关于地核和核慢边界区物质的成分及运动特征的研究进展

近年来关于地核和核幔边界区的研究有了较大进展，特别是高压矿物物理学和高压岩石学提供了大量有关的实验依据。本文对核幔边界区Ｄ＂层物质的运动状态、外核中轻元素成分的实验研究结果、内核地震波各向异性的物质解释及有关地磁场成因的新认识等方面的研究成果进行简要介绍和评述。      

核-幔物质晶体化学、矿物学及矿床学初探

大量的高温、高压实验表明随着温度和压力的增加 ,地幔氧化物及硅酸盐的晶体结构会发生与其温度和压力相适应的多型转变 ,并导致元素金属性的增加 ,即氧离子半径的缩小以及硅和其他阳离子半径的增大。来自地核部分物质的晶体化学及晶体物理目前还很少涉及 ,根据其物质组成 ,可能具有金属及金属互化物的性质 ,即原子呈等大球最紧密堆积 ,具有高熔点、难溶性等特征。在地球形成时作为地核物质是最先凝聚的 ,并由于重力分异沉入地核 ,上升至浅部时不与其他元素化合 ,保持了零价状态 ;等大球最紧密堆积使其在地球各层圈中晶体结构保持恒定。地幔热柱使核、幔物质上升至地球浅部成为可能 ,并形成矿物及矿床。以西藏罗布莎铬铁矿床为例 ,已经发现了多达 5 0种的铂族元素矿物、铁族元素矿物及其金属互化物 ,包括成分复杂多变的Os Ir ,Os Ir Ru ,Pt Fe ,Ir Fe Ni,Fe Ni Cr及Fe Co等矿物 ,它们还与来自核幔边界的Si,Fe ,FexSiy,FeO和SiO2 矿物共生 ,其中铂属矿物及其金属互化物矿物应视为来自E层的地核矿物 ;探讨了该区矿物与陨石矿物在共生组合方面的相似性 ,地核矿物的聚集可能会形成新型的金属元素矿床     

单轴压缩与劈裂荷载下灰岩声发射b值特性研究

通过开展灰岩巴西劈裂和单轴压缩声发射试验,探讨两种加载方式下岩石破裂声发射b值特性及b值计算影响因素。结果表明,累积计算b值拟合度高,误差较小;步距为5 dB时不同门槛值下b值随时间变化的总体规律基本一致,选择5 dB的步距和40 dB的门槛值计算b值比较合理,能够降低非岩石破裂信号对b值变化的影响。由动态b值的波动程度可以看出,在劈裂荷载下灰岩损伤演化过程可分为3个阶段,即(0～40%)?c(?c为峰值强度)、(40%～90%)?c和(90%～100%)?c,而在单轴加载下可分为：(0～80%)?c和(80%～100%)?c两个阶段,且不同阶段岩石内部损伤的程度不同。在裂纹扩展阶段,相比单轴加载,劈裂荷载下动态b值增加较为稳定,但在整个破坏过程中劈裂荷载下动态b值波动更大,在单轴压缩和劈裂加载方式下b值的大小取决于灰岩破裂面上的结构性质及破裂模式。     

记录地幔中存在氧元素的自然铁-方铁矿组合

笔者在西藏蛇绿岩的铬铁矿石中发现了十分复杂的地幔矿物群,其中包括自然铁-方铁矿的共生组合,它们被认为是外地核和下地幔的物质通过地幔柱作用携带到上地幔的。新发现的自然铁-方铁矿组合表明,外地核液态铁溶解有部分氧,当液态铁由外地核上升时,氧从液态铁中析出并呈不混溶状态存在于液态铁中。随着乳滴状自然铁球粒向上运移,在降压条件下液态铁和氧元素发生化学反应生成方铁矿(包括NI AS结构)。当氧耗尽时,在方铁矿中遗留下氧耗尽的空洞,形成眼球状构造。因此,眼球构造可能是外地核向地幔释放氧,下地幔内存在氧元素的历史记录。     

不同水域鲤鱼耳石CaCO3晶体结构特征与环境响应初探

鱼耳石主要成分是CaCO3,主要以文石(或霰石)形式存在,在过去四、五十年来在晶体结构研究方面取得了较多的成果.然而,不同水域鲤鱼耳石CaCO3晶体结构信息特征与环境响应研究却未见报道.本文对密云水库和白洋淀水域鲤鱼耳石X-粉晶衍射结果进行了研究,并分析了两地晶胞参数a0、b0、c0和单位晶胞体积的差异.结果显示,两地耳石样品均由霰石组成,分属三种不同结构:两种六方晶系P63/mmc(no.194)结构和一种斜方晶系Pbnm(Pnma no.62)结构.属于六方晶系的耳石样品中,密云水库鲤鱼耳石样品晶胞参     

