页岩气藏评价中的岩石物理方法

岩石物理在页岩气勘探开发中非常重要,而文献中至今缺少足够的重视.本文分别从页岩气藏的地质特征、评价参数、岩心分析工作流程及测井工作流程等4个方面探讨页岩气储层的固有特征及岩石物理所起的关键作用.从生烃潜力、储存性能、流动特性和力学性质讨论相关评价参数的岩石物理方法,重点讨论吸附气含量的计算、力学性质及基质渗透率的测量.在页岩气储层测井评价方面,重点探讨有机质含量的测井评价方法、页岩气层孔隙度的评价方法、随钻测井用于水平井的地质导向、及测井评价在制定压裂方案中的应用.     

页岩储层脆性评价分析及可压裂性定量评价新方法研究

目前绝大部分可压裂性模型以弹性参数脆性指数法为基础评价页岩储层可压裂性,然而通过岩石应力应变特性、岩石力学测试统计结果和矿场压裂实例分析可知,通过弹性参数评价页岩脆性缺乏理论依据,且与实验测试、压裂效果等相悖.针对页岩储层可压裂性定义不统一、不全面的问题,综合分析了影响页岩体积压裂过程中压碎难度、缝网的复杂度、获得较高改造体积的概率以及压裂后导流能力等方面,给出了新的且全面的可压裂性定义.基于可压裂性科学内涵,综合考虑页岩脆性、围压、天然裂缝发育程度、断裂韧性和抗压强度,建立了页岩可压裂性评价新模型及归一化指数模型,此模型通过室内试验测试和现场测井数据可分别实现室内和矿场储层可压裂性的定量表征.本文所建立地可压裂性模型在页岩典型井中开展了应用分析,并与已有可压裂性评价模型进行了对比,其评价结果与压后产能监测数据相一致,验证了本文模型的准确性.     

基于水力压裂实验的龙马溪组页岩各向异性特征研究

水力压裂储层改造技术是页岩气开发的关键技术手段.大量高压流体注入页岩储层会显著改变岩石的纵横波速度、岩石力学参数及其各向异性特征.文章在伪三轴应力加载条件下对龙马溪组页岩开展了差异化的水力压裂岩石物理实验,对比了应力加载方式和水-岩物理化学反应对于页岩纵横波速度和岩石力学参数的影响.实验结果表明,对于干燥页岩样品,各向...     

页岩气储层地球物理测井评价研究现状

页岩气是以吸附或游离态为主赋存于暗色富有机质、极低渗透率的泥页岩中,自生自储、连续聚集的天然气藏.我国页岩气富集地质条件优越,具有良好资源前景及开发潜力.页岩气勘探开发的"甜点"是富有机质页岩优质储层的发育段和有利区,页岩气储层评价是寻找"甜点"的关键.地球物理测井技术贯穿于页岩气的勘探开发,是识别和评价页岩气储层的重要手段之一.我国的页岩气勘探开发及储层评价正处于起步探索阶段,为了有效利用地球物理测井技术进行页岩气储层评价,在调研国内外大量文献的基础上,结合已有的地质、测井资料,首先介绍了页岩气勘探开发中不同钻井类型所采用的测井系列,对比和分析了页岩气储层测井响应特征.其次从矿物组分、地球化学参数、物性参数、含气性和可压裂性评价等方面全面深入论述了页岩气储层测井评价方法及评价参数的计算,认为矿物组分、地球化学参数、物性参数、含气性和可压裂性是页岩气储层测井评价的重点,并结合实际资料改进了TOC和脆性指数计算公式.最后提出了我国页岩气储层测井评价中存在的主要问题、发展趋势及一些认识和建议.     

