三峡库区生态屏障区土地利用规划生态效应评估

以地处三峡库区腹心地带的重庆市云阳县为例,基于土地利用多功能性,以Costanza等的生态系统服务价值测算方法及谢高地等制定的生态服务价值系数为基础,构建不同土地利用类型生态服务价值修正系数,从生态系统服务价值以及景观格局视角定量估算三峡库区生态屏障区土地利用规划生态效应。结果表明,以土地生态功能建设为导向的土地利用规划能够快速提升生态屏障区生态系统服务价值,增强屏障区调节气候、保持土壤、维护生物多样性等方面能力,云阳县三峡库区生态屏障区生态系统服务总价值从2010年的15.53亿元提升到2020年的19.98亿元,年均变化率达到2.87%;至2020年云阳县三峡库区生态屏障区初步构建一个以"林地为骨架,耕地、园地、草地为补充"的生态系统服务格局;同时,云阳县三峡库区生态屏障区生态系统服务价值及其调节服务和支持服务价值表现出显著地空间分异特征,其中磨刀溪流域生态系统服务价值提升幅度最大,澎溪河流域次之,长江沿岸生态服务系统价值保持稳定增长,而长滩河流域变化不大。     

基于景观生态学的城市化背景下洪灾风险评估

以秦淮河流域为例,构建HEC-HMS模型,采用统计学分析方法,在两期历史景观分布情况下,研究洪水特征值（洪量、洪峰）与不同景观的景观格局指数间的响应关系,提出并构建基于景观格局的洪水生态风险（洪水—景观生态风险）指数,结合空间分析方法,进行全流域风险的时空变化分析和特征子流域间的对比分析。结果表明：不同类型景观的景观格局与洪水特征值间均具有一定程度的响应关系,景观类型不同,其响应指标与程度不同;2003—2017年,研究区风险程度有所增加,空间差异明显;景观格局对区域洪水影响显著,避免景观的大面积聚集发展,增加各类景观周边的景观丰富度,提高景观间的接触面积,有助于减弱城市化进程中建设用地景观面积增加带来的洪水危害,发挥景观的生态正效应。     

流溪河流域土地利用景观生态安全动态分析

在GIS技术支持下,基于景观干扰指数和景观脆弱度指数构建景观生态安全评价指标体系,分析流溪河流域2000年、2005年和2009年3相土地利用景观生态安全变化。景观生态安全指数定量化地表征了流域景观生态安全状况,结果表明：（1）流域景观生态安全格局受城市化及人类活动干扰显著增强,林草地和耕地面积减少,园地面积增加,10年间各景观类型的破碎度、分离度总体呈现增加趋势,且流域内优势景观类型发生改变,2000年和2005年以林草地和耕地为优势景观,而2009年优势景观转变为林草地和园地;（2）2000-2005年,流域过半景观生态安全格局发生了变化;2005-2009年期间流域景观生态安全转移率约为60%,约有90%的流域景观生态安全格局在空间分布上发生了变化;（3）2000年整个流域景观生态安全指数都大于0.6,其中大于0.8的面积占99.99%;2005年,生态安全度大于0.6的面积比例为98.48%,景观生态安全指数大于0.8的面积较2000年降低55.93%;景观生态安全度大于0.6的区域2009年比2005年减少了72.93%,主要分布于流域上游;整个流域范围内没有生态安全指数大于0.8的区域分布,流域景观生态安全度呈现整体降低趋势。     

晋江西溪流域不同暴雨过程LUCC的洪水响应

以晋江西溪流域为研究区,构建晋江西溪流域暴雨次洪分布式模型,选择3场不同暴雨强度、雨型分布、历时的暴雨过程,模拟研究区在1988年和2006年土地利用/覆被情景下70年代3场次暴雨的洪水过程,分析其在1988—2006年土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)情景下的洪水响应。研究结果为:1988—2006年晋江西溪流域LUCC最明显的特征是林地、耕地减少而园地及建设用地增加;LUCC对流域出口流量过程的影响主要表现为洪量、洪峰流量增加,而对洪峰滞时及汇流时间的影响不显著;相同的LUCC对不同场次暴雨洪水过程的洪峰流量、洪量的影响程度不同,LUCC对流域出口流量过程的影响受暴雨强度、雨型分布、历时等因素的影响。     

基于利益相关者的LUCC生态风险研究——以延河流域为例

采用生态服务价值的大小代表生态服务功能的强弱,以生态系统服务功能理论为基础,以土地利用/覆被变化导致的生态系统服务功能下降作为LUCC生态风险,分别针对土地利用的各利益相关者——土地的所有者或经营者(个人、社区和国家),定量分析各利益相关者在土地利用/覆被变化的背景下所承受的生态风险。研究表明,由于土地利用/覆被变化的因素,延河流域2000-2006年间生态服务功能总体上升了28.91%,这主要归功于延河流域实施的退耕还林还草措施。对LUCC的不同利益相关者进行分析的结果表明,2000-2006年间,国家、社区和个人的生态服务功能均有所增强,增加值分别为34.71%、33.64%、14.57%;它们所面临的主要生态风险是,个人在本区域获取食物供应的能力下降了5.71%,国家在生物控制方面的能力下降了24.56%。     

