城区的斑块密度与边缘密度较小,聚集度较高,越靠近城乡结合处,斑块的密度越大.分析土地覆盖类型斑块平均形状指数和斑块聚集度的变化,可看出人为活动的干扰由市中心向郊区呈增强的趋势.