核主成分分析与支持向量机模型在储层识别中的应用

针对低孔、低渗致密储层识别较常规储层难这一问题,首次应用核主成分分析与支持向量机(KPCA-SVM)模型进行储层识别.该模型先通过核主成分分析(KPCA)进行非线性特征参数提取,然后将提取的特征参数作为支持向量机(SVM)的输入变量,最终实现储层识别.由于KPCA-SVM模型集成了核函数、主成分和支持向量分类机的优点,较好地解决非线性小样本的问题,能消除数据之间的噪音,降低维数,而又不缺失有效信息,达到准确快速预测的功能.将该模型应用到新场须二气藏新856井区储层预测中,预测结果验证了本模型的优越性,可作为致密储层预测的可选方法.     

上天、入地、下海:极端条件下矿物学研究

上天、入地、下海,进行极端条件下的矿物学研究,研究微矿物,发现新矿物。主要利用金刚石压机,结合使用国内外同步辐射X-光源、中子源,以及其他多种物理的、化学的、光学的测试手段(如岩石矿物化学分析,光薄片测定,电子探针,离子探针,扫描电镜,透射电镜,红外、紫外、拉曼光谱,激光加热等),对来自天外的陨石、陨石坑样品、地球深处地幔源矿物以及海底甲烷水合物进行了一些研究。模拟不同温度和压力下各种不同成分的矿物材料的晶体结构、物理和化学性质。文章着重研究从地球内核到地壳海底的各种不同组分在不同温度、压力极端环境下形成的各种各样的典型矿物:从金属固体内核和金属液体外核中的ε-Fe到核幔边界(CMB)地球D″层的后钙钛矿(Post-Perovskite)结构(ppv)镁铁硅酸盐(Mg,Fe)SiO₃,从下地幔中的铁磁性钙钛矿(Perovskite)结构(pv)镁铁硅酸盐布里奇曼石(Bridgmanite)(Mg,Fe)SiO₃、镁铁氧化物(Fe,Mg)O和后尖晶石(Post-Spinel)结构的含Fe³⁺毛河光矿(Maohokite)(HP-Mg$Fe^{3+}_{2}O_{4}$)到过渡带、上地幔和地壳中的镁铁硅酸盐、硅氧化物、铬铁氧化物和金刚石及其内含物以及甲烷水合物(CH₄·H₂O)等。进行高温高压极端条件下的矿物学研究,为探索地球结构性质、形成动力和发展历史提供了新的窗口。     

氟铁云母的晶体结构分析

氟铁云母是三八面体云母类矿物新种,属铁云母的富氟类似物.利用电子探针、湿法和原子吸收分析等手段并结合穆斯堡尔谱分析的结果,按O+OH+F+Cl=12及四面体阳离子数之和为4计算的氟铁云母经验化学式为:(K0.92Na0.03Rb0.02Ba0.01)0.98(Fe1.822++Fe0.493++Al0.19Mg0.18Li0.18Ti0.08Mn0.05Zn0.02)2.99(Al1.17Si2.83)4.00O10(F1.03OH0.50O0.47)2.00.其理想化学式为:KFe32+AlSi3O10F2.使用粉晶XRD衍射仪,采用毛细管装样和超能探测器相结合收集衍射数据/图谱的微区衍射新方法收集氟铁云母的粉末衍射数据,通过构建晶体结构模型和Rietveld法晶体结构精修并收敛到Rp=2.51%,Rwp=3.19%,Rexp=2.85,X2=1.253完成晶体结构解析.矿物属于单斜晶系1M型,空间群C2/m;晶胞参数:a=0.537 05(4)nm,b=0.929 95(6)nm,c=1.017 35(6)nm;β=100.465(5)°,V=0.499 64(5)nm3;Z=2.     

定结县幅、陈塘区幅地质调查新成果及主要进展

发现上三叠统朗杰学群中产有白垩纪箭石、中侏罗统拉弄拉组产出小型硅化木、下石炭统纳兴组存在重力流沉积.将聂拉木群解体为古元古代马卡鲁杂岩和中-新元古代扎西惹嘎岩组,并在该套变质岩系中发现高压基性麻粒岩和超镁铁岩.厘定了拉轨岗日变质核杂岩,将拉轨岗日群解体为抗青大岩组和拉轨岗日杂岩2部分.确定了晚新生代南北向不同类型的伸展构造和地壳多层次韧性剪切带.     