巩乃斯河流域游憩景观生态评价及持续利用

流域是重要的景观生态空间和游憩景观建设空间。游憩景观生态适宜性评价与规划是合理利用流域资源,建立流域协调景观体系,促进流域可持续发展的重要环节。以巩乃斯河流域景观空间为依托,以游憩景观生态适宜性评价为核心,通过景观旷奥度和相容度的核心评价和综合评价,研究了巩乃斯河流域游憩景观生态适宜性特征,探讨了巩乃斯河流域游憩景观生态保护、游憩景观资源可持续利用的重点途径。     

气候变化与土地利用/覆被变化对中国北方农牧交错带水资源影响研究进展

中国北方农牧交错带对全球变化响应敏感,研究气候变化及土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）背景下北方农牧交错带水资源问题,对变化环境下生态脆弱区的水资源利用与管理具有重要意义。通过对北方农牧交错带气候与LUCC演变特征及其对水资源影响等方面的综合研究,总结得出：（1） 近几十年,该地区气候呈暖干化趋势,气温升高速率与降水减少速率均高于全球平均水平。（2） LUCC以农牧相互转化为主,土地利用结构未发生明显变化。（3） 该地区流域径流、地下水位与气温负相关,与降水量正相关,且降水作用更明显;近几十年来,LUCC成为影响该地区生态水文过程的主导因素,对水资源影响的贡献率越来越大。同时,针对目前研究中存在的问题及薄弱环节,提出未来研究的发展趋势和亟需重点加强的研究方向。     

流域生态水文过程与功能研究进展

 探讨流域生态系统与水文过程耦合关系及水文机理是当今水科学的前沿问题。通过阐述流域生态水文过程与生态水文功能的国内外研究进展,同位素技术在生态水文研究方面的应用进展。提出了应用同位素技术、水化学方法与景观格局分析法相结合来研究流域不同景观带水文过程及生态水文功能,来探讨不同生态系统与水文过程的耦合关系及水文机理,开展流域地下水-土壤-植被作用层水文过程研究。最后展望了今后的研究趋势和重点研究工作,指出了未来的发展方向。     

左江上游流域景观生态风险评价

以1990年和2008年左江上游流域的土地利用数据和数字高程模型为基础,以景观干扰度、景观脆弱度为主要评价指标,构建景观生态风险评价模型,对研究区景观生态风险的时空变化特征进行评估分析。研究表明:(1)伴随着流域开发活动的加强,1990―2008年18年间,左江上游流域景观格局变化的主要特征为耕地景观显著增加,其面积比例由1990年的20.54%增加至2008年的27.59%;草地景观显著减少,其面积比例由1990的12.66%减少至2008年的3.29%;(2)受地质?地貌格局控制,流域景观生态风险的空间格局存在较大差异,峰丛洼地区?河谷平原和台地区农业景观生态风险较高,而丘陵山区的森林景观生态风险较低;(3)流域内景观生态风险水平正在逐渐增高,中、高和极高等级风险区面积分别增加9.15%、2.08%和2.15%,生态安全格局呈现显著的破碎化趋势,区域人类活动是影响景观生态风险加重和扩散的主要原因。     

基于土地利用变化的典型喀斯特城市流域生态系统服务功能研究（英文）

揭示喀斯特城市流域土地利用对生态系统服务功能的影响机制,对喀斯特地区的社会经济发展与生态环境保护具有重要意义。本研究以贵州典型喀斯特城市流域—南明河流域为例,基于Arc GIS技术平台揭示了2000–2020年3个时期流域的土地利用时空演变规律,采用In VEST模型对流域不同土地利用类型的生态系统服务功能进行了系统评价。结果表明：（1）流域土地利用以林地、耕地和草地为主,土地利用变化方式主要表现为建设用地的增长,增长了13.07%;(2)流域水源涵养功能显著提升,碳储存功能略微减弱,空间上两者的物质量均呈现东北高、西南低的分布特征;（3）林地对流域水源涵养和碳储量的贡献率均超过57%,林地转为建设用地,耕地转为林地分别是生态系统服务功能减弱和增强的两种土地利用变化形式。本研究可为喀斯特生态脆弱区土地利用结构优化、水土资源开发和生态系统可持续管理提供重要数据支撑与科学参考。     

