基于多层紧支撑径向基函数的DEM插值方法

采用多层紧支撑径向基函数对离散数据内插生成DEM。首先对采样数据进行预处理,在原始数据上删除最小距离点对上的点,每次删除后将剩下的数据点存储并作为下一次删除操作的数据源,重复删除操作至点数为给定的初值;然后在已存储的数据集中选取均匀度较大的m个子集作为插值的数据源,分别进行紧支撑径向基函数插值,将上一层的误差作为下一层的插值属性值,求解插值矩阵系数。将规则格网点作为插值点通过插值矩阵内插生成DEM,并且与各种径向基函数插值方法进行比较。实验分析表明,基于多层紧支撑径向基函数的DEM具有较高的插值精度,可作为一种DEM插值方法。     

基于3D LiDar数据的城区植被识别研究

提出一种基于支持向量机(SVM)的三维LiDar数据分类方法:利用kd-trees存储无序的点云数据,在局部邻域中利用点云数据间的几何关系估算植被表面特征值;将密度值和高程差值作为SVM输入特征变量,利用基于径向基函数的SVM方法实现植被点云数据的分类.实验结果为:OA分类精度达到94.31%,Kappa系数为89.53%.该方法操作性较强,在分类精度及计算效率方面比传统方法具有优势.     

流域可持续评价的最大熵原理——投影寻踪耦合模型

在传统投影寻踪方法的基础上,综合考虑投影向量优化中的不确定性,提出基于最大熵原理的多准则投影寻踪方法,利用加速遗传算法对多准则目标函数进行优化求解。根据投影值与标准等级值的散点图趋势关系,建立了三次趋势曲线评价模型。淮河流域可持续性评价的实例结果表明了该模型在求解评价问题中的有效性。该模型同样适用于其它领域的综合评价问题。     

基于高分一号影像的土壤盐渍化信息提取方法

目前土壤盐渍化遥感监测主要使用中低分辨率遥感影像,存在对土壤盐渍化细节信息监测能力不足的问题。通过使用国产"高分一号"卫星高分辨率遥感影像(GF-1 PMS),基于先进的面向对象方法和最大似然法进行了盐渍化信息提取,并比较了两种方法的提取效果,此外,又同Landsat8 OLI的提取结果进行了比较。通过对两种分类方法、两种最新传感器提取结果的比较,可以得出:国产高分一号影像在土壤盐渍化信息提取方面有着巨大的潜力,就提取方法而言,同最大似然法相比,面向对象方法精度更高,更适用于GF-1 PMS影像的盐渍化信息提取,面向对象法的总体精度和Kappa系数为92.94%和0.91,而最大似然法的总体精度和Kappa系数为87.78%和0.77,面向对象方法的精度高出了约5个百分点;就分辨率而言,同Landsat8 OLI影像相比,Landsat8 OLI影像分类精度只有63.47%,而GF-1 PMS高分辨影像分类精度要高很多,盐渍化信息细节描述更充分,可提取出受到盐渍化影响的植被信息,对农田尺度盐渍化遥感监测研究有重要意义,也对拓展国产高分一号影像GF-1 PMS的应用范围是有益的。     

测定城市建筑容积率的遥感方法研究

基于航片测定城市建筑容积率 ,首先需要确定建筑物的高度或楼层数 ,旨在比较利用直接法、投影法、阴影法和高差法估算城市容积率的精度 ,本文在 1∶ 2 5 0 0和 1∶ 40 0 0航片上测定了 2 1个建筑物的高度 /楼层数。比较分析表明 :直接法估算城市容积率的精度最低 ,高差法在测定地物高度时最精确 ,阴影法和投影法在估算楼层数时最精确。航片比例尺对容积率的影响因量测方法而异 ,随比例尺减小 ,直接法精度提高 ,投影法精度几乎不变 ,但阴影法和高差法精度明显下降。     

基于支持向量机和Getis因子的高分辨率遥感图像分类

采用支持向量机对具有RGB 3个波段、分辨率为0.32 m的航空摄影图像进行实验,首次根据表示空间聚集程度的局部Getis因子完成分类。结果表明:1)当应用基于线性、多项式、径向基和Sigmoid 4种常用核函数的SVM进行分类时,基于径向基的SVM分类精度最高,总体精度超过91%。2)从原始图像计算出局部Getis因子,该指标可用于图像分类,且分类精度与局部Getis因子的步长有关;在步长小于变异函数变程的条件下,应用径向基SVM的总体分类精度达95.66%,高于直接使用原始图像RGB波段光谱信息的分类精度,因此局部Getis因子在高空间分辨率遥感图像分类中具有应用和研究价值。     

