Design Method,Application and Time Alternative Mechanism of Flexible Use of Airspace

The flexible use of airspace and its practice are the key components of next generation air transportation system and the important technical support of reconstructing the national airspace in Europe, Japan and other countries. On the basis of overview and comprehensive cognition of the generation, implementation and aims of flexible use of airspace, the design methods of sector’s boundary changes were evaluated. Then, from the perspective of “sector-closed”, the effect on sector boundary changes was evaluated, and the time alternative mechanism in flexible use of airspace was revealed. The research shows that “Algorithm+Manual Dynamic Boundary Change” can be a method for better distribution and balancing the unbalanced traffic demand across regions, which will also promote the airspace development and capacity release. The flexible use of airspace based on ICTs realizes the replacement of the factor of space by the factor of time, which enhances the flexibility of airspace configuration and the changing of air routes to the maximun extent. The methods and applications of flexible use of airspace will be not only beneficial to establishing the whole national airspace system and utilization, but also to promoting geography research on airspace resources development and the studies on connection between air and land.     

国外空域资源开发利用的理论基础、方法论变革与实践

空中交通流量的持续增长引发充分开发利用空域资源的理论建设和方法论研究及其应用实践,旨在突破原有的空域结构及其扇区边界的限制。在过去的10年里航线结构及其需求有了显著变化,仍保持相对固定的几何扇区形态面临新的挑战,需要重新设计动态空域功能分区。首先分析了当前空域资源开发利用的理论基础,包括新一代航空运输体系,灵活空域使用,平衡扇区等;然后评价了方法论的变革,总结了从动态空域配置(DAC)到动态空域功能分区(DAS)的转变,以及动态空域功能分区的2D-DAS常用方法向3D-DAS新方法的演进,并讨论了"基于个体模型"(ABM)的局限性和"改进的基于个体模型"(i ABM)的应用优势;最后展望了地理学空间研究向空域拓展的前景。     

The Heat Airspace Cloud Map in Terminal Airspace of Airports Based on Air Passenger Flow and a Case Study in Beijing International Airport

The calculation of air passenger flow density and the recognition of heat airspace in terminal areas of large hub airports is a new challenging research in the intelligent era, that is, using big data can automatically generate air passenger flow and basic rules. Aimed for the air passenger flow density in airport and its relationship between occupation and airspace, based on the establishment of the Beijing International Airport 1 h flight, which consists of basic parameters-latitude, longitude and height, additional parameters-dogleg and speed of trajectories, time parameters, a spatio-temporal data set by clustering trajectories and calculation of aircraft trajectories points was made up. Then, heat cloud map of flight trajectories under 4D conditions was generated. Cell was used to identify the basic parameters and time parameter of heat airspace; grid graphs of flight trajectories were used to identify additional parameters and explain the influence on heat airspace; probability fitting graphs were used to verify the accuracy of 4D results. The conclusion is as follows: there are two areas of Beijing International Airport, which have the high density and at two different heights there also exist hot peaks; flight trajectories and speed of trajectories also affect the heat airspace. The variation of heat airspace caused by different flight occupancy time in 4D recognition was revealed. The method realized the 4D heat cloud map of flight trajectories, which is better for detailed and accurate information construction, expression of spatial changes, and more the parameters of density and visualization of temporal and spatial range, which can assist the automatic dynamic airspace sectorization and decision making on airspace allocation, and also have a definite reference meaning in alleviating the contradiction between the current air traffic demand and limited airspace.     