基于测井数据体的页岩油储层可压裂性评价研究

为评价页岩油储层可压裂性,以鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩油储层为例,利用研究区部分已压裂井测井数据,计算得出脆性指数和断裂韧性指数,绘制了可压裂性剖面图,结合脆性指数和断裂韧性指数建立了一种新的页岩油储层可压裂性评价模型,为压裂选层、选井提供前期指导,为页岩油工程甜点的筛选以及压后产能预测提供依据.利用本文模型对研究区L70井、L58井和L295井进行了工程应用,结合可压裂性剖面图和压裂前后正交偶极各向异性成果图对各井裂缝展布情况和压裂效果进行了评价,并与各井实际压裂效果进行了对比分析.评价结果表明:脆性是储层可压裂性重要的影响因素之一,但是脆性较强的储层段可压裂性不一定很好,结合脆性和断裂韧性更能准确、有效的评价页岩油储层可压裂性,长7页岩油储层段与邻层砂岩段相比普遍存在天然裂缝发育程度较低、地应力较高、脆性较差的问题,工程甜点区应选在地应力较低、脆性较强、断裂韧性较小、可压裂性系数较大的页岩油储层段.     

致密油粉砂岩脆性特征实验分析研究

岩石脆性直接影响储层压裂,是储层压裂改造之前必不可少的环节。本文对松辽盆地青山口组粉砂岩,分析岩石动、静态脆性特征。基于岩石力学实验获得的应力-应变的关系,调查岩石的脆塑性体特征,结果显示静态弹性参数获得的脆性指数与应力跌落系数呈现负相关性,其中脆性指数B_2(杨氏模量E和泊松比v归一化后的均值)与应力跌落系数相关性最好。分析矿物组分与脆性指数B_2、杨氏模量和泊松比的关系,认为相关层系石英、黄铁矿、碳酸盐岩类矿物可作为脆性矿物。基于B_2,在超声波实验中调查了孔隙流体、孔隙度对岩石动态脆性特征的影响,发现孔隙流体能够增强岩石的塑性,降低岩石脆性,且孔隙度越大,岩石脆性降低幅度越大。在饱含不同流体的岩石中,饱气粉砂岩的脆性最高,饱油次之,饱水最小,且饱油、饱水岩石脆性非常接近。对比岩石力学和超声波实验测量结果显示,整体上超声波实验获得的脆性指数比岩石力学实验获得的脆性指数大,不过,二者均随着孔隙度增大而降低,且差值随孔隙度增大而增大。原因在于超声波属于无损测试,而力学实验过程中导致了岩石内部的微裂缝、孔隙发生了改变。此外,低孔隙度岩石的脆性,主要与岩石内部微裂缝的发育程度有关。     

非常规油气储层脆性评价方法研究进展

岩石脆性评价方法对于非常规油气资源的勘探开发至关重要,其通过计算岩石脆性指数来量化岩石脆性进而用于表征岩石可压裂性,最终服务于非常规油气资源的工业化生产.尽管脆性指标如此重要,由于其物理内涵的特殊性及复杂性,至今业界对岩石脆性没有统一的定义,因此没有统一的岩石脆性评价方法.研究人员出于各自不同的考虑提出了众多岩石脆性评价方法,例如通过确定岩石中脆性矿物及塑性矿物提出的矿物组分法、利用室内岩石力学实验应力-应变曲线中获得的弹性参数及其他特征参数提出的弹性参数法、全应力-应变曲线特征参数法以及利用硬度或强度测试得到的硬度、强度参数提出的硬度法、强度法等.随着近年来的研究深入,许多基于传统方法、原理或不同于传统方法的新型计算方法也得到了更为长足的发展,研究人员对于岩石脆性的定义有了更加深刻的理解.本文对岩石脆性评价常用的方法进行了分析,对计算方法的原理、优越性及局限性等方面进行讨论,并对岩石脆性评价方法的发展趋势进行了展望.     