分形城市引力模型的一般形式和应用方法--关于城市体系空间作用的引力理论探讨

基于分形思想和城市规模-产出关系推导出城市引力模型的一般形式Iij=GijMaiiMajjR-bij,论证了参数a和b的分维性质,并将引力系数定义为Gij=G|Rij,|/(1+Sij),式中Rii为i、j两城市的相关系数,Sij为二者的相似系数,G为量纲转换系数.以长春城镇体系和郑、汴、洛点-轴系统为实例说明了模型的应用方法,并指出了城市引力数值的相对性特征.作者发现,城镇体系各要素的引力之和Fi=∑Iij,在一定时空条件下满足位序-规模法则F(k)=F1K-q(k=1,2,…,n);这也表明,借助引力计算可以揭示城市体系某些隐含的地理规律.     

基于光源空间透视的平行分割阴影图算法

随着地理信息系统应用的深入,在真三维空间中处理问题已成为一种趋势,而实时阴影对提高三维场景的真实感和沉浸感非常重要。目前主流的平行分割阴影图算法对大尺度场景兼容性好,但在细节层次的渲染方面质量不高,而光源空间透视阴影图算法在细节层次渲染方面精度很高,但是对大尺度场景难以覆盖。针对该问题,提出了一种基于光源空间透视的平行分割阴影图算法,也称为光源透视平行分割阴影图算法。该方法将光源空间透视阴影图算法中透视锥体的透视变换矩阵应用于平行分割阴影图算法对各个子视锥体的渲染阶段并生成产生形变的阴影深度图,通过该方法减小其阴影走样误差。并且在计算透视变换矩阵的过程中,提出了一种确定阴影图形变程度的算法,使该算法更好地适应于不同大小的场景。实验结果表明,该算法通过提高视锥体近平面附近阴影采样率有效地解决了在平行分割阴影图算法中存在的阴影透视走样的问题。在对大规模场景的渲染方面,该算法在细节层次的表现要明显优于平行分割阴影图算法,满足了大尺度场景和精细建筑模型的阴影渲染需求。     

基于小波分析的土壤速效K含量高光谱反演

选取新疆奇台县的134个土壤样本,利用土壤反射率对数的一阶导数光谱分别对4 种小波函数进行多层离散分解,采用PLSR方法分别建立了土壤速效钾含量的反演模型,并对其精度值进行检验。结果表明：小波分解获得的各层低频系数以1～3层较高,而其余各层则较低。所有函数分解的6层中,均以第2层低频系数建模的精度最高,随着分解层数（>2层）的增加,其精度值和显著性明显降低。相同尺度下,采用4种小波函数的低频系数构建的反演模型的精度差异较小,而Bior1.3为最优函数;基于Bior 1.3分解的ca2低频系数建模的R²达0.964,RMSE仅为8.19 mg·kg^-1,且为极显著水平,为最佳反演模型,经样本检验后发现,此模型可用以快速、准确估算土壤高光谱速效钾含量。     

基于Sentinel-1A合成孔径雷达数据和全卷积网络的城市建设用地监测方法研究

Sentinel-1A合成孔径雷达数据不受云、雾等天气条件的影响并具有丰富的纹理信息,为提取城市建设用地信息提供了一种新的数据源。本文发展了一种基于Sentinel-1A合成孔径雷达数据和全卷积网络的城市建设用地监测方法。该方法的优势主要在于可以有效复合不同极化方式下的Sentinel-1A合成孔径雷达数据和综合集成多尺度特征。在甘肃省张掖市甘州区的应用表明,该方法的提取结果总体精度为92.50%,Kappa系数为0.85。与现有方法“KTH-Pavia城市提取器”相比,Kappa系数提高了37.10%,总体精度提高了11.50%。因此,该方法具有良好的应用潜力。     

Seismic scattering in the upper crystalline crust based on evidence from sonic logs