不同损伤程度下岩石力学参数变化的声波测试

声波波速变化可有效表征岩体损伤程度。通过对岩样进行人工预损,利用声波检测标定岩样的不同损伤程度,然后通过三轴压缩试验来研究不同损伤程度下岩石的力学特性,建立了声波速度下降幅度与岩体力学参数变化幅度间的关系。研究表明,当岩样的声波速度下降5%～8%时,黏聚力c值降低15%～25%,内摩擦角? 值则升高14%～32%,因此,用声波速度的下降幅度来描述岩体参数的变化是可行的。根据现场实测的岩体损伤区内的声波速度的变化值,可以从一定程度上估计岩体参数的跌落情况,从而更进一步地说明损伤区内岩体的承载力。     

地核物质成分研究进展

系统介绍了地核的形成时间、地核的物理特性、化学成分和物质存在相态.利用W-Hf同位素系测年方法厘定地核与地幔分异的年龄是在地球形成的最初30 Ma.但是,内核的结晶年龄还是未知的.地核声波速度的各向异性可能是六面体紧密堆积(hcp)相铁的C轴方向沿地球轴线优选定向排列引起的.利用地球物理资料估算的地核密度与响应温压条件...     

The Earth's inner core

The Earth's inner core has been the focus of much attention in recent years — its evolution, when it began to form and how quickly it grew, and what role it plays in the generation and reversals of the Earth's magnetic field. It has also been found that it is elastically anisotropic and, even more surprisingly, that it is rotating faster than the rest of the Earth.     

地球内核与地球深部动力学

地球内核由外核富含铁元素的液态物质结晶而成。经证实,内核正以约１（°）／ａ的速率相对于地幔向东转动。内核的旋转是通过穿过内核的地震波的走时随时间变化推测得到的。这种变化是最近十多年来揭示出的内核各向异性在空间方位的改变所造成。内核的各向异性被认为起因于各向异性的铁晶体的有序排列,但这种有序排列的机制还不清楚。内核在地球发电机中起着重要的作用。利用大型的并行计算机,人们已得到能产生像地磁场一样的三维发电机数值模拟。地震学观测到的内核差速旋转为最近的发电机数值模拟提供了支持。这种数值模拟曾预测：导体内核与外核产生的磁场的电磁耦合驱动了内核每年几度向东旋转。地核通过核幔边界的接触及内核与地幔的引力耦合与地幔存在强烈的相互作用。多学科领域的突破为认识地球的深部动力过程提供了极好的机会和手段。     

X-ray absorption contrast images of binary chemical reactions

Low-divergence synchrotron-sourced X-rays enable a radiographic imaging scheme for full characterization of binary chemical reactions and characterization by type of more complex reactions, in situ, in diamond anvil cells (DAC). Spatially resolved reactants are induced to react by laser heating of their interface. The spatially intermediate products are observed through X-ray absorption contrast. Limits to the technique include the ability to maintain controlled experiment geometry during compression and the ability to resolve chemical differences between reactants and products by X-ray absorption. The ability to make in situ observations at experimental pressure and temperature obviates the problem with quenching techniques for capturing liquid compositions in experiments with dimensions smaller than the diffusion length during quenching time. Partially molten Fe-alloy systems, of poor quenchability, are examined at DAC pressures and temperatures for relevance to Earth's core constitution and evolution. Determinations of eutectic melting in Fe–FeS match known results. Of the probable light elements that may alloy with Fe in the Earth's liquid outer core, Fe–FeS experiments show only modest quenching problems, but C and Si alloy experiments are highly vulnerable to quenching artifacts. The observed reactivity of FeS, Fe₃C, FeSi, and FeO(OH) with Fe in DAC makes the observed non-reactivity between Fe and FeO more significant, reducing the probability that oxygen alone is the major alloy in Earth's molten outer core.     

地球节律的成因

地球节律主要受地球内部能量间歇性的释放所控制。旋转系统有不同于非旋转系统的位能、热能和旋转能的相互转换方式。在重力分异和热对流过程中，地核不仅有巨量热能，而且有巨量的旋转能和放射性蜕变能。这是地球能量释放的内因。天文因素使地球内核周期性地南北振动，使地球轨道、体积，形状、自转速度、公转速度和差异旋转状态周期性地变化。这是地球能量间歇性释放的外因。对作差异旋转的内核而言，万有引力常数Ｇ的变化可以改变太阳辐射量和太阳系体积，影响核幔的角动量交换和地壳地幔容积，造成热幔柱的形成与喷发，控制了核幔边界的能量交换过程。这是天文周期与地质旋回一一对应的原因，也是地球节律产生的根本原因。这使人们可以从天文周期预测地质变动。     

