长江三峡库区云阳五峰山滑坡和由此引发的体会

2001年1月17日晨,长江三峡云阳县老县城背后,由侏罗系砂岩、泥岩组成的五峰山,突发岩质顺层滑坡,体积约5×104m3.滑坡无明显的外部诱发因素.滑坡大量块石因受一片树林阻挡,未滑入坡脚老县城,所幸无人员伤亡.但滑坡块石堆积在山坡上,威胁下方城区1.3万人民生命、财产安全.应进行防治.滑坡引发二点思考一是山区陡坡退耕还林有重要意义;二是新一轮地质灾害调查,以人为本,围绕有受灾危险的居民点和重要设施进行调查,是非常正确的.     

基于物理模型试验的多层滑带堆积层滑坡-抗滑桩受力特征

研究抗滑桩的受力特征是进行抗滑桩设计工作的关键。我国三峡库区部分堆积层滑坡发育多层滑带,而目前抗滑桩的设计方法仅针对单层滑坡,因此,对多层滑带堆积层滑坡—抗滑桩受力特征的研究具有重要意义。基于三峡库区堆积层滑坡工程地质特征,开展了多层滑带堆积层滑坡物理试验模型,在滑坡的后缘施加推力来模拟滑坡演化过程,同时监测滑坡—抗滑桩体系的多场信息。试验结果表明,在多层滑带堆积层滑坡的演化过程中,桩身受力表现出了很好的规律性。根据坡表位移的变化趋势,将滑坡演化分为4个阶段,在此基础上对桩身受力进行分析。滑坡推力分布图式中出现了4个极大值,土体抗力分布图式中出现唯一最大值,该试验结果为抗滑桩的设计提供了一定的理论支持。     

《中国典型滑坡》

《中国典型滑坡》是一本以照片形式反映我国典型滑坡的画册,包括了顺层滑坡、第三系泥岩滑坡与崩塌、黄土滑坡、风化层与堆积层滑坡、地震与冰雪滑坡及堰塞湖、水库滑坡、矿山滑坡与崩塌、城市建筑和道路滑坡等八大滑坡类型。通过精选照片的展示形式,以简要文字阐述了滑坡所处地理位置、地质环境、形态结构特征、稳定性、灾害评估以及防治工程等。     

祁连山滑坡灾害初步研究

祁连山地处青藏高原北部边缘的甘肃、青海两省交界处,是我国西北地区的重要生态屏障和水源涵养地。祁连山山高谷深、地质构造发育,新构造运动强烈,地震频繁且强度大,再加上高寒低温的恶劣气候条件,滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害较为发育,长期破坏森林、草地,也威胁道路、矿山等安全,对祁连山生态屏障和水源涵养地产生危害和不利影响,近年来有进一步发展趋势。本文根据遥感解译和调查的280余处滑坡,对祁连山甘肃境内滑坡灾害类型、发育分布特征、影响因素和成因进行了初步研究。祁连山滑坡类型主要为岩质滑坡和堆积层滑坡。岩质滑坡规模较大,发育多处巨型滑坡;堆积层滑坡规模较小,其稳定性较差,长期缓慢蠕动。特殊的地质环境孕育了一些形态特殊的碎屑流型滑坡、冻融泥流型滑坡和堰塞湖等典型地貌景观。祁连山滑坡发育分布主要受地形和地质构造控制,总体呈NW—SE向展布,空间分布不均匀且差异较大。滑坡发育主要与石炭系、白垩系、新近系等软岩和第四系堆积层有关。地震、地下水和季节性冻结滞水促滑效应是祁连山滑坡发育的重要动力因素。     

基于颗粒流方法的堆积层滑坡运动过程模拟

以颗粒流离散元为研究方法对勉县杨家湾十组堆积层滑坡破坏方式与运动过程进行数值模拟研究。通过PFC2D双轴模拟试验所标定的岩土体宏观模拟参数与室内试验所获取的宏观实测参数进行对比,确定堆积层滑坡所需的颗粒细观参数,然后将标定的细观参数代入堆积层滑坡模型,对滑坡破坏方式及运动过程进行模拟研究。结果表明:滑坡破坏在初始阶段蠕滑变形累积,滑坡体挤压坡脚,直至坡脚产生剪切破坏,并向上牵引发展,使得滑坡整体顺接触面破坏下滑并堆积于坡脚,表现为典型的牵引式渐进破坏,结果与实际情况基本吻合。研究认为,采用颗粒流方法对堆积层滑坡破坏与运动过程的模拟研究具有较高的适用性,对该类滑坡防治具有一定的参考意义。      