Telluric distortion occurs when electric charges accumulate along near-surface inhomogeneities. At low frequencies, the electric currents associated with these charges can be neglected compared to currents induced deeper in the Earth. At higher frequencies, the magnetic fields associated with these currents may be significant. Some parameters describing the distortion magnetic fields can be estimated from measured magneto-telluric impedance matrices. For regional magnetic fields aligned with regional strike directions, parameters associated with the distortion magnetic field component parallel to the regional magnetic field are undeterminable, whereas parameters associated with the distortion magnetic field component perpendicular to the regional magnetic field can be estimated. Optimal estimates are straightforward even for the realistic case of measurement errors that are correlated between elements of a measured impedance matrix. In a simple example of a 1-D anisotropic model with anisotropy direction varying with depth, the modelling of distortion magnetic fields results in regional impedance estimates corresponding more closely to the responses of uncoupled isotropic models, allowing sensible interpretation of an additional one and a half decades of data.     

Quasi indicatrix approach for distortion visualization and analysis for map projections

Tissot’s indicatrix or ellipse of distortion is a diagram that is the projection of an infinitesimal circle on the original surface. It is normally an ellipse of which elongation depends on the amount of distortion caused by map projection. It provides a medium for analyzing existing projections and developing new ones. The ellipse can be scaled and depicted on the map for visualization purposes. This paper presents an alternative approach, in which the projection of a finite small circle on the sphere is used. Its projection is normally an ellipse that can be very close to Tissot’s indicatrix, and is called quasi indicatrix, here. Its parameters can be derived from the forward projection equations without using partial derivatives. Therefore, it is a useful and practical approach from a programmer’s point of view. The quasi indicatrix approach is also numerically tested on Aitoff–Hammer projection with a set of points. The indicatrix parameters obtained by using this approach deviate 0.5% from the ground truths at most, being the average less than 0.2%.     

使用微树芯方法监测树木径向生长变化的研究综述

在全球气候变化背景下,明确评估树木生长对气候变化的响应机制,包括年际、年内径向生长变化及其物候现象,是深刻了解现在森林生态系统中树木生长状况及精准模拟其未来生长态势所必须的前提条件。另外,研究年内树木径向生长与气候因子的关系将会更加丰富当前从传统树轮气候学或树轮生态学研究中所得到的认识。然而,目前在高分辨率水平上（年内）直接观测树木径向生长变化对气候因子响应过程的方法或手段仍然有限。其中,微树芯方法以其独特的优势而得到了广泛的应用,尤其是在欧洲及北美加拿大地区,但在热带及亚洲的研究还相对较少。涉及内容除其最直接的监测树木径向生长变化外,也开展了不同方面的对比研究,如分析年龄效应、海拔效应、健康状况等对树木生长的影响。此外,研究者也在部分区域尝试了控制对比试验,如探讨了人为增温/冷却、干旱胁迫、森林抚育间伐措施是如何影响树木径向生长变化的。本文就以上各方面进行了详细评述。     

中国省级要素市场扭曲程度的时空格局及影响因素

基于超越对数函数对2000~2015年中国30个省份要素市场扭曲程度进行测算,分析要素市场扭曲的空间格局和演化进程,并利用空间计量模型分析影响要素市场扭曲的因素。研究表明：① 中国要素市场存在扭曲现象且总体呈现缓解趋势。从区域分布看,高要素市场扭曲程度的地区集中在西部地区,中等要素市场扭曲在中部地区,而低要素市场扭曲程度分布在东部地区及东北地区。② 中国要素市场扭曲有显著的空间自相关性,Moran指数呈现波动减小趋势,要素市场扭曲邻近地区的集聚效果有所减弱。③ 对影响要素市场扭曲的因素分析发现,城镇化、财政分权、外商直接投资和基础设施建设改善要素市场扭曲;国有经济占比加剧要素市场扭曲。     

Monitoring overburden layer changes and fault movements from time-lapse seismic data on the Valhall Field