The composition of the Earth

Compositional models of the Earth are critically dependent on three main sources of information: the seismic profile of the Earth and its interpretation, comparisons between primitive meteorites and the solar nebula composition, and chemical and petrological models of peridotite-basalt melting relationships. Whereas a family of compositional models for the Earth are permissible based on these methods, the model that is most consistent with the seismological and geodynamic structure of the Earth comprises an upper and lower mantle of similar composition, an Fe---Ni core having between 5% and 15% of a low-atomic-weight element, and a mantle which, when compared to CI carbonaceous chondrites, is depleted in Mg and Si relative to the refractory lithophile elements.The absolute and relative abundances of the refractory elements in carbonaceous, ordinary, and enstatite chondritic meteorites are compared. The bulk composition of an average CI carbonaceous chondrite is defined from previous compilations and from the refractory element compositions of different groups of chondrites. The absolute uncertainties in their refractory element compositions are evaluated by comparing ratios of these elements. These data are then used to evaluate existing models of the composition of the Silicate Earth.The systematic behavior of major and trace elements during differentiation of the mantle is used to constrain the Silicate Earth composition. Seemingly fertile peridotites have experienced a previous melting event that must be accounted for when developing these models. The approach taken here avoids unnecessary assumptions inherent in several existing models, and results in an internally consistent Silicate Earth composition having chondritic proportions of the refractory lithophile elements at 2.75 times that in CI carbonaceous chondrites. Element ratios in peridotites, komatiites, basalts and various crustal rocks are used to assess the abundances of both non-lithophile and non-refractory elements in the Silicate Earth. These data provide insights into the accretion processes of the Earth, the chemical evolution of the Earth's mantle, the effect of core formation, and indicate negligible exchange between the core and mantle throughout the geologic record (the last 3.5 Ga).The composition of the Earth's core is poorly constrained beyond its major constituents (i.e. an Fe---Ni alloy). Density contrasts between the inner and outer core boundary are used to suggest the presence ( 10 ± 5%) of a light element or a combination of elements (e.g., O, S, Si) in the outer core. The core is the dominant repository of siderophile elements in the Earth. The limits of our understanding of the core's composition (including the light-element component) depend on models of core formation and the class of chondritic meteorites we have chosen when constructing models of the bulk Earth's composition.The Earth has a bulk Fe/Al of 20 ± 2, established by assuming that the Earth's budget of Al is stored entirely within the Silicate Earth and Fe is partitioned between the Silicate Earth ( 14%) and the core ( 86%). Chondritic meteorites display a range of Fe/Al ratios, with many having a value close to 20. A comparison of the bulk composition of the Earth and chondritic meteorites reveals both similarities and differences, with the Earth being more strongly depleted in the more volatile elements. There is no group of meteorites that has a bulk composition matching that of the Earth's.     

地球内部构造和动力学的地震学研究

扼要论述地震学研究在地球内部构造和动力学领域中取得的新进展。我国人工震源的观测在青藏高原、下扬子、大别造山带、华北地震区等获得了一批地壳细结构的成果,已广泛地用于地球动力学研究中。天然地震观测资料的层析成像取得了我国大陆地壳上地幔三维结构的图像。虽然大多数结果提供了地球动力学的背景,但就其分辨率而言还不足于进行有效的大陆动力学研究。笔者认为,提高最终三维模型的分辨率是当前地震学研究的关键之一。美国的两个地震学研究小组根据各自研究工作,揭示了地球内核自转比地幔和地壳部分快,是地震学对地球科学的重大贡献。     

Reaction between liquid iron and (Mg,Fe)SiO3-perovskite and solubilities of Si and O in molten iron at 27 GPa

The Earth’s core contains light elements and their identification is essential for our understanding of the thermal structure and convection in the core that drives the geodynamo and heat flow from the core to the mantle. Solubilities of Si and O in liquid iron coexisting with (Mg,Fe)SiO₃-perovskite, a major constituent of the lower mantle, were investigated at temperatures between 2,320 and 3,040 K at 27 GPa. It was observed that Si dissolved in the liquid iron up to 1.70 wt% at 3,040 K and O dissolved in the liquid iron up to 7.5 wt% at 2,800 K. It was also clearly seen that liquid iron reacts with (Mg,Fe)SiO₃-perovskite to form magnesiowüstite and it contains Si and O at 27 GPa and at 2,640 and 3,040 K. The amounts of Si and O in the liquid iron are 1.70 and 2.25 wt% at 3,040 K, respectively. The solubilities of Si and O in liquid iron coexisting with (Mg,Fe)SiO₃-perovskite have strong positive temperature dependency. Hence, they can be plausible candidates for the light elements in the core.     

一个改进的地球圈层差异旋转模型

地球自转速度在长期的减慢,而内核自转 又较其外部的地球部分转动快,这是由日 、月对地球的潮汐摩擦引起的同一动力学背景下导致的相关现象。通过能量守衡的定量分析 ,得出地球潮汐耗散能的11% 即可导致内核自转较其外部的地球部分自转快的结论。通过推 理比较和定量分析,提出了岩石圈层、主地幔圈层与内核三个圈层的差异旋转模型：岩石圈 自转速度<主地慢自转速度<内核自转速度。它可能是导致大陆向西飘移-板块构造及地磁产 生的重要机制之一。