万州近水平地层区堆积层滑坡成因与变形破坏特征

近水平地层区堆积层滑坡作为一类典型的滑坡,有其特殊的成因与变形破坏特征。文章在研究万州近水平地层区堆积层滑坡的基础上,详细分析了其物质来源、结构成因、形成模式以及变形破坏特征。通过总结万州堆积层滑坡的滑体和滑床特征,得出了近水平地区堆积层滑坡的物质来源和结构成因为:崩塌堆积为主,冲、洪积为辅;形成模式为:后部陡壁形成,滑床形成,滑体底部物质形成,滑体土石混合体形成,滑体表层物质形成,滑动解体等6个阶段。变形破坏特征为:滑动多沿堆积层和基岩接触面滑动,同时也会沿软弱夹层发生滑动;滑体存在多层剪切带,并在不同位置的剪切带其变形速率和累计变形量差别较大,滑体存在着差异变形,对此文章结合实例进行了分析。     

堆积层滑坡稳定性评价及其时间预报

本文在介绍堆积层滑坡分类及其地质特征的基础上，指出了堆积层滑坡稳定性的主要影响因素，探讨了堆积层滑坡稳定性评与滑坡时间预报之间的关系，提出了堆积层滑坡预报的新方法。     

乌江下游沿岸滑坡发育特征

乌江是黔东北和渝东南少数民族地区与外界联系的一条水上黄金通道。担负了流域内80％以上的客货运输量。满足了沿岸2000多万人民生产和生活必需品运输的需要。乌江下游的彭水县城至涪陵市是乌江进入长江航运的咽喉要道，沿岸广泛分布和频繁发生的滑坡严重地威胁着航运的安全。通过现场调查发现，在长约150km范围内，两岸共发育各类滑坡28个，发育线模数为0．187个／km。沿岸滑坡发育形式主要为岩石顺层滑坡和风化堆积层滑坡。沿岸滑坡具有群发性的分布特征，与地层岩性和河谷岸坡类型等密切相关。岩石顺层滑坡主要集中分布在顺向岸坡软、硬岩层相间地段。风化堆积层滑坡则主要分布在软岩地层及其风化物堆积的岸坡地段。构造变动、河流的切蚀作用及人类活动是滑坡发育形成的主要原因，暴雨和长时间降雨是滑坡发生的重要诱发因素。目前，多数滑坡处于稳定状态，少数滑坡受降雨及江水涨落的影响而处于周期性蠕动变形状态。三峡水库蓄水后，部分滑坡有复活的可能。     

软弱夹层顺层岩质滑坡形成机制及稳定性分析

以贵阳西二环"5·20"滑坡为实例,对滑坡区地质环境条件,滑坡发育特征和变形破坏特征的分析,在工程建设过程中,切脚开挖形成临空面是诱发软弱夹层岩质顺层滑坡,滑坡破坏模式为滑移-拉裂型;采用室内岩土试验、工程类比分析和参数反演等方法,综合确定了滑坡物理力学参数,应用极限平衡法和数值模拟对滑坡稳定性进行定量分析;分析表明,在天然和饱和两种工况条件下,稳定性系数均小于规范要求,在暴雨或外力作用下形成滑坡的结论,理论分析和实际情况一致。     

地形坡度对鄂渝地区水库型堆积层滑坡贡献率研究

堆积层滑坡是库区常见的滑坡类型之一,而地形坡度是滑坡发育的重要内因,研究地形坡度与堆积层滑坡发生概率之间的关系对水库型堆积层滑坡的危险性评价具有重要意义。以三峡库区及丹江口库区的139处堆积层滑坡为例,首先,将滑坡地形坡度以每隔5划分为一个区间,总共分为7个区间; 在此基础上,采用贡献率方法,定量研究了地形坡度分别对滑坡数量、面积、体积的贡献率; 最后,通过迭加统计,得到了不同坡度区间对滑坡发生的综合贡献率。结果表明, 15～25的地形坡度对水库型堆积层滑坡的贡献率最高, 10～15及25～30的地形坡度对水库型堆积层滑坡的贡献率中等,小于10及大于30的地形坡度对水库型堆积层滑坡的贡献率最小。研究结果可为具有类似地质背景的水库型堆积层滑坡危险性评估及防治规划提供参考依据。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with