The land use and land cover change database and its relative studies in China

In the mid-1990s, we established the national operative dynamic information serving systems on natural resources and environment. During building the land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) database for the mid-1990s, 520 scenes of remotely sensed images of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) were interpreted into land-use/land-cover categories at scale of 1:100,000 under overall digital software environment after being geo-referenced and ortho-rectified. The vector map of land-use/land-cover in China at the scale of 1:100,000 was recently converted into a 1-km raster database that captures all of the high-resolution land-use information by calculating area percentage for each kind of land use category within every cell. Being designed as an operative dynamic information serving system, monitoring the change in land-use/land-cover at national level was executed. We have completed the updating of LUCC database by comparing the TM data in the mid-1990s with new data sources received during 1999–2000 and 1989–1990. The LUCC database has supported greatly the national LUCC research program in China and some relative studies are incompletely reviewed in this paper.     

The land use and land cover change database and its relative studies in China

In the mid-1990s, we established the national operative dynamic information serving systems on natural resources and environment. During building the land-use/land-cover change (LUCC) database for the mid-1990s, 520 scenes of remotely sensed images of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) were interpreted into land-use/land-cover categories at scale of 1:100,000 under overall digital software environment after being geo-referenced and ortho-rectified. The vector map of land-use/land-cover in China at the scale of 1:100,000 was recently converted into a 1-km raster database that captures all of the high-resolution land-use information by calculating area percentage for each kind of land use category within every cell. Being designed as an operative dynamic information serving system, monitoring the change in land-use/land-cover at national level was executed. We have completed the updating of LUCC database by comparing the TM data in the mid-1990s with new data sources received during 1999-2000 and 1989-1990. The LUCC database has supported greatly the national LUCC research program in China and some relative studies are incompletely reviewed in this paper.     

Examining urban land-cover characteristics and ecological regulation during the construction of Xiong’an New District,Hebei Province,China

Development of Xiong'an New District (XND) is integral to the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) Integration Initiative. It is intended to ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, optimize regional spatial patterns, and enhance ecosystem services and living environment in this urban agglomeration. Applying multi-stage remote sensing (RS) images, land use/cover change (LUCC) data, ecosystem services assessment data, and high-precision urban land-cover information, we reveal the regional land-cover characteristics of this new district as well as across the planned area of the entire BTH urban agglomeration. Corresponding ecological protection and management strategies are also proposed. Results indicated that built-up areas were rapidly expanding, leading to a continuous impervious surface at high density. Urban and impervious surface areas (ISAs) grew at rates 1.27 and 1.43 times higher than that in the 2000s, respectively, seriously affecting about 15% area of the sub-basins. Construction of XND mainly encompasses Xiongxian, Rongcheng, and Anxin counties, areas which predominantly comprise farmland, townships and rural settlements, water, and wetland ecosystems. The development and construction of XND should ease the non-capital functions of Beijing, as well as moderately control population and industrial growth. Thus, this development should be included within the national ‘sponge city’ construction pilot area in early planning stages, and reference should be made to international low-impact development modes in order to strengthen urban green infrastructural construction. Early stage planning based on the existing characteristics of the underlying surface should consider the construction of green ecological patches and ecological corridors between XND and the cities of Baoding, Beijing, and Tianjin. The proportion of impervious surfaces should not exceed 60%, while that of the core area should not exceed 70%. The development of XND needs to initiate the concept of ‘planning a city according to water resource amount’ and incorporate rainwater collection and recycling.     

城市土地利用/覆盖变化与热环境生态调控研究进展与展望

城市土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)与热环境生态调控是城市生态学和城市气候适应性关注的热点问题。在提出城市LUCC/空间结构与生态服务热调节功能连接的重要性的基础上,综述了城市土地利用变化、城市绿色基础设施在热岛减缓和气候适应性发挥的作用,评述了观测实验、定量遥感和过程模型方面以及热调控的进展情况。基于此认为,局地或区域尺度城市高精度结构组分高精度遥感探测方法、城市高精度下垫面多尺度(功能区/覆盖组分/构造或材质等)对局地气温和辐射能量平衡影响机理和定量贡献识别、城市生态系统热调节功能的城市地表结构组分调控阈值确定、以及区域或全球尺度城市土地利用/覆盖变化影响的生物地球物理机制定量化认知等,是未来重要的发展方向。     

中国国家自然保护区土地覆被变化(英文)