Rules and Methods of UAV Activities’ Aerial Lanes Design for (Ultra) Low Airspace in Regional Areas

The exploitation of (ultra) low airspace resource has become an important component of optimizing the utilization of airspace and has received worldwide attention. It is the major form for UAV activity, which reveals great socioeconomic prospects. Firstly, the background of exploiting (ultra) low airspace resource and challenge for UAV activities were analyzed in regional areas. Then, legal rights for UAV activities and routes design in overseas and domestic research were reviewed. Second, the forms of regional rules for UAV activities in (ultra) low airspace were summarized, which included height-density rule, coverage area rule and isolation area of rule. Third, based on the air network of UAV(s) and aiming at the demand of aerial lanes for different requirements, the development from the method of 3D city model to the Cost-to-go was prospected. The findings are as follows: UAV activities’ aerial lanes design includes high-density as general rules and coverage area rule, isolation area rule as special rules. On the basis of 3D city model, improved method of Cost-to-go is applied to the choice of the optimal aerial lanes; based on ground buildings and residents’ actual conditions in regional area, the rules and methods are good for the (ultra) low airspace resources development and better solve the problem of UAV activities coordination. Furthermore, the rules and methods play an important role even in the implementation of the national airspace system.     

Research on Airspace Resource Allocation Supported by Spatiotemporal Continuous Data: Review and Prospect

Given that the fixed air traffic operation system and functions are difficult to adapt to the great changes of air route structure and airspace demand, the airspace resource allocation is undergoing an evolution from static to flexible and dynamic so as to effectively solve the contradiction between airspace capacity and actual demand. In this process, the dependence on spatiotemporal continuous data is gradually strengthened. This article reviewed the relevant national and international research, and found that from the multi-dimensional expression of basic elements to the feature analysis of specific airspace units, airspace resource allocation deepens and expands in a real-time direction and presents a new mechanism. A series of high density air traffic flow identification methods are developed by introducing time parameters and combined with the flight path model to form a distinct dynamic characteristic. Related applications and practice reflect the structural revolution of airspace resource allocation and promote the solution of practical problems such as airspace congestion and resource allocation. The research and practice of dynamic airspace resource allocation outside China have positive reference significance to our country. However, when simultaneously coping with the hoisting of airside capability and the change of multi-dimensional parameters, we still face the challenges of period-segment matching, micro-macro combination, terminal airspace-air route docking and airspace-land area integration. In the future, geography should further integrate the unique advantages of spatiotemporal interaction and construct a brand-new overall mobile chain of various airspace-land scales to carry out research work deeply.     

设计院管理信息化建设的体会

通过管理信息平台和图纸打印收集归档利用系统的综合信息化管理,改变了原先不能及时有效得到各专业的实际生产状况和信息不能及时共享的问题,实现了项目管理的每个环节都有可供查询的信息,项目管理人员可随时利用管理信息平台对相关信息和数据进行分析,并形成分析报表,辅助决策。同时通过图纸打印收集归档利用系统对电子图纸进行辅助管理,使设计人员高效快速地对于既往图纸查询、利用。浙江工业大学建筑规划设计研完院的管理信息系统与协同设计工具（图纸打印收集归档利用系统）通过近两年的综合运行,有效降低了设计成本和管理成本,提高了设计人员的生产效率和项目管理人员的管理水平,这种全新的综合应用方式和技术思路有广泛的实用价值和借鉴作用。     

基于GeoEye-1的矿山开发遥感调查与监测应用研究

以马鞍山矿区为研究区域,采用高分辨率Geoeye-1卫星遥感数据,通过影像的几何纠正、正射校正、融合等预处理,以Mapgis为数据平台,利用采矿权与遥感影像进行叠加,对开采面、矿山占地、尾矿库、矿山建筑、废弃采坑、矿山道路等信息进行解译,结合实地调查,实现矿产资源开发利用状况、矿山环境调查与监测工作。结果表明,Geoeye-1数据能够满足1：1万矿山开发遥感调查与监测,能够准确、客观、实时的监测矿山的越界开采、无证开采、擅自改变开采方式等多种违规类型及矿山开发引发的环境问题,为政府整顿矿山开发秩序、矿山地质环境恢复治理提供重要的技术支撑和决策依据。     