基于贝叶斯框架的各向异性页岩储层岩石物理反演技术

页岩岩石物理建模旨在建立页岩矿物组分、微观结构、流体填充与岩石弹性参数的关系.对四川盆地龙马溪组页岩进行岩石物理建模研究,针对页岩黏土含量高、层间微裂缝发育等特点,利用Backus平均理论描述页岩黏土矿物弹性参数,利用Chapman理论计算与水平微裂缝有关的VTI各向异性,并利用Bond变换考虑地层倾角的影响.提出以黏土矿物纵、横波速度和孔隙纵横比为拟合参数进行岩石物理反演的方法,并引入贝叶斯框架减小反演的多解性.由已知的黏土矿物纵、横波速度和孔隙纵横比作为先验信息,并以测井纵、横波速度作为约束条件建立反演的目标函数,同时利用粒子群算法进行最优化搜索.计算结果表明,基于先验约束和粒子群算法的反演方法能够较准确地反演黏土矿物的弹性参数、孔隙形态参数以及裂缝密度等参数.计算得到的黏土纵、横波速度较高,并且在一定范围内变化,这可能与龙马溪组页岩的黏土矿物组分中具有较高弹性模量的伊利石含量较高有关,同时也与黏土定向排列等微观物性特征有关.反演得到的裂缝密度与纵波各向异性参数ε呈明显的正相关,而与横波各向异性参数γ相关性较小.另外,页岩各向异性参数与黏土垂向的纵横波速度有较强的相关性.     

矿物组分对龙马溪组页岩动、静态弹性特征的影响

龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的主要层位之一,其静态弹性性质是影响压裂效果的重要因素,而动态弹性性质则是页岩"甜点"地震预测的重要基础.但对龙马溪组页岩动、静态弹性特征相互关系及其影响因素缺少对比研究,致使运用动态弹性性质进行"甜点"预测时存在不确定性.在对龙马溪组页岩样品系统动、静态性质联合测量基础上,分析了页岩样品动、静态弹性性质的变化规律,并讨论了成岩作用与动、静态弹性性质变化规律的因果关系.研究结果表明,龙马溪组页岩上下两段成岩过程存在明显差异,致使上段页岩在结构上表现为以塑性黏土颗粒作为受力骨架,而下段页岩在结构上逐渐转变为脆性石英颗粒作为受力骨架.页岩岩石结构特征的变化控制了动、静态弹性特征的整体变化规律,表现为动、静态杨氏模量、峰值强度等随石英含量的增大表现出近似"V"型的变化形式,而与钙质含量变化呈现正相关关系,与黏土含量变化表现出负相关性.上段页岩宏观力学性质受微观石英+黏土颗粒集合体弹性性质控制,应力应变曲线表现出明显塑性段,动、静态杨氏模量比大于1.4,破裂易于发生在黏土与石英颗粒边界形成宏观单剪型破裂模式,样品脆性低,且脆性变化不受石英含量的影响.下段页岩宏观力学性质受微观石英颗粒集合体弹性性质控制,应力应变曲线表现为弹性变形,动、静态杨氏模量比小于1.4,破裂发生在石英颗粒内部形成宏观劈裂型破裂模式,样品脆性高,且脆性变化与石英含量呈明显正相关关系.研究结果可为龙马溪页气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据.     

页岩气储层地球物理测井研究进展

页岩气是储存在页岩中以游离态和吸附态存在的天然气,是一种非常规油气资源.地球物理测井技术具有方法多、纵向分辨率高、信息量大、连续、方便、灵敏等优势,能够获得沿井眼剖面的岩石物理参数,是常规油气资源和非常规油气储层评价的重要手段.文章综述了页岩气储层的地质特点,总结了国内外页岩气测井系列和页岩气的测井响应特征.针对测井信息的处理,给出了基于测井有机碳含量(TOC)计算和成熟度指数(MI)的研究进展,讨论了页岩岩性识别、矿物计算和裂缝的评价方法,并对美国页岩气测井评价实例做了介绍.最后,指出目前页岩气测井技术存在的问题和未来的突破方向和思路,对指导页岩气勘探和经济评价具有重要指导意义.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.