For preventing ecosystem degradation,protecting natural habitats and conserving biodiversity within the habitats,2588 nature reserves have been established in China at the end of 2010.The total area is up to 149.44 million ha and covers over 15% of Chinese terrestrial surface.Land-cover change,as the primary driver of biodiversity change,directly impacts ecosystem structures and functions.In this paper,180 National Nature Reserves(NNRs) are selected and their total area is 44.71 million ha,accounting for 29.9% of all NNRs in China.In terms of the ecosystem characteristics and their major protected object,all selected NNRs are classified into 7 types.A Positive and Negative Change Index of Land-cover(PNCIL) was developed to analyze the land-cover change of each NNRs type from the late 1980s to 2005.The results show that the land-cover of all selected NNRs types have degradated to a certain degree except the forest ecosystem reserves with a decreasing rate,but the rate of degradation alleviated gradually.The mean positive and negative change rates of land-cover in all core zones decreased by 0.69% and 0.16% respectively.The landscape pattern of land-cover in the core zones was more stable than that in the buffer zones and the experimental zones.Furthermore,the ecological diversity and patch connectivity of land-cover in selected NNRs increased generally.In short,the land-cover of 180 selected NNRs in China had a beneficial change trend after NNRs established,especially between 1995 and 2005.     

Sensitivity of a stochastic land-cover change model to pixel versus polygonal land units

Land-use/cover change (LUCC) projections can be generated by a variety of land-cover change models (LCMs) and applied to a range of ecological and environmental studies. Most existing spatially explicit LCMs represent land use or cover using either pixel or polygon/patch spatial units. However, the effects of the choice to use pixel versus polygonal land units on the outputs from any given model have not yet been systematically assessed. We evaluated the impacts of alternative land units on the performance of a LCM. A stochastic LCM based on a geostatistical algorithm was developed and applied using both pixel and polygons, which were derived from parcel maps. Nine possible parcel-change scenarios were generated to evaluate the effects of geometric change in management boundaries. The approach was tested through the simulation of multiple land-cover transitions in Medina County, Ohio, between 1992 and 2011. Performance of the simulations was assessed using a metric for the accuracy of spatial allocations (figure of merit (FoM)) and several landscape pattern metrics describing the shapes and sizes of resulting land-cover patches. Results support the notion that there is a clear trade-off between pixel and polygon land units: using polygon boundaries is helpful in obtaining more realistic spatial patterns, but at the cost of location accuracy. Significant differences were found among different parcel-change scenarios on both location accuracy and spatial patterns, with the primary effects being dependent on the type of land-cover transition and the resolution at which validation was assessed.     

巢湖流域的土地利用变化及其生态系统功能损益

基于多时点TM影像解译数据,研究了巢湖流域近30年以来的土地利用/覆盖变化,并借助于生态系统服务价值理论,估算了研究区土地利用/覆盖类型变化所造成的生态系统服务价值损益。由于巢湖流域主要以水田为主,生态服务价值较高,同时考虑该区域水田一年两季的耕作特点,单位面积耕地生态系统服务价值是全国平均值的两倍,单位面积林草地的生态系统服务价值是全国平均价值的1.45倍。研究结果表明:巢湖流域近30年生态服务功能价值损失了831.68×10⁶元,年均损失27.7×10⁶元,并呈现逐年加剧趋势;流域生态服务价值损失量空间分布极不平衡,合肥每年生态服务价值损失量超过流域均值5倍,由此表明大城市扩张对巢湖流域生态服务价值损益作用明显。     

农牧交错区土地利用动态与生态效应变化--以榆阳区为例

以榆阳区1988-2003年土地数据为依据,在分析研究区土地利用的数量和结构变化特点的基础上,运用国内外学者在生态价值估算的方法与模式,结合该区的具体情况对估算方法进行修正,然后对研究区研究时段内各年度的生态系统服务功能经济价值进行了估算,并以1988年为基准测算了土地利用类型的数量和结构变化所引起的生态系统服务功能经济价值变化情况,分析了其变化的时段特点及变化原因,定量地揭示了在生态脆弱区环境与经济发展的关系。研究表明：1988-2003年,榆阳区土地利用变化所产生的环境响应总体米说是积极的,生态系统服务功能经济价值年度总量在波动中提高;营造防护林、退耕还林及农用地内部结构调整政策的实施实现了经济和环境双赢的预期效果。     

Longitudinal analysis of the road network development and land-cover change in Lop Buri province, Thailand, 1989-2006

Land use and land-cover change (LUCC) is mainly a consequence of human activities such as road network development. In Thailand, the explicit objective of road network development has been to foster economic and social development. The extent of change in roads and land-cover change in Lop Buri between 1989-2006 is analyzed. We hypothesized that road development is a key driver of land-cover change and will cause, substantial changes in areas of forest cover, cultivated food and cash crops. We used land-cover classifications of Landsat imagery and resultant class trajectories to measure change. We then analyzed the relationships between roads, land-cover types, and land-cover trajectories. Overall, cash crops increased while forest and food crops declined between 1989-2006. The relationships between distance to roads and land- cover trajectories indicate that as the distance to roads increase, there are fewer changes in LUCC. The results suggest that in this case study, an increase in road network contributes to an increase in upland crops. In turn, the increase in upland crop production is one of the factors linked to economic development.