煤炭开发工程“五化协同”模式研究

矿业工程是人类获取能源与原料的重要手段,随着新一代信息化技术与传统采矿技术的深入融合,传统矿业工程管理技术难以适应煤炭资源高效开发与利用的需求。由此,提出了基于融合赋能管理思想的“五化协同”工程管理方法,阐述了包含绿色化、智能化、集成化、专业化、精细化的“五化”主要内容,分析了“五化”协同建设的多目标、协同、开放、伺服、自组织等特性,构建了以价值最优化为整体目标,以“五化”协同融合为核心的全生命周期工程构架体系。在指导煤矿智能化建设实践中,取得了智能化开采与智能化建井工程的安全高效建设。为矿业工程决策、建设与管理提供了一条科学的可借鉴、可复制的工程管理模式,以引领我国煤矿智能化建设与管理新方向,践行工程与经济、工程与技术、工程与管理及人与自然和谐统一的工程哲学思想,对于工程建设与管理具有重要意义。      

虚拟土战略与土地资源可持续利用的社会化管理

土地资源紧缺是威胁世界食物安全的主要限制因素之一, 土地资源可持续利用是区域生态经济系统经济增长和社会发展的关键. 类似于国内已经开展的虚拟水和虚拟水战略概念及相关研究, 首次提出"虚拟土"和"虚拟土战略"新概念, 分析了土地资源管理不同管理阶段及其相关问题. 结合当前国家耕地总量平衡、区域粮食安全问题以及土地资源利用中出现的一些新情况, 从土地资源的社会属性出发, 实证分析了土地生产能力与社会适应性能力的关系, 提出了基于虚拟土概念及虚拟土战略下区域土地资源可持续利用的分析框架. 最后提出了当前我国土地利用中解决区域粮食安全的一些新思路. 建议: 在保证国家粮食基本自足基础上, 实行区域耕地总量弹性平衡政策; 成立专业性土地银行, 加快创新土地使用权流转机制; 强化土地使用权拍卖机制, 提高市场配置土地资源的透明度; 实施虚拟土战略举措, 构建新的土地可持续发展模式, 加强开展虚拟土战略相关理论及其对策的研究工作.     

新时代地质工作战略思考

新时代社会经济发展面临着资源、能源供需形势变化、地质环境加速恶化、资源极大浪费等资源环境问题,现有地质工作体系在理论方法技术、调查要素与精度、专业划分与人才队伍、成果评估与实际利用方面均存在明显不足,亟需进行新时代地质工作的战略定位,建立适应新时代的地质工作新体系。从国家战略层面围绕自然资源开发、保护、永续利用、永保绿色的长期目标,提出新时代地质工作新体系构想。建立以地球系统论为基础的理论体系、国土空间多尺度全要素基础调查体系、全空间资源环境评价体系、空中地面与地下三位一体监测预警与应急救援体系、基于大数据地质信息服务体系等为一体的新时代地质工作新体系,并建立新时代地质工作法律保障和监管体系、地质调查成果认定与发布共享体系,以及中央省市三级地质人才队伍建设体系,适应新时代地质工作需求,提供有利保障。     

中国城市地质调查总体构想与关键理论技术

近年来,我国在城市群、大城市和中小城镇等不同层面组织开展了大量的城市地质调查,在城市地质资源、地质环境、发展空间的调查评价,以及地质信息服务城市管理制度建设等方面取得了丰富成果,在调查技术方法、成果产品服务、工作协调机制等方面积累了一些经验,但和新型城镇化的需求相比,还存在着工作理念较落后、地质信息更新慢,成果体系没标准、工作机制不完善等诸多不足。国家新型城镇化发展战略提出了全新的城市发展理念,在优化城市结构布局、拓展城市发展空间、推进绿色城市建设、提高城市安全保障水平等方面,对城市地质调查提出了迫切需求。新时期应该以全新的思路开展城市地质调查,要树立大资源、大环境、大数据理念,服务城市规划、建设、运行、管理等多个层面,开展空间、资源、环境、灾害等多要素综合调查,打造地下三维可视化的城市地质模型(透明城市),完善空天地一体化的地质资源环境监测网络,建立开放共享、动态更新的城市地质信息服务与决策支持系统,构建城市地质调查成果服务产品体系、技术标准体系和保障制度体系。为实现这个目标,需要建立城市资源环境承载能力、城市多圈层交互带、地下空间资源协同规划等理论,开展城市地质探测与监测、国土空间开发地质适宜性评价、地下空间开发利用地质安全评价、三维城市地质建模与公共服务等技术攻关。     