A method developed by Røste et al. , which discriminates between layer thickness and velocity changes, is tested on pre-stack time-lapse seismic ocean bottom cable (OBC) data from the Valhall Field. A key parameter in this discrimination process is the dilation factor, α, which is the relative velocity change divided by the relative thickness change within a given layer. The high quality and good repeatability of the OBC data enables us to estimate α with a reasonable accuracy for α-values between 0 and −5. For α-values below −5, complementary information, like for instance geomechanics is required. For the top reservoir horizon we estimate a maximum subsidence of 0.50 m ± 0.29 m and a corresponding velocity decrease for the sequence from the seabed to the top reservoir of 2.0 m s⁻¹± 0.40 m s⁻¹.
Time-lapse distortion patterns with characteristic time-shift versus offset signatures are observed. The positions and vertical extents of the distortion zones are determined from ray path considerations and modelling. The distortion zones correlate with buried faults, indicating that a (time-lapse) distortion zone might be produced by a localized slip in a fault zone. We present an extended method which allows for vertical (in addition to lateral) variations in the relative thickness and velocity changes. This method can be viewed as a simplified version of time-lapse tomography, but involving fewer unknown parameters, giving more stability to the estimated changes in thickness and velocity. Using this technique, we are able to estimate α for positions with localized time-lapse distortions.     

Computation and visualisation of the accuracy of old maps using differential distortion analysis

The accuracy of old maps can hold interesting historical information, and is therefore studied using distortion analysis methods. These methods start from a set of ground control points that are identified both on the old map and on a modern reference map or globe, and conclude with techniques that compute and visualise distortion. Such techniques have advanced over the years, but leave room for improvement, as the current ones result in approximate values and a coarse spatial resolution. We propose a more elegant and more accurate way to compute distortion of old maps by translating the technique of differential distortion analysis, used in map projection theory, to the setting where an old map and a reference map are directly compared. This enables the application of various useful distortion metrics to the study of old maps, such as the area scale factor, the maximum angular distortion and the Tissot indicatrices. As such a technique is always embedded in a full distortion analysis method we start by putting forward an optimal analysis method for a general-purpose study, which then serves as the foundation for the development of our technique. Thereto, we discuss the structure of distortion analysis methods and the various options available for every step of the process, including the different settings in which the old map can be compared to its modern counterpart, the techniques that can be used to interpolate between both, and the techniques available to compute and visualise the distortion. We conclude by applying our general-purpose method, including the differential distortion analysis technique, to an example map also used in other literature.     

Synthetic seismograms for complex three-dimensional geometries using an analytical–numerical algorithm

Summary. An algorithm which is part analytical and part numerical is suggested for the computation of complete synthetic seismograms for complex three-dimensional geological structures with radial symmetry. A partial separation of variables based on the combination of a finite Fourier integral transform with respect to the spatial coordinate z together with the finite difference method is the essence of the algorithm. Upon application of the finite transform the problem reduces to solving a system of equations containing only partial derivatives with respect to one spatial coordinate ( r ) and time. As radial symmetry is assumed, there is no functional dependence on φ in the cylindrical system of coordinates ( r , φ, z ). The coefficients of the transformed equations may contain finite Fourier integrals of the z dependence of the elastic parameters. Several examples of synthetic seismograms computed for both SH - and P – SV -waves propagating in complex subsurface geometries are presented and their interpretation discussed.     

Rb2SO4水溶液结构的同步辐射反射法初步研究

测定了25℃时同步辐射光源下的Rb2SO4水溶液结构,发展了液体结构测定的新方法;通过数据处理给出了溶液的结构参数和径向分布函数;由几何模型的精修得到了溶液中阳离子和阴离子第一、二水合层的结构参数。     

城市居民认知距离透视认知变形 ——-以北京市为例

对距离的认知是人类建立认知空间框架的重要基础。本文在相关研究的基础上, 对认知距离的特点进行了分析, 提出从数量认知距离与实际认知距离两种分析角度来分析这一概念。通过分别利用定义一元线性回归, 与 采用多维标度法(MDS)及二维回归(BR), 对认知距离的标量变形和向量变形进行定量分析。在此基础上, 以北京市 为例, 对北京市居民进行抽样调查。通过认知心理学实验的方式, 令被试估计城市主要地标两两之间的距离。对实 验结果分别将上述方法应用于计算北京市居民在标量变形和向量变形的定量化表示, 并进一步通过方差分析 (ANOVA)讨论了影响北京市居民对城市距离认知变形的因素, 包括年龄、居住地区等。     

基于直升机平台的南极非量测数码航空摄影测量技术研究

使用直升机作为飞行平台并应用哈苏H1D非量测数码相机进行南极中山站和拉斯曼丘陵地区摄影测量。通过对非量测相机标定,获取相机的内方位元素,从而可进行航空摄影测量。两个区域的具体试验表明基于直升机平台和非量测数码相机的航空摄影测量可应用于南极等困难地区的地形图测绘。