基层土地登记档案管理实践及开发利用

土地登记档案在基层土地管理活动中发挥着重要作用,是地籍档案中的重中之重。做好土地登记档案的规范化管理及有效开发利用,是档案管理工作的基础,也是国土资源管理工作的基础。工作中需制订合理的土地登记档案归档制度、规范档案管理工作流程,并积极开展档案的公开查询、做好档案宣传、汇编等工作。     

基于SuperMap环境保护信息系统的设计与实现

分析了城市环保信息系统建设的现状,基于SuperMap对城市环保信息系统进行系统设计,分析系统的体系结构,设计环保系统的主要功能,在Supermap平台上实现了大气污染扩散、水污染扩散分析等高级功能,为环境保护工程提供了技术支持。     

浅析地质档案数字信息化建设与发展

地质档案数字信息化是为了提高地质档案利用率和管理水平,为读者提供高质量、高水平的服务,使利用者足不出户便可查阅有关的目录、索引和全文资料。地质档案数字信息化建设与发展体现在地质档案数据库平台建设、数字化软硬件环境建设构想、数字化检索功能设置和网络数据库权限设置等方面。其优越性在于:信息管理数字化:采用先进数字化存储技术方案,达到通用性强、安全性高、标准化程度;资源管理虚拟化:通过网络互联和馆馆共建虚拟资源,实现地质档案信息资源共享;信息资源管理智能化:可以使利用者运用超文本及多媒体技术进行智能化检索;用户使用方便化:用户可以在任何时间、任何地点通过计算机获取更为及时、准确的资源信息。     

A volcanic activity alert-level system for aviation: review of its development and application in Alaska

Avalanche warning services (AWS) are operated to protect communities and traffic lines in avalanche-prone regions of the Alps and other mountain ranges. In times of high avalanche danger, these services may decide to close roads or to evacuate settlements. Closing decisions are based on field observations, avalanche release statistics, and snow forecasts issued by weather services. Because of the spatial variability in the snowpack and the insufficient understanding of avalanche triggering mechanisms, closing decisions are characterized by large uncertainties and the information based on which AWS have to decide is always incomplete. In this paper, we illustrate how signal detection theory can be applied to make better use of the information at hand. The proposed framework allows the evaluation of past road closures and points to how the decision performance of AWS could be improved. To illustrate the proposed framework, we evaluate the decision performance of two AWS in Switzerland and discuss the advantages of such a formalized decision-making approach.     

关闭/废弃矿井地下空间资源精准开发利用模式研究

随着煤炭绿色资源的不断开采,位于煤炭开发利用全周期末端的矿井关闭\废弃问题逐渐显现,随之而来的关闭/废弃矿井地下空间资源开发利用成为一个亟须解决的问题。在对我国废弃矿井现状统计分析的基础上,以能源开采造成的地下空间方位、形态差异化为依据,将关闭/废弃矿井地下空间资源分为采空区空间资源、巷道空间资源、硐室空间资源;探讨了空间资源作为能源存储场所的单一利用方式和多方向、多领域协同多元开发利用的关闭/废弃矿井地下空间资源利用方式;并由此提出了一种关闭/废弃矿井地下空间分类分级精准利用模式,构建调研分析、工程类比初判、模型构建详估和软件决策系统研发为主干流程的精准开发利用系统,通过精准利用模式与精准开发利用系统模型对单一和多元开发利用方式进一步分析,为关闭/废弃矿井空间资源开发利用的研究和实践提供参考。      

我国城市地下空间安全问题探讨

随着我国城市地下空间大规模开发利用,地下空间施工、运营和管理过程中的安全事故不断发生,严重影响了城市的安全发展。本文总结了我国城市地下空间安全现状和不同地下空间设施类型的安全事故类型及产生原因,对地下空间施工、运营和管理中的安全问题进行了分析,重点分析了不同施工工艺诱发的各类地质灾害,不同类型的地质环境因素诱发的工程事故,地下空间运营期间结构老化、外部地质环境变化引起的安全问题,地下空间管理不到位导致的安全事故,并提出从管理和技术层面、监管层面、法律层面等多维度的防治建议,即：需要完善地下空间管理技术体系,建立完整的行政管理机构,健全城市地下空间法律法规。     

无人机遥感系统在国土资源执法监察中的应用研究

无人机遥感系统是一种新型的高分辨率影像数据快速获取方式,具有高效快速、精细准确、作业成本低等特点。本文介绍了无人机遥感系统的组成、特点,设计了无人机遥感系统在国土资源执法监察中应用的技术流程,并以芜湖县湾沚镇为航摄区域进行实例验证分析。通过遥感影像的几何校正、空三加密、图像拼接和数据精度分析等数据预处理,套合比对2011年度的卫星影像数据和第二次土地调查的土地利用现状数据库,对国土资源执法监察区域的土地利用变化情况进行了初步评价,取得了较好的效果。     

Satellite detection of hazardous volcanic clouds and the risk to global air traffic

Remote sensing instruments have been used to identify, track and in some cases quantify atmospheric constituents from space-borne platforms for nearly 30 years. These data have proven to be extremely useful for detecting hazardous ash and gas (principally SO₂) clouds emitted by volcanoes and which have the potential to intersect global air routes. The remoteness of volcanoes, the sporadic timings of eruptions and the ability of the upper atmosphere winds to quickly spread ash and gas, make satellite remote sensing a key tool for developing hazard warning systems. It is easily recognized how powerful these tools are for hazard detection and yet there has not been a single instrument designed specifically for this use. Instead, researchers have had to make use of instruments and data designed for other purposes. In this article the satellite instruments, algorithms and techniques used for ash and gas detection are described from a historical perspective with a view to elucidating their value and shortcomings. Volcanic clouds residing in the mid- to upper-troposphere (heights above 5 km) have the greatest potential of intersecting air routes and can be dispersed over many 1,000s of kilometres by the prevailing winds. Global air traffic vulnerability to the threat posed by volcanic clouds is then considered from the perspectives of satellite remote sensing, the upper troposphere mean wind circulation, and current and forecast air traffic density based on an up-to-date aircraft emissions inventory. It is concluded that aviation in the Asia Pacific region will be increasingly vulnerable to volcanic cloud encounters because of the large number of active volcanoes in the region and the increasing growth rate of air traffic in that region. It is also noted that should high-speed civil transport (HSCT) aircraft become operational, there will be an increased risk to volcanic debris that is far from its source location. This vulnerability is highlighted using air traffic density maps based on NOx emissions and satellite SO₂ observations of the spread of volcanic clouds.     

基于WEBGIS和实时降雨信息的区域地质灾害预警预报系统

基于WEBGIS平台,根据浙江省地质灾害大调查和补充调查资料,结合浙江省气象台提供的雨季实时降雨量与降雨量预测信息,建立了浙江省突发性地质灾害预警预报系统。该系统目的在于：（1）建立浙江省突发性地质灾害信息库管理系统,实现对突发性地质灾害点分布和灾情信息的图形和数据一体化管理;（2）建立基于网络或其它通讯方式的滑坡（泥石流）灾害实时预警预报系统,实现与气象部门的连接,根据雨季的实时降雨预报和雨量资料,对浙江省滑坡（泥石流）灾害发生的空间范围进行实时发布。该系统核心是地质灾害预警预报模块,而模块是在区域地质灾害空间预测的基础上,结合实时的气象动态信息,研究在不同地质环境和不同气象条件下地质灾害体发生的规律,以提高区域地质灾害的预报精度。2004年的5月底到7月初的雨季中进行了试运行,该系统的预测情况与地质灾害的实际发生情况吻合性较好,表明预测方法和模型是基本可行的,且可操作性强。